This thesis aims to find out the range of unpaid work in the Czech Republic and whether there are significant gender differences in the terms of unpaid work. This target was reached by evaluating experience from abroad, specifically from the research of OECD, research of HETUS and research based on a survey in the Slovakia in 2011. Measure of unpaid work in the Czech Republic was determined by present surveys, but was mainly based on my own survey. The thesis also contains a theoretical part that specifies the importance and influence of unpaid work. Gender inequalities in society but mainly in the labour market were also specified. This thesis summarises past results of surveys that addressed the topic of unpaid work. The main asset of my work is the research in the Czech Republic, which is directly focused on the range of unpaid work as there only had been series of research that dealt with unpaid work briefly. Another benefit of this work is proposing possible amendments because the assumption that women spend more time on unpaid work than men was confirmed. These changes could help to compensate the inequality.

Due to the COVID19-pandemic many companies and organisations in Sweden have changed their ways of working from location dependent to teleworking. It has been discussed if flexible working conditions benefits or disadvantages workers possibilities to balance work life and family life. Previous research show that women and men traditionally have been responsible for different parts of the unpaid work at home. Studies also show that women tend to spend more time on unpaid work than men. The purpose of this study is to examine if and how the increase of teleworking, as a result of the pandemic, is perceived to have changed the boundaries between work life and family life. The purpose is also to examine whether the experience of the conflict between work and family life has changed due to the pandemic. The aim of the study is also to examine if the distribution of unpaid work is perceived to have changed. The results of the study are based on the answers from qualitative interviews of four women and three men who were teleworking as a result of the pandemic. The results of the study indicate that the responsibility for the boundaries between work life and family life has shifted from the employer to the employee. The conflict between work life and family life is expressed in different ways and has to some extent changed as a result of teleworking. When and how the unpaid work is performed has changed but the distribution between the sexes seems to be the same as before. The social aspect seems to be an important factor for the wellbeing and is lacking in this new way of working. / Till följd av COVID-19-pandemin har många företag och organisationer i Sverige ändrat sin verksamhet från platsberoende till arbete på distans. Det har diskuterats huruvida flexibla arbetsförhållanden gynnar eller missgynnar arbetstagarens möjligheter att balansera arbetsliv och familjeliv. Tidigare forskning visar att kvinnor och män traditionellt sett har ansvarat över olika delar av det oavlönade arbetet i hemmet. Samtidigt visar studier att kvinnor lägger mer tid på oavlönat arbete än män. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka om och hur det ökade distansarbetet till följd av pandemin upplevs ha förändrat gränsdragningen mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv. Syftet är även att undersöka om upplevelsen av konflikten mellan arbete och familj har förändrats till följd av pandemin. Syftet med studien är dessutom att undersöka om fördelningen av det oavlönade arbetet upplevs ha förändrats. Studiens resultat baseras på svaren från kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra kvinnor och tre män som arbetar på distans till följd av pandemin. Studiens resultat tyder på att ansvaret för gränsdragningen mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv har förflyttats från arbetsgivaren till arbetstagaren. Konflikten mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv tar sig i uttryck på olika sätt och har till viss del förändrats till följd av distansarbetet. När och hur det oavlönade arbetet utförs har förändrats, men fördelningen mellan könen verkar vara densamma som innan. Den sociala aspekten verkar vara en viktig faktor för välbefinnandet som saknas i och med det nya arbetslivet.

Les nouvelles normes d'organisation du travail fondées sur un modèle de la flexibilisation du temps de travail ont eu des effets considérables sur les travailleurs-euses. La recherche toujours plus grande de productivité et de rentabilité a imposé de fortes pressions sur les individus qui ont adapté progressivement leurs comportements au travail. À cet effet, l'augmentation de la disponibilité temporelle imposée aux salariés-es ne serait pas toujours reconnue par les organisations. La distinction entre le temps du travail et le temps du repos est devenue plus floue, moins nette que par le passé. Par ailleurs, la disponibilité temporelle jouerait le rôle de compétence non-reconnue par laquelle l'on n'hésite pas à mesurer la motivation et l'implication des salariés-es, mais sans pour autant que cela ne transparaisse dans les classifications d'emplois ou les salaires. Le travail du care y serait d'autant plus sensible alors que ses compétences ont été historiquement invisibles. Dans un premier temps, cette recherche souhaite mettre en lumière certaines manifestations de l'invisibilité du travail des infirmières dans le secteur de la santé et des services sociaux. Pour ce faire, elle s'intéresse à la présence d'un travail effectué gratuitement par les professionnelles des soins. Elle s'intéresse également à la présence d'une obligation de disponibilité implicite engageant les infirmières à dépasser leur temps de travail formel. Dans un deuxième temps, cette recherche cherche à élucider le rôle de l'identité professionnelle des infirmières sur l'accomplissement d'un travail invisible. Les données empiriques obtenues à la suite de dix entrevues semi-dirigées effectuées auprès d'infirmières (détentrices d’un diplôme d’études collégiales en soins infirmiers) et d'infirmières cliniciennes (détentrices d’un baccalauréat universitaire en sciences infirmières) travaillant dans le réseau public québécois ont permis d'illustrer plusieurs manifestations d'un travail gratuit et d'une obligation de disponibilité implicite. De plus, les données montrent que d'une manière générale l'identité professionnelle est effectivement liée aux débordements de travail des infirmières. Toutefois, son influence est encouragée par les défaillances organisationnelles affectant la qualité des soins de santé. / New organizational norms based on a model of flexibilisation of working hours have had a major impact on workers in recent years. An increasing focus on productivity and profitability can impose strong pressures on employees who are progressively changing their behaviour at work. Indeed, the increase of temporal availability imposed on workers is not always acknowledged by the employers. The distinction between work time and rest time has become more blurred and less clear than in the past. Moreover, temporal availability has become an expected but unrecognized behaviour used to measure motivation at work and employee engagement without any impact on employee classification or wages. The care sector is likely even more prone to this lack of recognition as its definitive core have historically been invisible. Firstly, this research aims to shed light on manifestations of invisible work performed by nurses for the health and social services sector in Quebec. The unpaid work completed by the care professionals and the mandatory availability required of nurses to exceed their period of working time will be reviewed. Secondly, this research is seets to explain the role of professional identity in the performance of invisible work. The empirical data collected through ten interviews with nurses and clinical nurses working in the public sector in Quebec illustrated many manifestations of unpaid work and an implicit obligation of availability. Also, the data show that nurses' professional identity is actually linked to the supplemental work completed. However, its influence was emphasized by organisational failures affecting the quality of health services.

This essay examines the impact of employees' working hours on genderequality. There is a problem linked to part-time and full-time work alongwith gender equality, which leads to that significantly more women workspart-time than men do. The reason to this is partially because the welfareindustry is female-dominated and infused by part-time employment, andbecause of the uneven distribution of roles between the sexes. A new rule ofpresumption has been formulated in the Employment Protection Act(1982:80) which stipulates that all employment contracts apply for full-timework, unless agreed otherwise. The purpose of this essay is to investigate theprovision of full-time as the norm and whether an extension of workinghours will promote equality in the labor market. A shortening of workinghours is presented as another possible solution to the gender equalityproblem and after that, both possibilities get analyzed with their pros andcons and their relevant legislation. To investigate whether full-time work as a norm will improve genderequality, research results from previous full-time projects are compared. Insummary, the results of this essay show that full-time work as a norm islikely to be a successful equality tool, but previous research has shown thatsupplementary measures will then be required. Among other things, it will berequired that the government works to remove unfavorable working hoursand that the welfare professions become more sought after among men.Another important measure is to work more actively to remove the unevengender distribution around unpaid domestic and care work. This is importantbecause it is something that leads to many women not getting their lifepuzzle together and therefore choosing to work part-time instead of full-timein order to have more time to spare

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Literature on lifelong learning indicates that major life transitions lead to significant learning. However, compared to learning in paid jobs, learning in and through household work has received little attention, given the unpaid nature and the private sphere where the learning occurs. The current study examined the changes and the learning involved in three aspects of household work: food work, childcare/parenting, and emotion work among recent Chinese immigrants in Canada. This study draws on data from a Canadian Survey on Work and Lifelong Learning (WALL), 20 individual interviews, a focus group, and a discussion group with new Chinese professional immigrants in the Greater Toronto Area. The results indicate that food work and childcare increased dramatically after immigration due to a sudden decline of economic resources and the lack of social support network for childcare. Emotion work intensified due to the challenges in paid jobs and the absence of extended families in the new homeland. To adapt to the changes in their social and economic situations, and to integrate into the Canadian society, Chinese immigrants learned new beliefs and practices about food and childrearing, developed new knowledge and skills in cooking and grocery shopping, in childcare and disciplining, in solving conflicts with children and spouses, and in transnational kin maintenance. In addition, the Chinese immigrants also developed new views about family, paid and unpaid work, meaning of life, and new gender and ethnic identities. However, these dramatic changes did not shatter the gendered division of household work. Both the qualitative and the quantitative data suggest that women not only do more but also different types of household tasks. As a result, it is not surprising that both the content and the ways of learning associated with household work varied by gender, class, and ethnicity. By exploring learning involved in the four dimensions of household work: physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual, this dissertation demonstrates that learning is both lifelong and lifewide. By making household work visible, this research helps make visible the value of the unpaid work and the learning involved in it.

Literature on lifelong learning indicates that major life transitions lead to significant learning. However, compared to learning in paid jobs, learning in and through household work has received little attention, given the unpaid nature and the private sphere where the learning occurs. The current study examined the changes and the learning involved in three aspects of household work: food work, childcare/parenting, and emotion work among recent Chinese immigrants in Canada. This study draws on data from a Canadian Survey on Work and Lifelong Learning (WALL), 20 individual interviews, a focus group, and a discussion group with new Chinese professional immigrants in the Greater Toronto Area. The results indicate that food work and childcare increased dramatically after immigration due to a sudden decline of economic resources and the lack of social support network for childcare. Emotion work intensified due to the challenges in paid jobs and the absence of extended families in the new homeland. To adapt to the changes in their social and economic situations, and to integrate into the Canadian society, Chinese immigrants learned new beliefs and practices about food and childrearing, developed new knowledge and skills in cooking and grocery shopping, in childcare and disciplining, in solving conflicts with children and spouses, and in transnational kin maintenance. In addition, the Chinese immigrants also developed new views about family, paid and unpaid work, meaning of life, and new gender and ethnic identities. However, these dramatic changes did not shatter the gendered division of household work. Both the qualitative and the quantitative data suggest that women not only do more but also different types of household tasks. As a result, it is not surprising that both the content and the ways of learning associated with household work varied by gender, class, and ethnicity. By exploring learning involved in the four dimensions of household work: physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual, this dissertation demonstrates that learning is both lifelong and lifewide. By making household work visible, this research helps make visible the value of the unpaid work and the learning involved in it.

The economic boom that we have been receiving is based on extraordinary macroeconomic figures, all economicactors are involved, the most influential being the level of involvement of the human factor that boosts productivity and increases returns profits to companies. The labor market is really dynamic and form part of this expansionary cycle gear, homogeneously transforming the economy and labor; however, the view of human capital in its environment the use of time, be it economically: leisure, is just one aspect emphasized in labor trials because modeling studies focus on the value of the numbers of companies, market measurements, compared asymmetries between firms, census, etc., but very little importance on the labor supply of families and the reasons that drive people to workon the dynamics of the different modalities used in employment pays off.This time, wich of the part time work, we could find the factors that influence families to join the labor market in part-time days. Thus, the purpose of the study lies in the eye of leisure and its relation to the initiative of working part- time as a single share of the person providing their workforce in the labor market. To have the theoretical basis of this dynamic resort to the theory of labor supply, which imposes the perspective of the study of the family and its members, analyzing the role that the individual and needs to face the labor market, if so, determining how to work part time. The significant element is the labor supply behavior, which is preceded by the decisions of the person, which reveals the actions of the economic function of the choice of the individual consumer and therefore its participation in thelabor market. / Es bachiller en Economía por la Universidad NacionalFederico Villarreal, y diplomado en Gestión de Recursos Humanos por la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). De igual modo, es magíster en Rela- ciones Laborales por la PUCP. Se ha desempeñado como jefe de práctica en el Departamento Académico de Ciencias Administrativas de la PUCP. En la actualidad, trabaja en la Dirección de Recursos Humanosde la PUCP. / O boom econômico alcançado está baseado em números macroeconômicos extraordinários; todos os agentes econó-micos estão envolvidos, o mais influente é o nível de envolvimento do fator humano, o que aumenta a produtividade e aumenta os lucros das empresas. O mercado de trabalho é muito dinâmico e faz parte deste ciclo econômico expansivo que transforma homogeneamente a economia e a força de trabalho. No entanto, o capital humano e o uso do tempo de lazer é um aspecto pouco enfatizado no campo trabalhista. Isso ocorre porque a modelagem de estudos incide sobre o valor dos números nas empresas, mensuração do mercado, comparações entre as empresas, censos, etc.; entretanto, não é rentável a importância das famílias na oferta de trabalho nem as razões que levam as pessoas a trabalhar com a dinâmica utilizada em diferentes tipos de trabalhos.Desta vez, através do modo de part-time, nós poderíamos encontrar os fatores que influenciam as famílias para integra- se ao mercado de trabalho a tempo parcial. O objetivo do estudo encontra-se no lazer e sua relação com a iniciativa de trabalhar a tempo parcial como uma participação individual da pessoa no mercado de trabalho. Para ter a base teórica desta dinâmica, usamos a teoria da oferta de trabalho, o que impõe a perspectiva do estudo da família e seus membros. A partir daí, deve-se analisar o papel do indivíduo e as necessidades que o levam a enfrentar o mercado de trabalho, neste caso, o trabalho a tempo parcial. Note-se que o elemento significativo na oferta de trabalho é a conduta que é precedida pelas decisões do indivíduo. Isso revela o papel econômico sobre as escolhas do consumidor e, portanto, suaparticipação no mercado de trabalho.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur den ökande andelen av betalt arbete hemifrån upplevs ha förändrat gränsdragningen mellan arbetsliv samt familjeliv för kvinnor och män. Studien syftar vidare till att undersöka om mängden ökat arbete hemifrån förändrat upplevelsen av att arbetslivet och familjelivet kommer i konflikt samt att se om fördelningen av det obetalda arbetet har påverkats av den förändrade arbetssituationen.   Frågeställningarna har tagits fram för att besvara studiens syfte: ”Hur påverkar det obetalda arbetet kvinnor och män som utför betalt arbete hemifrån?”, ”Hur upplever arbetstagaren att gränsen mellan privatliv och arbete påverkas av betalt hemarbete?”, ”Hur påverkas det betalda arbetet av hemarbete?”. Den teoretiska referensramen fokuserar på gränslöst arbete med fokus på begreppen betalt hemarbete samt obetalt arbete. Det obetalda arbetet beskriver det oavlönade arbete som utförs i hemmet som historiskt sett i hög grad utförts av kvinnor. Det växande begreppet gränslöst arbete belyses ur nya vinklar i studien då rådande Covid-19 pandemi samt ny teknik möjliggjort till större flexibilitet för hur, var och när de betalda arbetsuppgifterna utförs vilket skulle kunna bidra till en obalans mellan arbets- och privatliv. Studien utgår från kvalitativ ansats där vi genomfört sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter i åldrarna från 25 till 40 år. Resultatet visar på att studiens respondenter upplever att de lever i ett jämställt förhållande där det obetalda arbetet fördelas jämnt mellan könen. Studien finner att respondenterna är mer effektiva vid utförandet av betalt arbete hemifrån. Trots den svåra gränsdragningen mellan arbetsliv och privatliv känner sig respondenterna mer tillräckliga mot de båda sfärerna där de i framditiden önskar att få arbeta varierat där de delvis arbetar hemifrån och delvis på arbetsplatsen. / The purpose of this bachelor's thesis is to examine how the increasing proportion of paid work from home is perceived to have changed the demarcation between work life and family life for women and men. The study also aims to investigate whether the amount of increased work from home has changed the experience that work life and family life come into conflict and to see if the distribution of unpaid work has affected the changed work situation. The questions have been developed to answer the purpose of the study: "How does unpaid work affect women and men who perform paid work from home?", "How does the employee feel that the boundary between private life and work is affected by paid work from home?", “How is paid work affected by homework?”. The theoretical frame of reference focuses on boundless work with a focus on the concepts of paid homework and unpaid work. The unpaid work describes work performed at home that has historically been performed to a large extent by women. The growing concept of borderless work is highlighted from new angles in the study as the prevailing Covid-19 pandemic and new technology enabled greater flexibility in how, where and when the paid work tasks are performed, which could contribute to an imbalance between work and private life. The study is based on a qualitative approach where we conducted six semi-structured interviews with respondents aged between 25 to 40 years. The results show that the study's respondents feel that they live in an equal relationship where the unpaid work is distributed evenly between the sexes. The study finds that the respondents are more efficient at homework. Despite the difficult demarcation between work and family the respondents now feel more sufficient towards the two spheres where in the future they wish to work at varied places where they could work partly from home and partly from the office.

The gender division of care work and housework is a product of numerous factors, both individual and national. By using the ‘Equal Gender Division of Labour’ (EGDL) indicator developed by Dearing (2016a), this thesis assesses correlations between parental leave policy and division of reproductive labour in 27 countries. OLS regression was used to test the hypothesis and determine correlations. By controlling for the correlations of individual attitudes, the thesis attempted to isolate the effects of parental leave policies. The results indicate that parental leave policies which promote gender equality are positively correlated with men’s larger shares of care work and housework. When control variables are added, the results demonstrate how parental leave policy is directly correlated with men’s larger share of care work. As for men’s share of housework, the thesis suggests that the original correlations are due to the effect of individual attitudes, which may also be impacted by parental leave policy.