本論文凡分為九章，茲述其內容大要如次： 第一章緒論，就永嘉學派之學術立場，及其在當時學術界之地位，說明撰述之旨趣。 第二章為宋永嘉學派學術思想變遷之大勢，蓋一書之綱領，而以說明其學之來龍去脈 ，暨諸代表人物學術思想之重點及其成就與地位，並探討其學風所以轉變，暨其學所 以終歸衰歇之緣由。 第三章為元豐九先生之學術思想，第四章為鄭氏兄弟之學術思想，第五章為薛季宣之 學術思想，第六章為陳傅良之學術思想，第七章為葉適之學術思想，分別論述永嘉學 派各期代表人物之學術思想。初欲分就學術與思想二端論述之。 第八章為宋永嘉學派學術思想之影響，博采前修持賢之說，並附己見，以所處時代與 永嘉諸子之略相同者，略分為南宋末年、明末清初、有清道咸同光、民國以來四期， 述其學對於後世學者，若王應麟、顧炎武、黃宗羲、顏元、萬斯同、全祖望、章學誠 、邵晉涵、孫衣言、詒讓父子、陳黼辰、林損師弟等人之影響，但取其實而有徵者論 述之，期免穿鑿附會之病焉。 第九章結論，略論並時浙東學者，呂祖謙、唐仲友、陳亮之學，皆不足與朱、陸相抗 衡，惟永嘉學則足以與之相頡頏。然永嘉學派之學術思想雖與程、朱等道學家之說有 所出入，惟皆在於明體致用。 上述九章而外，並益以三附錄： 附錄一為宋永嘉學派諸子生平著述年表。 附錄二為宋永嘉學派諸子著述考略，稽考永嘉諸子之著述，並說明其存佚，以明學術 思想之趨向焉。 附錄三為參考書目舉要，列舉撰述本論文所參用之重要書目。 /

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Avec les accords euro-méditerranéens d’association, les pouvoirs publics algériens sont appelés à respecter les engagements internationaux et régionaux qui en résultent. Il s’agit en particulier de mettre en conformité les administrations fiscales et douanières. En effet, les transformations économiques et juridiques que produit la mise en place de ce genre d’accord d’association interpellent notamment les législateurs algériens pour entreprendre des réformes fiscales et douanières qui s’imposent par la libéralisation des échanges. L’objectif est donc de rapprocher le droit fiscal et douanier de l’Algérie avec les législations en vigueur dans les Etats de l’Union européenne et plus généralement euro-méditerranéens. C’est dans ce cadre que notre sujet se propose d’approcher et de débattre la réforme fiscale et douanière en Algérie. Pour cela, ce travail débute par une réflexion sur cet accord d’association, qui passe par l’évolution des relations entre l’Algérie et l’Union européenne. Puis nous abordons plus précisément la question des réformes fiscales et douanières en Algérie dans le cadre de cet accord d’association. Pour terminer nous traitons de l’importance de la bonne gouvernance financière dans le cadre de l’intégration régionale. / With the Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements, the Algerian authorities are required to comply with the resulting international and regional commitments. This concerns in particular the conformity to the tax and customs administrations. In fact, the economic and legal transformations implemented by such an association agreement demand the Algerian legislators to undertake fiscal and customs reforms required by trade liberalization. The goal, therefore, is to bring the Algerian tax and customs law closer to the laws in force in the European Union states and more particularly in the Euro-Mediterranean ones. It is in this context that we aim through our subject to approach and discuss tax and customs reform in Algeria. For this, the work begins with a reflection on the Association Agreement, achieved through the development of relations between Algeria and the European Union. Then, we tackle specifically the issue of tax and customs reforms in Algeria on the occasion of the Euro-Mediterranean agreements. Finally we discuss the importance of good financial governance in the context of regional integration.

El sector agroexportador en el Perú, se caracteriza por estar en constante crecimiento durante varios años consecutivos y uno de los productos que destaca es la palta y por lo cual en el presente estudio se analiza la trazabilidad en las exportaciones de palta fresca de las empresas exportadoras con Certificación Orgánica de la región Lima a Países bajos en el periodo del 2013 al 2019. Este estudio, se basó en una metodología cuantitativa a través de la recopilación de datos secundarios de CBS Netherlands, Ministerio de Agricultura del Perú, FAOstats, AdexData Trade, Euromonitor y el Banco Mundial, también, la interpretación de entrevistas realizadas a expertos para consolidar la información en el periodo base mencionado anteriormente. Por ello, se evalúa la interacción entre las exportaciones de palta de la región de lima con el precio internacional, la certificación orgánica y la demanda en el país de destino, la cual fue analizada en 42 periodos bimestrales para mayor exactitud. El precio internacional de la palta en el país de destino tiende a incrementar las exportaciones, es por ello que se relaciona la interacción de dichas variables, dando como resultado un 93.1% de relación, además de la relación directamente proporcional y lo confirmado por los expertos, respecto al precio internacional que toma en destino la palta orgánica. Los resultados concluyen en la existencia de relación entre el precio y la demanda para el aumento de las exportaciones de la palta orgánica hacia Países Bajos. Asimismo, se recomienda un mejor manejo de prioridades por parte del estado para colocar a disponibilidad estrategias y alianzas de libre comercio para el apoyo del aumento de la producción orgánica, debido a que es un sector que tiene las tendencias al crecimiento y debe ser aprovechada más aun por los productores orgánicos. / The agro-export sector in Peru is characterized by being in constant growth for several consecutive years and one of the products that stands out is avocado and for this reason, the present study analyzes the traceability of fresh avocado exports from exporting companies with Organic Certification from the Lima region to the Netherlands in the period from 2013 to 2019. This study was based on a quantitative methodology through the collection of secondary data from CBS Netherlands, Ministry of Agriculture of Peru, FAOstats, AdexData Trade, Euromonitor and the World Bank, Also, the interpretation of interviews conducted with experts to consolidate the information in the base period mentioned above. Therefore, the interaction between avocado exports from the lima region with international price, organic certification and demand in the destination country is evaluated, which was analyzed in 42 bimonthly periods for greater accuracy. The international price of avocado in the country of destination modified to exports, is why the interaction of the variable variables is related, resulting in a 93.1% relationship, in addition to the directly proportional relationship and confirmed by the experts, regarding the international price that the organic avocado takes at destination. The results conclude in the existence of the relationship between price and demand for the increase in exports of organic palm to the Netherlands. Likewise, a better management of the needs by the state is recommended to place an availability of strategies and free trade alliances to support the increase in organic production, since it is a sector that has growth trends and should be exploited even more by organic producers. / Tesis

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The thesis is focused on the description of LTE system in terms of signaling on interfaces of LTE and EPC subsystems, such as UE initial network connection. The next section describes the types of diagnostic methods for mobile networks using OSS, drive testing and flow analysis. The thesis also aims at description of key performance indicators (independent service QoS parameters and the KPI for the radio part of the network). Part of the network measurement includes a description of the driver settings and views for analysis. It is also described the implementation of measuring and evaluating the results.

La thèse analyse la promotion de l'électricité produite à partir de sources renouvelables par la régulation économique. Elle combine la recherche existante en économie, sciences politiques et droit. Les principaux apports scientifiques nouveaux par rapport à la recherche existante sont les suivants : - L'échec des efforts de la Commission européenne d'harmoniser les systèmes de soutien au niveau de l'UE s'explique par une alliance (de prime abord improbable) des OGN "vertes" et des producteurs d'électricité verte, soucieux de protéger le système des prix garantis par l'État, ainsi que des États membres, soucieux du respect du principe de subsidiarité. - Contrairement à l'avis dominant en sciences économique, des prix minima garantis, arrêté au niveau de 'UE, constituent la politique règlementaire la plus efficient. - La première analyse compréhensive de la pratique décisionnelle de la Commission européenne eu matière d'aide d'État et la jurisprudence de la Court depuis 1990 montre que, contrairement à l'avis dominant dans la recherche juridique, les systèmes de soutien de la plupart des États membres constituent des aides d'État, car l'arrêt PreussenElektra a un champ d'application beaucoup plus restreint que généralement admis. - Les règles de l'OMC, du Traité sur la Charte de l'Énergie, du droit des aides d'État et du marché intérieur interagissent d'une manière qui n'a pas encore été pleinement compris par la littérature juridique. - Des parallélismes surprenants au débat juridique en Europe existent dans le débat juridique aux États-Unis. Cependant, il n'ont pas été mis en exergue par les juristes. Ainsi, la "dormant commerce clause" soumet les régimes de soutien au États-Unis à des contraintes similaires que les règles du marché intérieur; et le contrôle fédéral de la régulation des prix sous le Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) ressemble au contrôle des aides d'État. / The thesis analyses the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources by regulatory policies, bringing together the existing research in economics, political science and law. The main new findings compared to the existing research are: The failure of the Commission's attempts to harmonize support schemes al the EU level is due to an (at first sight: unlikely) alliance of green NGO and renewable electricity producers, concerned about protecting fixed purchase prices, and Member States, concerned about subsidiarity; Contrary to the dominating view in the economic literature, fixed purchase prices, set at the EU level, are the most efficient regulatory option; The first comprehensive analysis of the Commission's decision practice and the Court's case law on support schemes under EU State aid rules since 1990 shows that, contrary to the dominating view in legal writing, the support schemes of most Member States do constitute State aid, because PreussenElektra has a much narrower scope than generally thought. WTO rules, the Energy Charter Treaty, and EU State aid and internal market rules interact in ways which have thus far not been analyzed in detail in the legal literature. Surprising parallelisms exist in the legal debate in the US and in the EU, which have thus far been widely overlooked by legal scholars: the "dormant commerce clause" puts very similar constraints on State support schemes as internal market rules; and federal control on price regulation under the Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) in the US acts similarly to State aid control in the EU.

Virtual Reality (VR) is a tool with great potential and is under constant development for use in new fields. The project Fabriksvisualisering (Factory Visualization), has within the digital factory field, developed a tool for companies to build their factories in Unreal Engine (UE) and VR. The tool gives companies the opportunity to test their factory layouts, before implementing in the real world, to avoid costly mistakes. The following report examines possibilities for users to simulate and visualize their factory workflows as a part of the project Fabriksvisualisering. To achieve this, different solutions for visualizing the flow of products, staff and vehicles have been explored. User tests were carried out to test how an effect from UE can be used to visualize a flow of products in VR. The result gives users the opportunity to experience the interactions with factory workflows and visualize how they flow in VR.  The project resulted in two options that visualizes product flow and four options that visualizes workflow. Out of these six solutions, three were chosen and implemented to the project Fabriksvisualisering. These solutions are based on the construction of splines and include both alternatives for product flows and one alternative for workflows. The selection was based on functionality, user-friendliness and how realistic the outcome is. The result gives users the opportunity to experience the interactions with factory workflows and visualize how they flow in VR.  The conclusion is that there are several ways to visualize four out of seven factory workflows. The flows that are possible to visualize are material handling of raw materials, semi-finished and finished products, as well as the transportation and movements of workforce. This can be visualized with the help of AI, a robot system within UE, the construction of splines and Niagara systems connected to splines.

Le travail réalisé a pris en considération en premier lieu le droit international privé de l'UE, puis des aspects plus à proprement parler de « droit international procédural », en se concrétisant par une « systémisation » et une cartographie des voies de recours proposées au consommateur par le droit européen pour les litiges transfrontaliers. La première partie, concernant la loi applicable aux contrats internationaux du consommateur et le tribunal compétent dans le droit international privé de l'Union européenne, permit d'identifier les problématiques de droit international privé sous-jacentes aux contrats et aux litiges internationaux en matière de consommation, qui sont exacerbées dans le domaine du commerce électronique. La thèse traite deuxièmement la protection du consommateur par l'assouplissement et la simplification des procédures ordinaires et la protection du consommateur par des procédures collectives transfrontalières. Enfin, la thèse concerne la protection du consommateur par les procédures alternatives au contentieux ordinaire. / The thesis analyzes, under various aspects related to private international law and international civil procedure of the European Union, the status of the protection offered to the European consumers in their international contracts, in particular in relation to the objectives and in the context of the single market. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with consumer protection in the international private law of European Union (regulation (UE) 1215/2012 and regulation (CE) 593/2008). The second chapter deals with the protection offered to consumers by european international civil procedure with reference to individual and collective litigations. The third chapter deals with alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and with on-line dispute resolution (ODR) and analyzes EU directive 2013/11/UE and regulation (EU) 524/2013. / La tesi analizza, sotto vari aspetti relativi al diritto internazionale privato e processuale dell’Unione Europea, lo stato della protezione offerta al consumatore europeo nei contratti e nelle controversie internazionali, con uno specifico riguardo alle tutele di carattere processuale e giurisdizionale. La tesi si articola in tre capitoli, che investono gli ambiti in cui tale tutela può esplicarsi, ovvero, l’individuazione di un foro e di una legge applicabile favorevoli agli interessi del consumatore, la semplificazione delle regole di procedura nelle controversie individuali internazionali, la possibilità di dare luogo a procedimenti transfrontalieri collettivi e la creazione di un sistema efficace di risoluzione delle controversie internazionali in via stragiudiziale anche on-line. Il primo capitolo ricostruisce dapprima il sistema di diritto internazionale privatodell'Unione europea in materia di contratti di consumo, dando conto del contesto politico ed economico in cui si inserisce ed alla cui luce devono esserne letti gli obiettivi. Vengono quindi individuati i principi e gli obiettivi che fondano le norme di diritto internazionale privato in materia di contratti internazionali del consumatore, le quali si caratterizzano per l’essere ispirate a finalità materiali, ovvero, volte a permettere di individuare un foro competente ed una legge applicabile che siano in grado di bilanciare tra loro le esigenze dei consumatori e degli operatori del mercato, con la conseguenza di favorire l’esplicarsi degli scambi commerciali e della concorrenza nel mercato unico. Ciò avviene garantendo al consumatore l’applicazione della legge e la competenza del foro a lui più prossimi, ovvero quelli del suo paese di residenza abituale (la cui coincidenza permette peraltro una riduzione dei costi delle liti transfrontaliere) e la prevedibilità delle soluzioni agli operatori del mercato.Il capitolo traccia quindi lo sviluppo normativo e giurisprudenziale delle norme di diritto internazionale privato europee in materia di contratti del consumatore, prendendo in particolare in considerazione le più recenti sentenze della Corte di Giustizia che, dal 2010 ad oggi, hanno ridefinito l’ambito di applicazione delle norme contenute nel regolamento (CE) 44/2001 (Bruxelles I), oggi rifuso nel regolamento (UE) 1215/2012 (Bruxelles I-bis), e nel regolamento (CE) 593/2008 (Roma I), insistendo sulla definizione del concetto, volutamente aleatorio, di “attività diretta” e sul suo ruolo di preminenza nel connettere la fattispecie contrattuale allo Stato della residenza del consumatore per permetterne la competenza dei giudici e l’applicabilità della relativa legge. Viene svolta infine una analisi critica sull’interpretazione fornita dalla Corte di Giustizia che rischia, nel concreto, di rendere le norme in oggetto applicabili in maniera variabile dai giudici nazionali, garantendo alle volte una tutela troppo estesa o troppo ristretta al consumatore, senza riguardo per l’esigenza di certezza giuridica degli operatori del mercato.

Avant la création de la République fédérale d’Allemagne en 1949, la France et l’Allemagne se sont livrées la guerre à trois reprises (1870, 1914, 1945). L’objet de notre étude se propose de suivre le parcours des relations politico-stratégiques entre les deux pays depuis l’échec du projet de communauté européenne de défense en 1954 jusqu’à la réunification allemande en 1990. À travers cette étude, nous essayons de montrer comment le couple franco-allemand, malgré les réussites et les échecs, s’est imposé depuis la création de la RFA comme un axe fondamental dans l’espace européen à telle enseigne qu’il est considéré à tort ou à raison comme le « couple moteur » de l’Europe.Notre étude nous conduit à aborder les relations internationales contemporaines.Malgré ses succès sur le plan économique, politique et plus ou moins social, l’Union européenne pêche dans le secteur de la défense. Quelles sont les réticences à la mise en place d’un pôle européen de défense au sein de l’espace européen ? / Before the birth of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, France and Germanyhad been at war thrice (1870,1914, 1945).The object of our study is to follow the course of the politico-strategic relationshipthese two countries shared between the failure of the European Defence Community Project in 1954 and Germany’s reunification in 1990. All through this study, we willtry to explain how the French and German pair has become – despite both successand failure and since the birth of the FRG – a fundamental axis of the European Area : so much so that it is rightly or wrongly regarded as the ‘duet of Europe’.Our study will highlight today’s international relations, since despite its economic,political and social victories, the European Union has a lots of weaknessesconcerning Defence. Which arguments are held against the establishment of aEuropean pole of Defence within the European Area. ?