The purpose of this study was to identify certain aspects related to sight singing which tend to cause difficulty in teaching junior high school students and to suggest exercises that might be used to aid in overcoming these difficulties, Data included a questionnaire to junior high school teachers in three states. Subjects researched and discussed were the physical, intellectual, and emotional development of the adolescent; the changing voice and the range and vocal limitations of junior high singers; and rhythmic, melodic, harmonic, and other aspects of sight singing. Included were vocal procedures to be used with young voices, suggestions for choosing and/or arranging appropriate music, and original compositions designed to meet the needs and interests of junior high school students.

Bakgrund: Forskning tyder på att ett ensamkommande flyktingbarn löper en större risk för psykiska hälsoproblem. Skolsköterskors arbete ska präglas av ett salutogent perspektiv och att främja psykisk hälsa kan vara av stor betydelse för ett ensamkommande flyktingbarns välbefinnande. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa skolsköterskors erfarenheter av att främja psykisk hälsa hos ensamkommande flyktingbarn. Metod: Det användes en kvalitativ metod i studien och analys genomfördes med en kvalitativ innehållsanlays. Det intervjuades åtta skolsköterskor verksamma i Stockholms län genom semistrukturerade e-postintervjuer. Resultat: Studien resulterade i tre kategorier och sex underkategorier. Kategorierna var: att förmedla kunskaper utifrån behov, att samverka och att skapa förutsättningar för att främja psykisk hälsa. Slutsats: Studien visar att skolsköterskor är betydelsefulla personer i skolan för att främja psykisk hälsa och belyser hur det är möjligt att genomföra ett hälsofrämjande arbete, vikten av hälsosamtal och även skolsköterskors samverkan. Hälsofrämjande arbete med psykisk hälsa underlättas  om förutsättningar i form av bätre organisation och samordning skulle finnas. / Background: Research suggests that an unaccompanied refugee child is at greater risk of mental health problems. School nurses`work should be characterized by a salutogenic perspective and promoting mental health is important for the well-being of unaccompanied refugee children. Aim: The purpose of the study was to elucidate the school nurses`experiences with promoting mental health of unaccompanied refugee children. Method: A qualitative method was used in the study and analysis was conducted by using a qualitative content analysis. Eight school nurses from schools in Stockholm County were interviewed through semi structured email interviews. Results: The study resulted in three categories and six subcategories. The categories were: to imparting knowledge based on needs, to cooperate  and to creating conditions for promoting mental health. Conclusion: The results show that school nurses are significant persons in the school to promote mental health and elucidate how it is possible to implement health promotion work, the importance of health conversation and school nurses`cooperation with others. It appears that health promotion work with mental health is facilitated if conditions in terms of better organization and coordination exist.

The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions and experiences of compassion fatigue that exist among social workers who work with the investigative work of unaccompanied children and adolescents. The study further investigated their experiences of preventive and counteracting actions. In this qualitative study, interviews were conducted with six social workers who worked with unaccompanied children and adolescents. The results show that social workers have experiences of compassion fatigue. There are many descriptions of burnout syndrome, and a few descriptions of secondary traumatic stress. The results also show that social workers have many ideas about how to prevent or counteract compassion fatigue, both with ideas in the form of self-care or ideas about organizational changes. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka upplevelser och erfarenheter av compassion fatigue som finns bland socialsekreterare som arbetar med utredningsarbete av ensamkommande barn och ungdomar. I studien undersöktes också deras upplevelser av förebyggande eller motverkande åtgärder. Studien är kvalitativ och sex socialsekreterare som arbetar med ensamkommande barn och ungdomar intervjuades. Resultatet visar att socialsekreterarna har upplevelser och erfarenheter av compassion fatigue. Det finns många beskrivningar av utmattningssyndrom, och ett fåtal beskrivningar av sekundär traumatisk stress. Resultatet visar också att socialsekreterarna har många tankar om hur man förebygger eller motverkar compassion fatigue, både i form av egenvård eller idéer om organisatoriska förändringar.

The overall aim of the thesis is to explore legislators’ perceptions of unaccompanied children in the development of migration law, and how case-officers transform the policy in arguments for and against residency in asylum-cases. More specifically, this thesis explores how Swedish legislators experienced parliamentary work when putting in place the 2005 Aliens Act and the new system for appeals and procedures. In addition, it explores legislators understanding of the concept of unaccompanied minors, and how the Swedish Migration Agency (SMA) case-officers understand unaccompanied minors’ credibility. It draws on interview data with 15 legislators of the Swedish parliament and an analysis of 916 decisions in asylum cases concerning unaccompanied minors. The thesis is theoretically informed by interpretative phenomenology and social constructionism. The method used builds on detailed coding procedures in qualitative social research as they are applied in interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), thematic analysis and text analysis. Study 1 examines the experiences of 15 legislators when negotiating migration reform in parliament. The findings indicate that the preceding political negotiations can be one of the reasons for unclear aims when politicians’ propose new legislation. In addition, it seems that other policy areas, such as fiscal considerations and state-municipality relations, took precedence in the negotiations when the legislators were attempting to make sense of their experiences in discussing asylum policy. Study 2 explores legislators’ perceptions of unaccompanied minors arriving in Sweden. The findings show that chronological age is a key reference point concerning how legislators understand unaccompanied minors’ claims for asylum and other needs. In addition, the findings suggest that legislators perceive unaccompanied minors as an ambivalent category and that this understanding is influenced by deep-rooted welfare ideology. Furthermore, the findings indicate that legislators develop policy concerning unaccompanied children without considering that they need to be recognised as individuals with different backgrounds, agendas and needs. Study 3 scrutinises how SMA case-officers construct unaccompanied minors credibility in asylum decisions. It shows that case-officers use similar techniques both when approving and rejecting decisions. These techniques consistently question the competence and political agency of the chid in such a way that the element of individual assessment in asylum procedure can become severely restricted. In brief, this thesis identifies that the connection between migration and child policy is complex as legislators appear to struggle with “drawing the limits” of who to include or exclude in policy aims. Hence, the juridical field was seen as the answer to improve legitimation. This also means that the concept of asylum has become de-politicised. In addition, case-officers also seem to use a limited repertoire of arguments when drawing the limits for unaccompanied minors’ credibility in asylum decisions. This thesis points to possible dilemmas in asylum policy and procedure concerning unaccompanied minors. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

The purpose of this study has been to analyze - by the use of critical discourse analysis - how constructions of ensamkommande (unaccompanied minors) were expressed on Twitter in 2015. The purpose of this analysis has been to investigate what consequences these constructions might have for how people interpret and understand unaccompanied minors and what kind of impact that could have on the social work carried out for the target group. The material was comprised by every tweet written in Swedish and containing the word ensamkommande on Twitter during 2015. The study has been made from a social constructionist  perspective and the method for analysis has been Fairclough’s three dimensional model. The result showed that eight discourses could be identified. The majority of these could be said to have a negative attitude towards unaccompanied minors and portrayed them in a very negative way. The few discourses that could be said to have a positive attitude towards the target group also contributed to the very negative construction of them. The result also showed that the main producers of the material, and thereby the negative construction of unaccompanied minors, were private individuals, politicians, journalists and media. The conclusion is that the construction of unaccompanied minors could have a negative impact on social work since it can affect how people in general perceive the target group. This could lead to both structural and individual impact regarding the social work with unaccompanied minors. How people interpret and understand the concept of unaccompanied minors could affect how people vote in general elections which could lead to changes in legislation and policies to better answer towards the very negative construction of unaccompanied minors. Such changes of legislation and policies could have a negative impact on the social workers ability to maneuver in their work with the target group. There is also a risk that social workers incorporate the construction of unaccompanied minors so that the work with the target group may be based on prejudiced and general assumptions about them. / Syftet med denna studie har varit att med hjälp av kritisk diskursanalys undersöka hur konstruktioner av begreppet ensamkommande tog sig i uttryck på Twitter under 2015 och vilka konsekvenser dessa konstruktioner kunde tänkas få för människors förståelse av begreppet ensamkommande samt det sociala arbetet med ensamkommande. Materialet består av samtliga tweets på svenska innehållande begreppet ensamkommande som publicerades på den sociala medieplattformen Twitter under 2015. Vi har utgått från ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv och använt oss av kritisk diskursanalys med Faircloughs tredimensionella modell som analysmetod. I resultatet kunde åtta diskurser urskiljas. Majoriteten av diskurserna kunde sägas vara negativt inställda till ensamkommande och framställde ensamkommande på ett mycket ogynnsamt sätt. De få diskurser som kunde sägas vara positivt inställda till ensamkommande bidrog dock till den väldigt vinklade konstruktionen av målgruppen. Resultatet visade även att de aktörer som stod för störst del av materialet, och därigenom störst del av konstruktionen av ensamkommande, var privatpersoner, politiker, journalister och media. Slutsatserna är att konstruktionen av ensamkommande kan påverka det sociala arbetet, då den kan leda till att människor får en mycket negativt vinklad förståelse och uppfattning av ensamkommande. Detta kan i sin tur leda till att lagstiftning och riktlinjer som reglerar socialarbetares handlingsutrymme kan förändras för att bättre svara mot den negativa konstruktionen av målgruppen. Det finns även en risk att socialarbetare införlivar konstruktionen av ensamkommande och arbetet med målgruppen kan komma att utgå från fördomsfulla och generella antaganden om ensamkommande.

Unaccompanied boys are at high risk to be exploited through prostitution which the social services are responsible to identify and give support. This study aimed to investigate how social workers in Dalarna understand and handle the issue of unaccompanied boys vulnerability and exploitation through prostitution. The result of the study was analyzed with intersectionality as theoretical frame of interpretation. This essay is based on a qualitative approach and was conducted by semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the respondents had limited experience of unaccompanied exploited through prostitution. A certain deflection of responsibility of the detection to any potential exploited is further noticed and also a stigmatizing perception of prostitution. The result further showed that the perception of intersectional power relations has an impact on the understanding of unaccompanied boys and their vulnerability to be exploited through prostitution. / Ensamkommande pojkar är en högriskgrupp för att utsättas för prostitution vilka socialtjänsten ansvarar för att identifiera och stödja. Denna studie syftade till att undersöka hur socialsekreterare i Dalarna förstår och hanterar frågor om ensamkommande pojkars sårbarhet och utsatthet för prostitution. Resultatet analyserades med intersektionalitet som teoretisk tolkningsram. Uppsatsen utgick från en kvalitativ ansats och baserades på semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visade att respondenterna har begränsad erfarenhet av att möta ensamkommande pojkar utsatta för prostitution. Även en viss ansvarsförskjutning för uppmärksammandet av en eventuell utsatthet framkom samt stigmatiserande uppfattningar om prostitution. Resultatet visade även att uppfattningen om maktordningar påverkar socialsekreterares förståelse av ensamkommande pojkar och deras sårbarhet för att utsättas för prostitution.

This is a qualitative study on mental health among unaccompanied children in Swedish residential care. The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of the work and interaction with these children for anyone that in one way or another encounters unaccompanied children in their profession. To achieve this, we examined the experiences of staff members in residential care regarding mental health among unaccompanied children, by conducting semi-structured interviews of staff members. This study includes descriptions of how the interviewees experience mental illness and what challenges and difficulties they encounter in their work. Furthermore, the study also includes factors the interviewees believe are important in promoting mental health. The results show that mental illness amongst unaccompanied children in residential care is a recurring issue. The interviewees describe that mental illness can be expressed in anxiety, aggression, depression, insomnia, self-harm, isolation and psychosomatic symptoms. Socio-cultural differences is stated in the results as a challenge in ways that the children and the staff members have different norms and values. Moreover it is also described that the children’s view on what mental illness is, how they talk about it and how they handle it, is different from what the staff are used to and can lead to misunderstandings. Furthermore the results also show that interviewees believe the main cause behind the children’s poor well-being is the challenges they meet and the pressure they feel when they arrive to a new country. Challenges and pressure such as learning a new language and integrating in a new society. The interviewees describe it as being important to support and be available for the children, and for the children to find and be part of meaningful connections. Keywords: unaccompanied children/youth/minors, mental illness, mental health, residental care homes, refugees

Att integrera individer i samhället är en förutsättning för befolkningens välbefinnande. Stadsdelsförvaltningarnas arbetar med att integrera ensamkommande barn och ungdomar i samhället bör därför uppmärksammas. Forskning kring integration av ensamkommande barn är ännu bristfällig, dock har studier visat att ensamkommande barn löper en större risk att drabbas av psykisk ohälsa än övriga samhällsgrupper. Denna studie undersöker hur medarbetarna i Rinkeby – Kista stadsdelsförvaltning upplever sitt arbete kring integration av ensamkommande barn och ungdomar i samhället. En kvalitativ metod tillämpades i studien där forskningsprocessen och innehållsanalysen genomfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det var totalt fem informanter som deltog från Rinkeby- Kista stadsdelsförvaltning. Studiens resultat visa att det var viktigt som medarbetare att ha förförståelse och kunskaper om olika kulturella bakgrunder för att bemöta olika behov som förekommer bland de ensamkommande barnen och ungdomarna. Samverkan mellan stadsdelsförvaltningen och andra aktörer som psykiatrin (BUP), ungdomsmottagning, arbetsförmedlingen, familjehem etc. upplevdes positiva och ansågs bidra till en framgångsrik integration. Medarbetarna upplevde hinder och möjligheter med integrationen. Hinder som framkom var språksvårigheter, familjeåterföreningar och fördomar. Möjligheterna som ansågs stärka integrationen var goda relationer mellan medarbetarna och de ensamkommande barnen och ungdomarna, trygghet, delaktighet, stöd och gemenskap.

<p>In 2006 there was a change in LMA (1994:37) that clarified the division of responsibility be-tween the Migration Board and the municipalities, concerning unaccompanied children. The social services should now be utmost responsible for the housing and care of these children, to assure that they gain the same standards and rights as all other children. The aim of this essay has been to examine how the division of responsibility has influenced the work of the social services and how they interpret their responsibility for the unaccompanied children. How do the social services investigate and make decisions concerning these children? Do these chil-dren have the same rights as other children? To answer these questions a legal study was made, followed by qualitative research interviews with four social services that receive unac-companied children. The study was made from a legal sociologist perspective, which involves analyzing the results from the interviews with the legal results, together with earlier research on unaccompanied children. The results show that the division of responsibility still is indis-tinct and that the investigations concerning these children often are brief and simplified. In two of the interviewed municipalities the view was that unaccompanied children did not have the right to efforts according to SoL (2001:453), which in practice means that the unaccom-panied children are discriminated.</p>

<p>In 2006 there was a change in LMA (1994:37) that clarified the division of responsibility be-tween the Migration Board and the municipalities, concerning unaccompanied children. The social services should now be utmost responsible for the housing and care of these children, to assure that they gain the same standards and rights as all other children. The aim of this essay has been to examine how the division of responsibility has influenced the work of the social services and how they interpret their responsibility for the unaccompanied children. How do the social services investigate and make decisions concerning these children? Do these chil-dren have the same rights as other children? To answer these questions a legal study was made, followed by qualitative research interviews with four social services that receive unac-companied children. The study was made from a legal sociologist perspective, which involves analyzing the results from the interviews with the legal results, together with earlier research on unaccompanied children. The results show that the division of responsibility still is indis-tinct and that the investigations concerning these children often are brief and simplified. In two of the interviewed municipalities the view was that unaccompanied children did not have the right to efforts according to SoL (2001:453), which in practice means that the unaccom-panied children are discriminated.</p>