Festkörperspurdetektoren (FKSD) auf der Basis von Polymermaterialien sind ein geeignetes Mittel zum Nachweis von Ionenstrahlung [1]. Ebenso können damit Neutronen über ihre sekundären Ionen gemessen werden. Als passive und integrierende Detektoren eignen sie sich insbesondere gut für die Dosimetrie, wobei die geringe bzw. fehlende Empfindlichkeit für Elektronen und Photonenstrahlung ein weiteres Argument für die Anwendungen in gemischten Strahlungsfeldern darstellt. Als passive Detektoren arbeiten FKSD ohne zusätzliche Messelektronik und Stromversorgung. Das macht sie insbesondere für die Personen- und Ortsdosimetrie interessant. Allerdings sind die latenten, submikroskopischen Ionenspuren nach der Exposition nicht unmittelbar sichtbar. Erst durch einen mehr oder weniger aufwendigen Ätzprozess werden diese lichtmikroskopisch oder für das Auge direkt sichtbar. Da bei FKSD von der Herstellung bis zur Ätzung alle Ereignisse registriert werden, handelt es sich somit auch um integrierende Detektoren.Für die Dosimetrie ist insbesondere der Nachweis von leichten Ionen bis zu spezifischen Energien von 10 MeV / Nukleon wichtig. Protonenstrahlung wird für die Radiotherapie von Geschwulstkrankheiten angewendet; die meisten leichten Ionen der Elemente Wasserstoff bis Sauerstoff sind Bestandteile der Sekundärstrahlung von Neutronen,[Alpha]-Teilchen treten häufig als Zerfallsprodukt verschiedener schwerer Radioisotope auf. Während eine große Zahl von Polymeren eine Empfindlichkeit für schwere Ionen zeigen, ist die Auswahl für leichte Ionen schon sehr eingeschränkt.[Alpha]-Teilchen können noch mit verschiedenen Polykarbonaten, Zelluloseacetat und -nitrat nachgewiesen werden. Die Registrierung von Protonen ist derzeit nur mit dem besonderen Polykarbonat CR - 39 und mit Zellulose (di/tri) nitrat möglich. Natürlich eignen sich diese Materialien auch hervorragend zur Messung von [Alpha] -Teilchen. Leichte Ionen stellen weiterhin eine wichtige Sonde in der Radiobiologie dar. Festkörperspurdetektoren können hier als Monitore für die getroffenen Zellen und Zellbestandteile dienen. Dadurch ist prinzipiell eine genaue Lokalisierung der getroffenen Zellbausteine/Organellen möglich...

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The research presented in this dissertation attempted to determine whether climate variability is critical to sea level changes in coastal BC. To that end, a number of statistical models were proposed to clarify the relationships between five climate variability indices representing large-scale atmospheric circulation regimes and sea levels, storm surges, extreme winds and storm track variability in coastal BC. The research findings demonstrate that decadal to inter decadal climatic variability is fundamental to explaining the changing frequency and intensity of extreme atmospheric and oceanic environmental variables in coastal BC. The trends revealed by these analyses suggest that coastal flooding risks are certain to increase in this region during the next few decades, especially if the global sea-levels continue to rise as predicted. The out come of this study emphasis the need to look beyond climatic means when completing climate impact assessments, by clearly showing that climate extremes are currently causing the majority of weather-related damage along coastal BC. The findings highlight the need to derive knowledge on climate variability and change effects relevant at regional to local scales to enable useful adaptation strategies. The major findings of this research resulted in five independent manuscripts: (i) Sea level responses to climatic variability and change in Northern BC. The Manuscript (MC) is published in the Journal of atmospheric and oceans (AO 46 (3), 277-296); (ii) Extreme sea-level recurrences in the south coast of BC with climate considerations. This MC is in review with the Asia Pacific Journal of Climate Change (APJCC); (iii) Extreme sea-surge responses to climate variability in coastal BC. This MC is currently in review in the Annals of the AAG (AN-2009-0098); (iv) Extreme wind regime responses to climate variability and change in the inner-south-coast of BC. This MC is published in the Journal of Atmosphere and Oceans (AO 47 (1), 41-62); (v) Sensitivity of winter storm track characteristics in North-eastern Pacific to climate variability. This manuscript is in review with the Journal of Atmosphere and Oceans (AO (1113)). The findings of this research program made key contributions to the following regional sea level rise impact assessment studies in BC: (i) An examination of the Factors Affecting Relative and Absolute Sea level in coastal BC (Thomson et al., 2008). (ii) Coastal vulnerability to climate change and sea level rise, Northeast Graham Island, Haida Gwaii (formally known as the Queen Charlotte Islands), BC (Walker et al., 2007). (iii) Storm Surge: Atmospheric Hazards, Canadian Atmospheric Hazards Network - Pacific and Yukon Region, C/O Bill Taylor.

La structure et le processus de formation des traces latentes dans le poly (allyl diglycol carbonate), PADC, ont été étudiés par spectroscopie FT-IR et par simulation Monte Carlo. La quantité de groupes OH formés est équivalente à la quantité de disparition des groupes éther. L’utilisation de radiations à faible TLE a prouvé que les fonctions carbonyle ne disparaissent que lorsque deux électrons au minimum interagissent avec une seule unité de répétition du polymère. Les résultats obtenus avec des protons de haute énergie permettent de comprendre la différence entre des traces révélables et non-révélables. Sur la base de ces résultats, un nouveau concept physique de Fluence Electronique Radiale autour de la Trace d’un Ion, défini comme la densité d'électrons secondaires qui traversent une surface cylindrique de rayon donné, est proposé pour décrire le seuil de détection du PADC en utilisant le code Geant4-DNA. Les connaissances acquises sont utiles pour trouver des agencements moléculaires appropriés pour de nouveaux détecteurs de sensibilités désirées. / The structure and formation process of latent tracks in poly(allyl diglycol carbonate), PADC, have been examined using the combination of FT-IR spectrometry and a Monte Carlo simulation. The generation amount of OH groups is almost equivalent to the loss amount of ether. An important role of the secondary electron that the carbonyl can be broken only when more than two electrons pass through a single repeat unit is clarified by experiments using low LET radiations. Results of high energy protons lead us to the elucidation of the difference between etchable and un-etchable tracks. Based on these results, a new physical concept of Radial Electron Fluence around Ion Tracks, which is defined as the number density of secondary electron that pass through the cylinder surface with a certain radius is proposed for the detection threshold of PADC using Geant4-DNA. Obtained knowledge is helpful to find appropriate molecule arrangements for new etched track detector with desired sensitivities

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HerlaniaPS_DISSERT_1-45.pdf: 7534616 bytes, checksum: 3b9b82337add04d86bda0fd400333033 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The Environmental Protection area sof Pitimbu river are important tools for planning and territorial land management. The Pitimbu river protection is aided in laws, so much of Federal stamp, as the Brazilian s Forest Code (Law No. 4771/1965), and in State s and City s Resolutions. So, this research begins in the State s Law No. 8426/2003interpretations, for being the most restrictive in the river's margin occupation and management. The objective is to analyze the applicability of the Environmental Protection areas of Pitimbu river, localized at the State of Rio Grande do Norte, considering environmental legislation and how to use this space by the man. Having specific goals for the discussion of the legislation s scope to this river; the identification of the types of soil s covering and evaluation the effectiveness of Law N?.8426/2003, as protection instrument and land management. The river is characterized by its ecological importance and for feeding the Jiqui pond, an important reservoir that supplies 30% of drinking water to the east, west and south population sof the capital of the State. Pitimbu river is passing by a process of environmental degradation, originating from actions as deforestations of its ciliary forests by intensive agricultural practices; introduction of urban and industrial effluents leading to its contamination; increase of the pluvial drainage; erosion, sedimentation and discharge of urban waste , along with pressure for urban settlements along its banks. Under the methodological point of view is part of theoretical planning and land management research, and from a vision of social and environmental spaces. It was produced a survey map of the soil s covering, with 16 classes. Divided into coverage and disturbed natural covering. Using the 300 meters spatial limits of the Environmental Protection Strip, according to the State Law. The survey highlighted a higher percentage of classes disturbed, indicating man s interference in the balance of that system, as well as the lack of environmental actions. Leading to the degradation of riparian areas, and lack of conservation of water resources. Finally, it was considered that the strips of environmental protection are not effective as the preservation and territorial ordination / As Faixas de Prote??o Ambiental do rio Pitimbu s?o importantes instrumentos para o planejamento e ordenamento do territ?rio. A prote??o do rio Pitimbu est? amparada em leis, tanto de cunho Federal, como o C?digo Florestal Brasileiro (Lei n? 4.771 de 1965) quanto por Resolu??es, Leis Estaduais e Municipais. Assim, esta pesquisa parte da interpreta??o da Lei Estadual n? 8.426 de 2003, por ser a mais restritiva quanto ao uso e ocupa??o das margens do rio. O objetivo geral da mesma ? analisar a aplicabilidade das faixas de Prote??o Ambiental no rio Pitimbu/RN considerando a legisla??o ambiental e as formas de uso desse espa?o pelo homem. Tendo por objetivos espec?ficos a discuss?o da abrang?ncia da legisla??o para esse rio; a identifica??o dos tipos de cobertura do solo; e a avalia??o da efic?cia da Lei n? 8.426 de 2003, como instrumento de prote??o e gest?o territorial. Esse rio ? caracterizado pela sua import?ncia ecol?gica e por alimentar a lagoa do Jiqui, importante reservat?rio que fornece 30% de ?gua pot?vel para popula??o das regi?es Leste, Oeste e Sul da capital Potiguar. O rio Pitimbu passa por um processo de degrada??o ambiental, proveniente de a??es como os desmatamentos de suas matas ciliares pelas pr?ticas agr?colas intensivas; lan?amento de efluentes urbanos e industriais levando a sua contamina??o; aumento do escoamento pluvial; eros?o; assoreamento e despejo de lixo urbano, al?m da press?o para ocupa??o urbana em suas margens. Sob o ponto de vista metodol?gico est? pesquisa parte de referenciais te?ricos de planejamento e ordenamento do territ?rio e de uma vis?o socioambiental dos espa?os naturais. Foi produzido na pesquisa um Mapa de Cobertura do Solo, com 16 classes. Divididas em cobertura antropizada e cobertura natural. Usando o limite da espacializa??o das Faixas de Prote??o Ambiental de 300 metros, conforme a Lei Estadual acima. A pesquisa destacou um maior percentual de classes antropizadas, indicando interfer?ncia do homem no equil?brio desse sistema, assim como a falta de a??es ambientais. Levando a degrada??o de suas matas ciliares, e a falta de conserva??o dos recursos h?dricos. Por fim, considerou-se que as faixas de prote??o ambiental n?o s?o eficazes quanto ? preserva??o e ao ordenamento desse territ?rio

O tropeirismo, de papel inquestionável, tanto no desenvolvimento do transporte de cargas, como nas relações sociais e humanas que estabeleceriam, constituiu-se, principalmente, de pessoas respeitadas pela honestidade, cumprimento das obrigações e pela dedicação familiar. Observa-se grande importância histórica nesse período, que foi responsável pelo desenvolvimento das cidades de nossa região e que até hoje exerce forte influência. O presente estudo tem por finalidade investigar as trilhas conhecidas por Caminho das Tropas, realizando um reconhecimento do trajeto nos locais que foram demarcados por tropas a partir do século XVII, na região do vale do Paraíba. Procurou-se observar os impactos ambientais ocasionados pelo desenvolvimento da região, desenvolver futuros projetos turísticos e formatar novos produtos destinados à formação escolar, no que se refere à educação ambiental no Turismo Rural. Para tanto, tomou-se como modelo de estudo o Projeto Estrada Real, desenvolvido no Estado de Minas Gerais. Este modelo serviu como parâmetro na elaboração do estudo, quanto às ações de estratégia de desenvolvimento voltadas à sustentabilidade. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza técnica e qualitativa. Não se detectou nenhum trabalho que contemple este tema, com desenvolvimento por meio de pesquisa documental e levantamento in loco, para demarcação do Caminho das Tropas. A amostra escolhida para o trabalho foi a Rota da serra do Quebra Cangalha, que parte de Taubaté, passa por Pindamonhangaba, Estrada da Malacacheta, Lagoinha, Cunha, e segue em direção a Paraty, com 76km (setenta e seis quilômetros). Ao final do trabalho, apresenta-se o levantamento de novas rotas, que poderão ser utilizadas em projetos turísticos da região e em educação ambiental. Foram demarcados os pontos históricos e turísticos e a localização de cavernas, grutas, cachoeiras e fazendas, com a finalidade de promover o turismo rural, de grande potencial, nesta região. Este levantamento poderá ser utilizado no desenvolvimento de futuras ações de projetos de sustentabilidade local e da comunidade no vale do Paraíba. / O tropeirismo, de papel inquestionável, tanto no desenvolvimento do transporte de cargas, como nas relações sociais e humanas que estabeleceriam, constituiu-se, principalmente, de pessoas respeitadas pela honestidade, cumprimento das obrigações e pela dedicação familiar. Observa-se grande importância histórica nesse período, que foi responsável pelo desenvolvimento das cidades de nossa região e que até hoje exerce forte influência. O presente estudo tem por finalidade investigar as trilhas conhecidas por Caminho das Tropas, realizando um reconhecimento do trajeto nos locais que foram demarcados por tropas a partir do século XVII, na região do vale do Paraíba. Procurou-se observar os impactos ambientais ocasionados pelo desenvolvimento da região, desenvolver futuros projetos turísticos e formatar novos produtos destinados à formação escolar, no que se refere à educação ambiental no Turismo Rural. Para tanto, tomou-se como modelo de estudo o Projeto Estrada Real, desenvolvido no Estado de Minas Gerais. Este modelo serviu como parâmetro na elaboração do estudo, quanto às ações de estratégia de desenvolvimento voltadas à sustentabilidade. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza técnica e qualitativa. Não se detectou nenhum trabalho que contemple este tema, com desenvolvimento por meio de pesquisa documental e levantamento in loco, para demarcação do Caminho das Tropas. A amostra escolhida para o trabalho foi a Rota da serra do Quebra Cangalha, que parte de Taubaté, passa por Pindamonhangaba, Estrada da Malacacheta, Lagoinha, Cunha, e segue em direção a Paraty, com 76km (setenta e seis quilômetros). Ao final do trabalho, apresenta-se o levantamento de novas rotas, que poderão ser utilizadas em projetos turísticos da região e em educação ambiental. Foram demarcados os pontos históricos e turísticos e a localização de cavernas, grutas, cachoeiras e fazendas, com a finalidade de promover o turismo rural, de grande potencial, nesta região. Este levantamento poderá ser utilizado no desenvolvimento de futuras ações de projetos de sustentabilidade local e da comunidade no vale do Paraíba. / The tropeirismo, whose importance was fundamental as much at load transportation development as in the social and human relationship that it would perform, was in the majority, composed by respected people due to their honesty, fulfillment of their obligations and familiar devotion. It is observed a great historical importance of this period, which was responsible for the development of the cities of our region and currently exerts strong influence. The purpose of this research is to investigate the tracks known as Caminhos das Tropas, performing a recognition of the route at the region, observing the environment impacts caused by the region development, aiming to develop touristic projects in the future and create new products at the region. It was taken as a study model the Estrada Real project, developed at Minas Gerais state, which will be useful as a parameter for this project elaboration, with development strategy actions turned to sustainability. It was a technical and qualitative natured research, because we could not find out any work that mentioned this subject, developed by documentary research and in loco, survey to define the Caminho das Tropas. The sample chosen for this work was the route of the serra do Quebra Cangalha, that departs from Taubaté, pass through Pindamonhangaba, Estrada da Malacacheta, Lagoinha, Cunha and goes towards Paraty, with 76 (seventy six) km. By the end, A research about new routes was elaborated, which could be that could be used at touristic projects for the region, demarcating historical and touristic points as caves, grootos and waterfalls with the objective of country tourism development, that has great potential in this region, and could be used for future projects at Vale do Paraíba, aiming local and community self sustenance. / The tropeirismo, whose importance was fundamental as much at load transportation development as in the social and human relationship that it would perform, was in the majority, composed by respected people due to their honesty, fulfillment of their obligations and familiar devotion. It is observed a great historical importance of this period, which was responsible for the development of the cities of our region and currently exerts strong influence. The purpose of this research is to investigate the tracks known as Caminhos das Tropas, performing a recognition of the route at the region, observing the environment impacts caused by the region development, aiming to develop touristic projects in the future and create new products at the region. It was taken as a study model the Estrada Real project, developed at Minas Gerais state, which will be useful as a parameter for this project elaboration, with development strategy actions turned to sustainability. It was a technical and qualitative natured research, because we could not find out any work that mentioned this subject, developed by documentary research and in loco, survey to define the Caminho das Tropas. The sample chosen for this work was the route of the serra do Quebra Cangalha, that departs from Taubaté, pass through Pindamonhangaba, Estrada da Malacacheta, Lagoinha, Cunha and goes towards Paraty, with 76 (seventy six) km. By the end, A research about new routes was elaborated, which could be that could be used at touristic projects for the region, demarcating historical and touristic points as caves, grootos and waterfalls with the objective of country tourism development, that has great potential in this region, and could be used for future projects at Vale do Paraíba, aiming local and community self sustenance.

Dimensionnée de manière semi-empirique, la voie ferrée est un système mécanique dont le comportement dynamique reste difficile à appréhender et à quantifier. Un outil numérique peut alors être à la fois une aide à la conception, en évaluant la performance de nouvelles structures, et un élément de diagnostic sur les voies existantes, en complément de mesures terrain adaptées.L'outil développé dans ce travail s'appuie sur les techniques de résolution des équations de propagation dans les guides d'ondes dans le domaine des fréquences/nombres d'onde. Sa particularité est l'introduction d'un modèle réduit basé sur une sous-structuration périodique de la structure, en ne conservant, pour la résolution des équations de dispersion, que quelques nombres d'onde judicieusement choisis. En s'appuyant sur cette technique de réduction de modèle et son extension à des modèles temporels avec contact mobile, les coûts de calcul et de stockage sont largement diminués. Cela en fait un outil performant et utilisable dans des études d'ingénierie portant sur la voie ferrée.Des étapes de vérifications numériques sur les hypothèses sous-jacentes à la réduction ont été réalisées en construisant un modèle fréquentiel complet par transformée de Floquet. En parallèle, des campagnes d'essais dynamiques (mesures de réceptance et d'accélération sur traverse au passage des trains) ont été réalisées sur une zone de transition entre voie ballastée et voie sur dalle sur ligne à grande vitesse. Les résultats obtenus expérimentalement permettent de valider les simulations dans les domaines temporel et fréquentiel sur les différentes zones de la transition. Le modèle permet de mieux comprendre l'effet de la sous-structure sur le comportement dynamique. Une des grandes avancées de ce travail est également l'introduction d'une stratégie permettant d'utiliser la méthode de réduction pour coupler des zones présentant des tranches différentes. Des outils de post-traitement ont été développés pour mettre en lumière les effets dynamiques générés par la transition. / Railway tracks have evolved over years based on empirical results and their dynamic behavior still can be difficult to assess or to quantify. A numerical model can thus provide assistance in track design by assessing the mechanical performance of new structures, or allowing the diagnostic of existing track parts, as a complement to relevant in-situ measurements.The numerical model developed in this work combines a reduction strategy with numerical techniques used to solve the propagation equations in waveguides in the frequency / wave number domains. The peculiarity of the exposed methodology is the introduction of a model based on a periodic sub structuring of the track, keeping only a few wavelengths carefully chosen to solve dispersion equations. Based on this model reduction technique and its extension to time domain models with moving contact, the computational time and storage capacity required are greatly reduced. Thus, this model is efficient and useful for engineering purposes in railway tracks studies.Numerical validation of the reduction is carried out by building a complete reference model in the frequency domain. In parallel, measurement campaigns (receptance measurement and sleeper acceleration under passing trains) were performed on a transition zone between ballasted and slab tracks on a High Speed Line. These tests are compared to simulation results in both time and frequency domains on different areas of the transition. After successful validation, the model is used to improve understanding of the role of the substructure on the dynamic behavior.The final major development of this work is the introduction of a strategy to extend the reduction to piecewise periodic structures and the development of post-processing tools to highlight the dynamic effects generated by the transition zone.

Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d'analyser l'influence des processus humides sur les dépressions des moyennes latitudes en s'intéressant plus particulièrement aux déplacements des dépressions et à la formation des vents forts près de la surface. Ces recherches ont été effectuées à l'aide de simulations idéalisées du modèle de méso-échelle Méso-NH. La première étude s'est focalisée sur l'effet des processus humides sur le déplacement des dépressions dans la direction perpendiculaire à l'axe du courant-jet, c'est à dire principalement le déplacement vers les pôles. Le mécanisme expliquant ce déplacement est dû à l'advection non-linéaire de la dépression de surface par les anomalies cyclonique et anticyclonique d'altitude se trouvant de part et d'autre de la dépression de surface. En présence d'humidité, l'anomalie anticyclonique d'altitude se renforce du fait du dégagement de chaleur latente dans les zones d'ascendances, et ainsi le déplacement perpendiculairement à l'axe du jet et vers les pôles s'accélère. On montre aussi que le déplacement vers l'est des dépressions s'accélère en incluant les processus humides. La seconde étude porte sur la formation des vents forts près de la surface et notamment sur ce qu'on appelle les "sting jets". Les "sting jets" sont des jets dont les masses d'air associées descendent rapidement du milieu de la troposphère au niveau de la tête du nuage jusqu'au sommet de la couche limite et peuvent déclencher des vents dévastateurs en surface. Ceux-ci se forment lorsque le front chaud se déplace à l'arrière de la dépression et qu'une fracture frontale apparaît. Les simulations montrent que, lorsqu'une dépression traverse l'axe du courant-jet de son côté chaud à son côté froid, le retour en arrière du front chaud se produit tandis qu'une dépression naissant côté froid du courant-jet possède un front chaud beaucoup moins actif. Ainsi, la formation d'un " sting jet " n'apparaît que dans le premier cas , moyennant une résolution verticale élevée. C'est la présence d'un forçage géostrophique dans un environnement neutre vis-à-vis de l'instabilité symétrique qui facilite la descente des masses d'air et la formation du " sting jet ". / The objective of this thesis is to analyze the influence of moist processes on mid-latitude cyclones, and specifically the tracks of cyclones and the formation of strong winds near the surface. These researches have been made using idealized simulations of the mesoscale model Méso-NH. The first study focused on the effects of moist processes on the motion perpendicularly to the zonal jet axis, poleward. The main mechanism explaining this motion involves the nonlinear advection of the surface cyclone by the upper-level cyclonic and anticyclonic perturbations located on both sides of the surface cyclone. In the presence of humidity, the upper-level anticyclonic anomaly strengthens due to the latent heat release in the ascent zones, and the poleward motion is reinforced. The eastward motion of the cyclone is also reinforced with the inclusion of moist processes. The second study focuses on the formation of near-surface strong winds which are triggered by the so-called " sting-jets ". These jets correspond to descending air masses from the mid-troposphere near the cloud head down to the top of the boundary layer, and can trigger devastating surface winds. In the case where synoptic perturbations are initialized south of the baroclinic zonal jet, the bent-back warm front phase occurs, whereas when they are initialized on the zonal jet axis, the surface cyclone has a less active warm front. Thus, the formation of a sting-jet only occurs in the first case, and with a high vertical resolution. It is the geostrophic forcing in a globally neutral environment relative to conditional symmetric instability which facilitates the airstreams descent and the formation of the sting-jet.

Festkörperspurdetektoren (FKSD) auf der Basis von Polymermaterialien sind ein geeignetes Mittel zum Nachweis von Ionenstrahlung [1]. Ebenso können damit Neutronen über ihre sekundären Ionen gemessen werden. Als passive und integrierende Detektoren eignen sie sich insbesondere gut für die Dosimetrie, wobei die geringe bzw. fehlende Empfindlichkeit für Elektronen und Photonenstrahlung ein weiteres Argument für die Anwendungen in gemischten Strahlungsfeldern darstellt. Als passive Detektoren arbeiten FKSD ohne zusätzliche Messelektronik und Stromversorgung. Das macht sie insbesondere für die Personen- und Ortsdosimetrie interessant. Allerdings sind die latenten, submikroskopischen Ionenspuren nach der Exposition nicht unmittelbar sichtbar. Erst durch einen mehr oder weniger aufwendigen Ätzprozess werden diese lichtmikroskopisch oder für das Auge direkt sichtbar. Da bei FKSD von der Herstellung bis zur Ätzung alle Ereignisse registriert werden, handelt es sich somit auch um integrierende Detektoren.Für die Dosimetrie ist insbesondere der Nachweis von leichten Ionen bis zu spezifischen Energien von 10 MeV / Nukleon wichtig. Protonenstrahlung wird für die Radiotherapie von Geschwulstkrankheiten angewendet; die meisten leichten Ionen der Elemente Wasserstoff bis Sauerstoff sind Bestandteile der Sekundärstrahlung von Neutronen,[Alpha]-Teilchen treten häufig als Zerfallsprodukt verschiedener schwerer Radioisotope auf. Während eine große Zahl von Polymeren eine Empfindlichkeit für schwere Ionen zeigen, ist die Auswahl für leichte Ionen schon sehr eingeschränkt.[Alpha]-Teilchen können noch mit verschiedenen Polykarbonaten, Zelluloseacetat und -nitrat nachgewiesen werden. Die Registrierung von Protonen ist derzeit nur mit dem besonderen Polykarbonat CR - 39 und mit Zellulose (di/tri) nitrat möglich. Natürlich eignen sich diese Materialien auch hervorragend zur Messung von [Alpha] -Teilchen. Leichte Ionen stellen weiterhin eine wichtige Sonde in der Radiobiologie dar. Festkörperspurdetektoren können hier als Monitore für die getroffenen Zellen und Zellbestandteile dienen. Dadurch ist prinzipiell eine genaue Lokalisierung der getroffenen Zellbausteine/Organellen möglich...

Denna studie är gjord på ämnet learning tracks, dvs auditiva instuderingsfiler för vokalmusik. Det finns ingen historisk forskning eller annan tidigare forskning på ämnet men man vet att det har förekommit som fenomen inom genren barbershop lika länge som den portabla kassettbandspelaren, och på senare år utvecklats mycket i och med internet samt möjligheten att spela in och editera musik på en hemdator. Angränsande forskning om spegelneuroner, inlärning på gehör och körmetodik har studerats som forskningsgrund och det sociokulturella perspektivet samt variationsteori är studiens teoretiska perspektiv. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka variationer i musikaliskt resultat samt i elevernas upplevelse av instudering som kan urskiljas kopplat till notbaserad instudering av körmusik, respektive instudering med hjälp av instuderingsfiler som komplement. Två testgrupper, en som fick jobba med instuderingsfiler som komplement till noter och en som bara fick instudera med noter, jobbademed ett stycke musik under fyra lektionspass som observerades och ljud spelades in för att kunna följa progressionen i instuderingen. En enkät till samtliga elever som deltog som frågade om deras upplevelse av instuderingen fylldes i direkt efter studiens avslut. Resultatet var tydligt, både utifrån testgruppernas musikaliska prestation och ifrån deras egen upplevelse av instuderingen, instuderingsfiler var för dem bättre än enbart noter. Resultatet går även att tydligt knyta an till den angränsande tidigare forskningen på ämnet. Även om studien är tydlig behövs det mer forskning inom detta område. / This study is on the subject of music learning tracks for learning a capella music. While there is no specific research on the subject yet it has been known as a phenomenon in the genre of barbershop harmony for as long as the tape recorder has been around, and has grown into a well-established business because of the internet and the possibilities of editing music on home computers. Earlier research in surrounding areas such as choir methodology, ear training and mirror neurons have laid the research ground for the study, and the theoretical perspectives which the data was analyzed through are the sociocultural perspective and variation theory. The purpose of this study is to explore variations in musical results and the pupils experience of learning that can be detected between a group that studies with learning tracks and a group that studies without learning tracks. The two groups were followed learning the same piece of music during four classes through observation and recording of sound. Directly following the last class, the students answered a survey about their experience of the learning process. The results were clear, both from the difference in musical results and from the answers in the survey, learning tracks are better for learning new music than just using sheet music. The results also connect to earlier research in surrounding areas, but even though the results of this study are clear more research is needed in this specific area.