O câncer de ovário é uma importante causa de mortalidade. O subtipo seroso de alto grau é o mais frequente e caracteriza-se por comportamento agressivo, com crescimento rápido e metástase precoce. A falta de ferramentas para diagnóstico em estádios iniciais e a insuficiência de resposta à quimioterapia convencional são dois principais obstáculos para o manejo do câncer seroso de ovário. A detecção precoce neste tumor é complicada por sintomas inespecíficos e ausência de biomarcadores confiáveis. Além disso, o desenvolvimento de resistência à quimioterapia é um desafio para o tratamento, que é geralmente baseado na combinação de platina e paclitaxel. A influência do microambiente tumoral na resposta terapêutica ainda é pouco conhecida. No entanto, há evidências crescentes de que a resposta imunológica pré-existente pode estar relacionada com a variação da sensibilidade à quimioterapia. O microambiente imunorreativo foi associado à melhor prognóstico no câncer do ovário seroso de alto grau em recente estudo canadense. Proteínas da família de Transdutores de Sinal e Ativadores da Transcrição (STATs) participam da regulação de citocinas e são determinantes nas respostas imunes no microambiente tumoral, podendo promover ou inibir o crescimento tumoral. Dados recentes mostram que a expressão elevada de um dos reguladores de STAT, STAT1 atua na tumorigênese do câncer de ovário, facilitando a resposta imune e, potencialmente, alterando a resposta à quimioterapia. Para avaliar o papel da expressão de STAT1 como biomarcador preditivo em 65 pacientes brasileiras com câncer seroso de ovário, examinamos os níveis de STAT1 por imunoistoquímica, e analisamos se houve correlação entre expressão dessa proteína e resposta clínica. Alta expressão de STAT1 foi significativamente associada maior intervalo livre de doença (P=0,0256) e maior sobrevida global (P=0,0193). Estes achados da coorte brasileira, com tempo de seguimento maior que cinco anos, confirmam a associação entre alta expressão de STAT1 e melhor resposta à quimioterapia, e fornecem validação adicional desta proteína como um biomarcador preditivo. Além disso, estes resultados chamam atenção para a possibilidade de utilizar a via de STAT1 para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos imunomoduladores, que poderiam melhorar a resposta ao tratamento / Ovarian cancer is a major cause of mortality worldwide. The most frequent subtype is high grade serous, which is characterized by aggressive behavior with rapid growth and early metastasis. Lack of early diagnostic tools and failure of response to conventional chemotherapies are two major impediments to serous ovarian cancer management. Early detection in initial stages is complicated by non-specific symptoms and lack of reliable biomarkers. In addition, development of chemotherapy resistance is a challenge for treatment, which is generally based on combination of platinum and paclitaxel. The influence of the microenvironment of the tumor on therapeutic response is still unknown. However, there is increasing evidence that a pre-existing immunological response may be related to variation in chemotherapy sensitivity. The immunoreactive microenvironment has been shown to be associated with better prognosis in high grade serous ovarian cancer in a recent Canadian study. The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) proteins regulate cytokines and are central in determining whether immune responses in the tumor microenvironment promote or inhibit cancer. Recent data show that high expression of one of the STAT regulators, STAT1, operates in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis, facilitating immune response and potentially altering response to chemotherapy. To evaluate the role of STAT1 expression as a predictive biomarker in 65 Brazilian serous ovarian cancer patients, we examined STAT1 levels by immunohistochemistry to determine if there was correlation between expression of this protein and clinical response. High expression of STAT1 was significantly associated with both improved disease-free survival (P=0,0256) and overall survival (P=0,0193). These findings from a Brazilian cohort after more than five years of follow up confirm the association of high STAT1 expression with better response to chemotherapy, and provide additional validation of this protein as a predictive biomarker. Moreover these results draw attention to the possibility of utilizing the STAT1 pathway for the development new immunomodulator drugs, that could enhance response to treatment

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En 2015, la récidive tumorale et les métastases du cancer du sein demeurent une cause importante de décès à travers le monde. Toutefois, ces cancers sont souvent hétérogènes car en dépit d’un phénotype similaire, l’évolution clinique et la réponse au traitement peuvent varier considérablement. Il y a donc un intérêt évident à identifier et à caractériser de nouveaux biomarqueurs pour permettre classer les tumeurs mammaires dans des sous-groupes plus homogènes. Notre hypothèse est que chaque cancer mammaire possède des caractéristiques distinctes au plan des altérations du génome et des profils d’expression géniques et que ces changements se traduisent cliniquement par une prédisposition à former des métastases ou à répondre ou non à la chimiothérapie et aux thérapies ciblées. Dans le cadre de nos travaux, nous nous sommes intéressés aux sous-types agressifs de tumeurs mammaires et notamment les cancers de type triple négatif. Nous avons aussi tenté d’identifier des marqueurs capables de distinguer l’une de l’autre les tumeurs de type luminal A et luminal B. Pour ce faire, nous avons d’abord utilisé une stratégie in silico à partir de données publiques (micro-puces d’ADN et séquençage de l’ARN). Nous avons ensuite construit sept micro-matrices tissulaires (TMA) provenant de tissus mammaires normaux et tumoraux fixés à la formaline et enrobés en paraffine. Ces outils nous ont permis d’évaluer par immunohistochimie les niveaux d’expression différentielle des marqueurs suivants : ANXA1, MMP-9, DP103 et MCM2. Ceux-ci ont été comparés aux marqueurs usuels du cancer du sein (ER, PR, HER2, CK5/6 et FOXA1) et corrélés aux données cliniques (survie globale et métastase). Nos résultats indiquent que ces nouveaux marqueurs jouent un rôle important dans l’évolution clinique défavorable des tumeurs de haut grade. Dans un premier article nous avons montré que l’expression d’ANXA1 est dérégulée dans les cancers de type triple-négatif et aussi, dans une certaine mesure, dans les tumeurs HER2+. Nous croyons qu’ANXA1 permet de mieux comprendre le processus d’hétérogénéité tumorale et facilite l’identification des tumeurs de haut grade. Nous proposons également qu’ d’ANXA1 stimule la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (EMT) et la formation des métastases. Dans un second temps, nous avons montré que les niveaux d’expression de MMP-9 reflètent la différenciation cellulaire et corrèlent avec les sous-types de cancers mammaires ayant un mauvais pronostic. Nous estimons que MMP-9 permet de mieux comprendre et d’identifier les tumeurs mammaires à haut risque. De fait, la surexpression de MMP-9 est associée à une augmentation des métastases, une récidive précoce et une diminution de la survie globale. Dans le cadre d’un troisième article, nous avons montré que la surexpression du marqueur de prolifération MCM2 s’observe dans les cancers triple-négatifs, HER2+ et Luminal B par comparaison aux cancers luminal A (p< 0.0001). Nos résultats suggèrent qu’en utilisant un seuil de 40% de noyaux marqués, nous pourrions distinguer l’une de l’autre les tumeurs de type luminal A et luminal B. Cela dit, avant de pouvoir envisager l’utilisation de ce marqueur en clinique, une étude de validation sur une nouvelle cohorte de patientes s’impose. En somme, les résultats de nos travaux suggèrent qu’ANXA1, MMP-9 et MCM2 sont des marqueurs intéressants pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués dans la progression tumorale et le développement des métastases. À terme, ces nouveaux marqueurs pourraient être utilisés seuls ou en combinaison avec d’autres gènes candidats pour permettre le développement de trousses « multigènes » ou d’essais protéomiques multiplex pour prédire l’évolution clinique des cancers mammaires. / In 2015, breast cancer remains a leading cause of death among women worldwide due to relapse and metastases. However, mammary tumors are known to be heterogeneous in terms of their clinical course and response to treatment, despite a seemingly similar phenotype. There is therefore an obvious need to identify and characterize new biomarkers of progression in breast cancers so that each tumor can be properly classified. Our hypothesis is that each breast cancer has its own set of genomic abnormalities or altered pattern of gene expression that can explain the aggressiveness of each tumor, its ability to metastasize and its response to chemotherapeutic agents or other forms of targeted therapies. In this study, our aim is to identify and characterize new biomarkers with prognostic value in aggressive subsets of breast cancer focusing primarily on triple-negative tumors and luminal B breast cancer. To achieve those aims, we conducted an in silico search from public databases of DNA microchip and RNA sequencing data. We next constructed seven tissue microarrays (TMA) using paraffin blocks from human breast cancer along with normal breast to examine the differential expression of new putative markers: ANXA1, MMP-9, DP103 and MCM2. Expression levels measured by immunohistochemistry were then compared to other conventional markers of breast cancer (ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67, CK 5/6, FOXA1) and correlated with clinical data (overall survival and metastasis). By comparing the relative expression of these markers in human breast tumors we were able to pinpoint the important role of ANXA1, MMP-9, DP103, and MCM2 in aggressive tumor subtypes recognized for their poor clinical course. Firstly, we have shown that ANXA1 expression is severely deregulated in high-grade breast cancers including triple-negative and, to some extent, HER2-positive breast cancers. In addition, our results also indicated a possible role of ANXA1 in regulating EMT and breast cancer cell metastasis. Secondly, expression of MMP-9 was found to mirror the degree of tumor differentiation and to correlate with breast cancers of unfavorable outcome. This implies that MMP-9 can help better characterize the biology of breast carcinoma and to identify subgroups of high-risk breast tumors. In fact, we found that high levels of MMP-9 in tumors were associated with increased metastatic dissemination, early relapse and reduced survival. Thirdly, we demonstrated that MCM2 is overexpressed in triple-negative, HER2 positive and luminal B breast cancer in comparison to luminal A breast cancer (p-value < 0.0001). Our findings support the notion that MCM2 can be used to distinguish luminal A from luminal B breast cancer based on a 40% index cut-point. However, an independent validation cohort is needed to confirm the clinical utility of MCM2. Lastly, our results suggest that ANXA1, MMP-9 and MCM2 are valuable genes/proteins candidate that can help better understand the mechanisms involved in tumor progression and metastasis. One may also envisage their use, alone or in combination with other genes, in the development of a multi-gene panel or multiplex proteomic assay to predict clinical outcome and guide therapeutic decisions.

Le cancer de l’ovaire (COv) est le cancer gynécologique le plus létal chez la femme et les traitements existants, chirurgie et chimiothérapie, ont peu évolué au cours des dernières décennies. Nous proposons que la compréhension des différents destins cellulaires tels que la sénescence que peuvent choisir les cellules du cancer de l’ovaire en réponse à la chimiothérapie pourrait conduire à de nouvelles opportunités thérapeutiques. La sénescence cellulaire a été largement associée à l’activité de la protéine TP53, qui est mutée dans plus de 90% des cas de cancer de l’ovaire séreux de haut grade (COv-SHG), la forme la plus commune de la maladie. Dans nos travaux, à partir d’échantillons dérivés de patientes, nous montrons que les cultures primaires du cancer de l’ovaire séreux de haut grade exposées au stress ou à des drogues utilisées en chimiothérapie entrent en senescence grâce à l’activité d’un isoforme du gène CDKN2A (p16INK4A). Dans ces cellules, nous avons évalué les caractéristiques fondamentales de la sénescence cellulaire tels que les altérations morphologiques, l’activité béta galactosidase associée à la sénescence, les dommages à l’ADN, l’arrêt du cycle cellulaire et le phénotype sécrétoire associé à la sénescence. En utilisant des micromatrices tissulaires construites à partir d’échantillons humains de COv-SHG pré- et post-chimiothérapie, accompagnées de leurs données cliniques, nous avons quantifié des marqueurs de sénescence incluant une diminution de la prolifération cellulaire quelques semaines après chimiothérapie. De façon intéressante, l’expression de p16INK4A dans les échantillons de COv-SHG prétraitement corrèle avec une survie prolongée des patientes suite au traitement. Ceci suggère ainsi pour la première fois un impact biologique bénéfique pour la présence de cellules cancéreuses qui sont capable d’activer la sénescence, particulièrement pour le traitement du cancer de l’ovaire. Dans le but de complémenter les thérapies actuelles avec des approches de manipulation pharmacologique de la sénescence, nos résultats suggèrent qu’il serait important de déterminer l’impact positif ou négatif de la sénescence induite par la thérapie sur la progression de la maladie et la survie, pour chaque type de cancer de façon indépendante. / Human ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy and existing surgical/chemotherapeutic treatment options have been relatively static for decades. We propose that understanding OvCa cell fate decisions taken in response to chemotherapy could guide new therapeutic opportunities. Damage-induced cellular senescence is often associated with TP53 activity, which is heavily mutated in high grade serous (HGS) OvCa (>90%), the most common form of this disease. Here, using patient derived tissues, we show that primary HGS-OvCa cultures predominantly trigger CDKN2A- associated (p16INK4A isoform) senescence following exposure to stress or chemotherapy. Key senescence hallmarks including altered morphology, senescence-associated-Betagalactosidase, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype were evaluated and detected in damaged cells. Using tissue microarrays built from pre- and post-treatment human HGS-OvC tissue samples with accompanying clinical data, we quantified post-treatment hallmarks of senescence including reduced cell proliferation weeks after chemotherapy. Importantly, p16INK4A expression in pretreatment HGS-OvC samples correlated with increased patients survival, suggesting for the first time that senescence-competence in human cancer cells may have a beneficial impact on treatment outcomes for patients. In order to guide the potential improvement of existing human therapies via pharmacological senescence manipulation, our results suggests that it is important to determine for many types of human cancer whether treatment-induced senescence positively or negatively impacts disease progression and patient survival.

The detection and analysis of biomolecules, such as proteins, are of great interest since these molecules are fundamental for life and our health. Due to the complexity of biological processes, there is a great advantage of studying proteins in their natural context, for example by using bioimaging. The objective of this doctoral thesis has been to develop, implement and evaluate techniques for the use of proteinspecific affinity reagents in diverse bioimaging platforms for analysis of protein expression in situ in cells and tissues. To be able to visualize a desired protein in situ using affinity reagents, reporter labels are needed. A novel technique for labeling of antibodies on solid phase was developed. This method offers simultaneous purification, concentration and labeling of an antibody sample, giving highly predictable and reproducible results, in a miniaturized format. Another study demonstrates the use of an alternative affinity reagent, the Affibody molecule, in bioimaging as well as other immunoassays. As a relevant proof-of-principle, an Affibody molecule binding the HER2 receptor was site-specificly labeled and employed for analysis of HER2 protein expression in cells and tissue using immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry. Furthermore, it is shown how antibody-based bioimaging approaches can be applied for systematic analysis of protein expression in terms of subcellular localization and expression levels in cell lines. The systematic subcellular localization of nearly 500 proteins was performed using IF and confocal microscopy. Global analysis of expression levels of nearly 2000 proteins in a panel of cell lines using IHC and automated image analysis, revealed that most proteins are expressed in a cell size dependent manner. Two normalization approaches were evaluated and found to allow for protein profiling across the panel of morphologically diverse cells, revealing patterns of protein over- and underexpression, and proteins with stable as well as with lineage specific expression were identified. Finally, the value of antibody-based, bioimaging proteomics as a platform for biomarker discovery is demonstrated. The identification and in depth study of a candidate biomarker for colorectal cancer, SATB2, is described using both IHC and IF bioimaging. Results from extended analyses of tumor biopsies showed that detection of SATB2 protein using IHC provides a clinically relevant diagnostic tool with high specificity and sensitivity to aid in diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the study demonstrated a potential prognostic role of SATB2, as decreased expression was associated with a significantly shorter overall survival in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. / QC 20100824

Urinary bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease appearing in different forms, e.g. non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive. For all variants, the expression of proteins is interesting to analyze for diagnostic, predictive, prognostic and drug targeting purposes, since it reflects the altered gene expression causing the cancer. Since urothelial cells of the bladder are in direct contact with urine it is likely that this body fluid contains cancer-related proteins. In Paper I, unbiased analysis of proteins in urine from urinary bladder cancer patients and controls, using label-free quantification by mass spectrometry, was applied and four interesting proteins APOE, FGB, LRG and SERPINA1 were selected and further analyzed with western and dot blot. In Paper II, two more proteins, POLR1E and TOP2A, were validated as relevant proteins in bladder cancer urine. In Paper III and IV, the proteins GAL1 and STMN1 were investigated for their prognostic and therapeutic target potential in bladder cancer. In Paper II, III and IV, the expression of seven of the proteins were analyzed on tissue microarrays representing tumour tissue from 360 patients with different tumour stages. For the proteins identified by the urine screening approach, their protein expressions were confirmed in bladder cancer tissue. The expression level in tissue of five of the proteins, APOE, FGB, POLR1E (Paper II), GAL1 (Paper III) and STMN1 (Paper IV), increased with tumour stage, showing diagnostic relevance and three of the proteins, SERPINA1 (Paper II), STMN1 (Paper IV) and GAL1 (Paper III) had prognostic potential in urinary bladder cancer. In addition, GAL1 and STMN1 were demonstrated to be highly expressed in metastatic disease and inhibition of STMN1 reduced cell growth (Paper III and IV), indicating that these proteins are promising drug targets in urinary bladder cancer. In conclusion, the approach of this thesis has generated several candidate protein biomarkers in urine and tissue, validated with independent methods, which have the potential to improve the care for bladder cancer patients.

With the increasing amount of information needed for diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making, and new trends such as “personalized medicine”, pathologists are expressing an increasing demand for automated tools that perform their most recurrent tasks in their daily practice, as well as an increase in the complexity of the analyses requested in their research activities. With current advances in histopathology, oncology, and biology, the current questions require the analysis of protein expression - evidenced using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining - within specific histological structures or tissue components, or the analysis of the co-expression of several proteins in a large number of tissue samples. In this Ph.D. thesis, we developed innovative solutions to make these analyses available for pathologists. To achieve this objective, we have used recent “machine learning” and, in particular, “deep learning” methodologies. We addressed different problems such as image normalization, to solve the important problem of inter-batch variability of IHC staining, and the automatic segmentation of histological structures, to compartmentalize protein expression quantification. Finally, we adapted image registration techniques to Tissue MicroArray (TMA) slide images to enable large-scale analyses of IHC staining colocalization. While imagenormalization will improve study reproducibility, the tools developed for automated segmentation will drastically reduce time and expert resources required for some studies as well as errors and imprecision due to the human factor. Finally, the work on image registration can provide answers to complex questions that require studying the potential interaction between several proteins on numerous histological samples. / Avec la quantité croissante d’informations nécessaires au diagnostic et à la prise de décision thérapeutique, et le développement de la “médecine personnalisée”, les pathologistes ont un besoin croissant d’outils automatisés pour exécuter leurs tâches les plus récurrentes. Ces outils se doivent également de réaliser des tâches de plus en plus complexes. En effet, avec les progrès récents en histopathologie, oncologie et biologie, les questions actuelles demandent, par exemple, l’analyse de l’expression de protéines révélées par marquages immunohistochimiques (IHC) au sein de structures ou compartiments histologiques spécifiques, ou encore l’analyse de la co-expression de plusieurs protéines dans un grand nombre d’échantillons. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous avons développé des solutions innovantes pour mettre ce type d’analyse à la disposition des pathologistes. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons notamment fait appel à des méthodologies récentes de “machine learning” et, particulièrement, de “deep learning”. Nous avons ainsi abordé différentes questions telles que la normalisation d’images, pour résoudre l’important problème de la variabilité des marquages IHC, et la segmentation automatique de structures histologiques, pour permettre une quantification compartimentée de l’expression de protéines. Enfin, nous avons adapté des techniques dites de “recalage” aux images de lames de Tissue MicroArrays (TMA) pour permettre des analyses de colocalisation de marquages IHC à grande échelle. Alors que la normalisation des images améliore la reproductibilité des évaluations de marquages IHC, les outils développés pour la segmentation automatisée permettent de réduire significativement le temps et les ressources expertes nécessaires, ainsi que les erreurs et imprécisions dues au facteur humain. Enfin, les travaux sur le recalages d’images permettent d’apporter des éléments de réponse à des questions complexes qui nécessitent d’étudier l’interaction potentielle entre plusieurs protéines sur de nombreux échantillons histologiques. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

INTRODUÇÃO: Transplantes parciais de fígado em crianças têm sido realizados com maior freqüência, enfatizando a importância do estudo da regeneração hepática, bem como dos efeitos de drogas imunossupressoras sobre a mesma. A regeneração do parênquima é o resultado do balanço entre multiplicação celular e apoptose, esta última definida como morte celular programada. Neste processo, estão envolvidas expressões de genes pró-apoptóticos (Bak e Bax) e anti-apoptóticos (Bcl-XL e Bcl-2). Dentre as proteínas relacionadas à proliferação hepatocitária, destaca-se a interleucina-6 (IL-6). Embora o modelo de ressecção de 70% da massa hepática de ratos adultos seja amplamente utilizado para estudos de regeneração, não há trabalhos com animais em crescimento. MÉTODOS: Na presente pesquisa, foi padronizado o modelo de hepatectomia parcial em ratos recém-nascidos e em recém-desmamados: realizou-se ligadura com fio de algodão do pedículo dos lobos esquerdo lateral, esquerdo medial e direito medial, seguida da ressecção do parênquima desses lobos. Os fígados remanescentes foram imediatamente pesados e comparados com os pesos dos fígados de animais controles. Para caracterização dos modelos de regeneração, 40 ratos recém-nascidos e 30 recém-desmamados foram submetidos à hepatectomia descrita e mortos nos dias subseqüentes (1, 2, 3, 4 e 7), e o fígado residual submetido a análises de peso e histologia convencional. A seguir, 36 animais (18 recém-nascidos e 18 recém-desmamados) foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: controle, cirurgia simulada e hepatectomia. Um dia após, utilizando métodos moleculares (técnica do RT-PCR), estudou-se a expressão do gene da IL-6, dos genes pró-apoptóticos e anti-apoptóticos nos fígados desses animais e, por meio de métodos imunoistoquímicos, analisou-se a presença de antígenos relacionados à proliferação celular (PCNA) e apoptose (TUNEL) em lâminas preparadas pela técnica do \"tissue microarray\". Em outros 36 ratos (18 recém-nascidos e 18 recém-desmamados), foram administradas drogas imunossupressoras (metilprednisolona, ciclosporina A ou tacrolimus, separadamente) no ato da hepatectomia, e o parênquima hepático remanescente submetido às mesmas análises moleculares e imunoistoquímicas, um dia após. RESULTADOS: A ressecção do parênquima hepático correspondeu a 70% da massa total do fígado. A mortalidade relacionada à hepatectomia nos animais recém-nascidos e recém-desmamados foi 30% e 0% respectivamente. Na análise histológica observou-se maior quantidade de mitoses em hepatócitos no terceiro dia nos recém-nascidos e no segundo dia nos recém-desmamados, com normalização da arquitetura do parênquima até o 7º dia e recuperação total do peso de ambos. No animal recém-nascido, notou-se intensa esteatose associada ao processo regenerativo. A hepatectomia provocou aumento na expressão do gene da IL-6 no fígado residual e diminuição da expressão dos genes pró-apoptóticos em ambos os modelos, além de aumento do anti-apoptótico Bcl-2 nos animais recém-desmamados. O estudo realizado sobre o efeito das drogas imunossupressoras mostrou resultados diferentes daqueles descritos em animais adultos, não havendo alteração no número de células em proliferação (PCNA positivas) ou apoptose (TUNEL positivas). As drogas não tiveram efeito sobre a expressão do gene da IL-6. Metilprednisolona e tacrolimus ocasionaram aumento da expressão do gene anti-apoptótico Bcl-2 em ambos os modelos; metilprednisolona e ciclosporina provocaram aumento na expressão do gene pró-apoptótico Bak nos ratos recém-nascidos. CONCLUSÕES: os modelos de regeneração hepática em ratos recém-nascidos e recém-desmamados foram exeqüíveis e adequados para a pesquisa; a hepatectomia promoveu estímulo da proliferação de hepatócitos com inibição da apoptose; as drogas imunossupressoras utilizadas não exerceram efeito sobre a proliferação de hepatócitos porém provocaram aumento da expressão de genes relacionados a apoptose. / INTRODUCTION: Partial liver transplantation has been performed in children with increasing frequency, and this emphasizes the importance of the studies of hepatic regeneration and the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on this phenomenon. Liver regeneration is controlled by the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis (defined as a programmed cell death that results from the expression of pro-apoptotic genes - Bax and Bak - and anti-apoptotic genes - Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL). Among proteins related to hepatocyte proliferation, interleukin-6 is an important one. Although the adult rat model of 70% hepatectomy has been widely utilized for studies of liver regeneration, there are no studies using growing animals. METHODS: In the current paper, two experimental models were created utilizing newborn and weaning rats: using a cotton thread, the vascular hilum and the hepatic vein were ligated and the left lateral, left medial and right medial lobes were resected. The remaining liver was immediately harvested and weighted to be compared to control livers. The animals were sacrificed on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 after the operation, the remnant livers were weighted and harvested for histological examinations. Then, 36 animals (18 newborn and 18 weaning animals) were divided into the following groups: control, sham and hepatectomy. One day after, the expressions of IL-6 gene, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes were studied in the remnant livers. Immunohistochemical stainings for cell antigens related to cell proliferation (PCNA) and apoptosis (TUNEL) were also performed utilizing tissue microarray sections. In another group of 36 animals (18 newborn and 18 weaning animals), immunosuppressive drugs were administered just after the hepatectomy (methylprednisolone, cyclosporine A or tacrolimus separately), and the remnant liver submitted to the same molecular and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS: The resected liver corresponded to 70% of the total liver weight. The mortality rates after hepatectomy were 30% and 0% for newborn and weaning rats, respectively. The histological examinations showed a great number of mitoses of hepatocytes on the third day in newborns and on the second day in weaning rats, and normalization of histological aspects by 7 days after hepatectomy and weight recuperation. In the newborn group liver regeneration was related to an intense steatosis. Hepatectomy promoted an increase in the expression of IL-6 gene of the remnant liver, a decreased expression of pro-apoptotic genes in both models, and an increased expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene in weaning rats. The study of the effects of immunosuppressants showed different results from those described in adult animals, with no alterations in the number of cells in proliferation (PCNA positive) and apoptosis (TUNEL positive). Drugs had no effect in expression of IL-6 gene. Methylprednisolone and tacrolimus promoted an increased expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. In addition, methylprednisolone and cyclosporine promoted an increase in the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bak in newborn rats. CONCLUSIONS: The experimental models were feasible and adequate for the current investigations; hepatectomy stimulated hepatocyte proliferation and inhibited hepatic cells apoptosis; the utilized immunosuppressant drugs did not affect hepatocyte proliferation although an increased expression of apoptosis-related genes was verified.

INTRODUÇÃO: Transplantes parciais de fígado em crianças têm sido realizados com maior freqüência, enfatizando a importância do estudo da regeneração hepática, bem como dos efeitos de drogas imunossupressoras sobre a mesma. A regeneração do parênquima é o resultado do balanço entre multiplicação celular e apoptose, esta última definida como morte celular programada. Neste processo, estão envolvidas expressões de genes pró-apoptóticos (Bak e Bax) e anti-apoptóticos (Bcl-XL e Bcl-2). Dentre as proteínas relacionadas à proliferação hepatocitária, destaca-se a interleucina-6 (IL-6). Embora o modelo de ressecção de 70% da massa hepática de ratos adultos seja amplamente utilizado para estudos de regeneração, não há trabalhos com animais em crescimento. MÉTODOS: Na presente pesquisa, foi padronizado o modelo de hepatectomia parcial em ratos recém-nascidos e em recém-desmamados: realizou-se ligadura com fio de algodão do pedículo dos lobos esquerdo lateral, esquerdo medial e direito medial, seguida da ressecção do parênquima desses lobos. Os fígados remanescentes foram imediatamente pesados e comparados com os pesos dos fígados de animais controles. Para caracterização dos modelos de regeneração, 40 ratos recém-nascidos e 30 recém-desmamados foram submetidos à hepatectomia descrita e mortos nos dias subseqüentes (1, 2, 3, 4 e 7), e o fígado residual submetido a análises de peso e histologia convencional. A seguir, 36 animais (18 recém-nascidos e 18 recém-desmamados) foram divididos nos seguintes grupos: controle, cirurgia simulada e hepatectomia. Um dia após, utilizando métodos moleculares (técnica do RT-PCR), estudou-se a expressão do gene da IL-6, dos genes pró-apoptóticos e anti-apoptóticos nos fígados desses animais e, por meio de métodos imunoistoquímicos, analisou-se a presença de antígenos relacionados à proliferação celular (PCNA) e apoptose (TUNEL) em lâminas preparadas pela técnica do \"tissue microarray\". Em outros 36 ratos (18 recém-nascidos e 18 recém-desmamados), foram administradas drogas imunossupressoras (metilprednisolona, ciclosporina A ou tacrolimus, separadamente) no ato da hepatectomia, e o parênquima hepático remanescente submetido às mesmas análises moleculares e imunoistoquímicas, um dia após. RESULTADOS: A ressecção do parênquima hepático correspondeu a 70% da massa total do fígado. A mortalidade relacionada à hepatectomia nos animais recém-nascidos e recém-desmamados foi 30% e 0% respectivamente. Na análise histológica observou-se maior quantidade de mitoses em hepatócitos no terceiro dia nos recém-nascidos e no segundo dia nos recém-desmamados, com normalização da arquitetura do parênquima até o 7º dia e recuperação total do peso de ambos. No animal recém-nascido, notou-se intensa esteatose associada ao processo regenerativo. A hepatectomia provocou aumento na expressão do gene da IL-6 no fígado residual e diminuição da expressão dos genes pró-apoptóticos em ambos os modelos, além de aumento do anti-apoptótico Bcl-2 nos animais recém-desmamados. O estudo realizado sobre o efeito das drogas imunossupressoras mostrou resultados diferentes daqueles descritos em animais adultos, não havendo alteração no número de células em proliferação (PCNA positivas) ou apoptose (TUNEL positivas). As drogas não tiveram efeito sobre a expressão do gene da IL-6. Metilprednisolona e tacrolimus ocasionaram aumento da expressão do gene anti-apoptótico Bcl-2 em ambos os modelos; metilprednisolona e ciclosporina provocaram aumento na expressão do gene pró-apoptótico Bak nos ratos recém-nascidos. CONCLUSÕES: os modelos de regeneração hepática em ratos recém-nascidos e recém-desmamados foram exeqüíveis e adequados para a pesquisa; a hepatectomia promoveu estímulo da proliferação de hepatócitos com inibição da apoptose; as drogas imunossupressoras utilizadas não exerceram efeito sobre a proliferação de hepatócitos porém provocaram aumento da expressão de genes relacionados a apoptose. / INTRODUCTION: Partial liver transplantation has been performed in children with increasing frequency, and this emphasizes the importance of the studies of hepatic regeneration and the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on this phenomenon. Liver regeneration is controlled by the balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis (defined as a programmed cell death that results from the expression of pro-apoptotic genes - Bax and Bak - and anti-apoptotic genes - Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL). Among proteins related to hepatocyte proliferation, interleukin-6 is an important one. Although the adult rat model of 70% hepatectomy has been widely utilized for studies of liver regeneration, there are no studies using growing animals. METHODS: In the current paper, two experimental models were created utilizing newborn and weaning rats: using a cotton thread, the vascular hilum and the hepatic vein were ligated and the left lateral, left medial and right medial lobes were resected. The remaining liver was immediately harvested and weighted to be compared to control livers. The animals were sacrificed on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 after the operation, the remnant livers were weighted and harvested for histological examinations. Then, 36 animals (18 newborn and 18 weaning animals) were divided into the following groups: control, sham and hepatectomy. One day after, the expressions of IL-6 gene, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes were studied in the remnant livers. Immunohistochemical stainings for cell antigens related to cell proliferation (PCNA) and apoptosis (TUNEL) were also performed utilizing tissue microarray sections. In another group of 36 animals (18 newborn and 18 weaning animals), immunosuppressive drugs were administered just after the hepatectomy (methylprednisolone, cyclosporine A or tacrolimus separately), and the remnant liver submitted to the same molecular and immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS: The resected liver corresponded to 70% of the total liver weight. The mortality rates after hepatectomy were 30% and 0% for newborn and weaning rats, respectively. The histological examinations showed a great number of mitoses of hepatocytes on the third day in newborns and on the second day in weaning rats, and normalization of histological aspects by 7 days after hepatectomy and weight recuperation. In the newborn group liver regeneration was related to an intense steatosis. Hepatectomy promoted an increase in the expression of IL-6 gene of the remnant liver, a decreased expression of pro-apoptotic genes in both models, and an increased expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene in weaning rats. The study of the effects of immunosuppressants showed different results from those described in adult animals, with no alterations in the number of cells in proliferation (PCNA positive) and apoptosis (TUNEL positive). Drugs had no effect in expression of IL-6 gene. Methylprednisolone and tacrolimus promoted an increased expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. In addition, methylprednisolone and cyclosporine promoted an increase in the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bak in newborn rats. CONCLUSIONS: The experimental models were feasible and adequate for the current investigations; hepatectomy stimulated hepatocyte proliferation and inhibited hepatic cells apoptosis; the utilized immunosuppressant drugs did not affect hepatocyte proliferation although an increased expression of apoptosis-related genes was verified.