Le rapport de l’individu à son environnement urbain, déjà complexe, se complexifie aujourd’hui davantage du fait de la prolifération de nouvelles pratiques de mobilité. De nouveaux espaces urbains sont créés, appuyés par des politiques, des cultures et des moyens. Pour s'en persuader, il suffit de rappeler que l'aptitude à se mouvoir est une faculté essentielle de tout individu, une condition de survie de toutes les sociétés qui détermine le degré de développement du territoire. Notre étude s'attache à montrer comment chaque type d'acteur concerné conçoit et organise les rapports entre mobilité et territoire. Nous étudions comment les différentes stratégies s'inscrivent dans l'espace urbain et nous aident à mieux appréhender ses atouts et ses limites et comment se pratiquent les mobilités urbaines. Nous proposons des grilles de lecture de ces dernières à partir du cas de la ville de N’Djamena, la capitale tchadienne. Cette étude traite de la mobilité urbaine à partir de l’analyse du fonctionnement actuel du système de transport ainsi que des stratégies de gestion urbaine et d’adaptation aux mobilités par la population de N’Djamena. Différentes stratégies sont mises en œuvre aussi bien par la population que par les opérateurs de transports qui sont souvent des particuliers travaillant en collaboration avec les différents syndicats. Pour prendre en considération les différents aspects et enjeux socio-spatiaux des pratiques des mobilités urbaines à travers la ville de N’Djamena, il s’est révélé pertinent et heuristique de croiser les différents outils et disciplines que constituent l’urbanisme, la sociologie, la géographie et l’ingénierie des transports. L'espace n'est jamais donné, il est toujours construit. Ce travail tente ainsi de définir dans un premier temps les différents concepts en lien avec les mobilités urbaines tantôt confondus, souvent antagonistes, leurs origines et leurs interprétations. Nous démontrons que la mobilité se présente comme un concept soulevant des enjeux d’ordre social, urbanistique, économique, géographique, etc. Dans un second temps, ce travail analyse les modalités d’adaptation de la population face aux offres de transports que propose le secteur dans des conditions d’insuffisance accrue à travers toute la ville de N’Djamena en termes de planification, de gestion et de moyen de transport. C’est ainsi que cette étude aborde les dysfonctionnements du système des transports de la capitale tchadienne ainsi que les stratégies d’adaptation de la population, en particulier celles de la périphérie que représentent le 1er, le 8e et le 9e arrondissement. Cette étude analyse ainsi les origines et les causes de la prolifération du système des transports que sont les mototaxis. Ces derniers, apparus dans les années soixante-dix, constituent aujourd’hui une pratique qui évolue entre acceptation citoyenne et refus politique. / The relation of the individual to his urban environment, already complex, is more complex today because of the proliferation of new mobility practices. New urban spaces are created, supported by policies, cultures and resources.To be convinced of it, we need to remember that the ability to move is an essential right of any individual, a condition of survival of all societies which determines the degree of development of the territory. Our study attempts to show how each type of actor concerned designs and organizes the link between mobility and territory. We study how different strategies are part of the urban space and help us to better understand its strengths and limitations, and how to practice urban mobility. We offer reading grids of the latterbased on the case of the city of N'Djamena, the capital of Chad.This study deals with urban mobility from the analysis of the current transport system functioning, as well as urban management and adaptation strategies tomobilities by the population of N'Djamena. Different strategies are implemented both by the population and by transport operators who are often individuals working in collaboration with various unions. To consider the various socio-spatial aspects and issues of urban mobility practices through the city of N'Djamena, it has been relevant and heuristic to cross the different tools and disciplines of urban planning, sociology, geography and transportation engineering. Space is never given, it is always built. This work thus attempts to define at first the various concepts related to urban mobility – sometimes confused, often antagonistic –, their origins and their interpretations. We demonstrate that mobility is as a concept rising social, urban planning, economic and geographical issues, amongst others. Secondly, this work analyzes the modalities of adaptation of the population to transport offers, in a context of increasing deficiencyconditions in planning, management and conveyancethroughout the city of N'Djamena. Thus, this study addresses the shortcomings of Chadian capital transport system as well as the adaptation strategies of the population, particularly within the periphery that is the 1st, 8th and 9th districts.This study analyzes the origins and causes of the proliferation of bikecabs within the transport system. The latter, appeared in the seventies, is today a practice that evolves between citizen acceptance and political refusal.

No cabe duda que Lima y Callao tienen un serio problema de movilidad urbana, tan así que hoy es considerado como el segundo problema en importancia, después de la inseguridad ciudadana. Las externalidades que genera la movilidad urbana repercuten directamente en la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos y en la competitividad de la ciudad. Los orígenes del problema se pueden encontrar en la falta de planificación, el crecimiento desordenado y la regulación inadecuada, a lo que se debe sumar, sin duda las deficiencias en la gobernanza de la ciudad, la superposición de autoridades y la pérdida paulatina y constante de autoridad. A partir de realidad, el Poder Ejecutivo, intenta dar solución al problema, para lo que presenta al Congreso de la República un proyecto de ley destinado a la creación de una nueva entidad: la Autoridad de Transporte Urbano para Lima y Callao – ATU, que se encargaría de asumir las funciones y competencias que tenían las municipalidades de Lima y Callao, así como las de la Autoridad Autónoma del Tren Eléctrico (AATE) del Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones. La idea central es construir un sistema integrado de transporte en la ciudad. Este trabajo de investigación ha tenido como Objetivo General, realizar un análisis integral, sistémico y multidimensional de la creación de la Autoridad de Transporte Urbano para Lima y Callao - ATU, para saber si la respuesta pública es realmente sólida y es el medio apropiado para dar solución al problema de la movilidad urbana de la ciudad. En el análisis hemos encontrado, que además, la nueva entidad afronta riesgos que van desde una abierta amenaza a su existencia, por una acción de inconstitucionalidad que se ventila ante el Tribunal Constitucional; hasta notorias diferencias entre la realidad de Lima y Callao y los modelos de ciudad tomados como referencia para su creación (benchmarking). Al finalizar este Trabajo de Investigación hemos incluido conclusiones y recomendaciones que consideramos de importancia, pues nos permiten formular una propuesta de valor, que creemos puede contribuir a que la ATU pueda cumplir sus objetivos. / Lima and Callao have a serious problem of urban mobility, in citizen perception it is the second most important problem, after citizen insecurity. The externalities generated by this problem directly affect the quality of life of citizens and the competitiveness of the city. The origins of the problem can be found in the lack of planning, disorderly growth and inadequate regulation, which must undoubtedly add to the deficiencies in the governance of the city, the overlapping of authorities and the gradual and constant loss of authority. From an initiative of the Government, the public response to this situation has been the creation of a new entity: The Urban Transportation Authority for Lima and Callao – ATU, responsible for assuming the functions and competences that municipalities had, and from they build the city’s integrated transport system. This research work has had the general objective of carrying out a comprehensive, systemic and multidimensional analysis of the creation of the Urban Transport Authority for Lima and Callao, with the purpose of determining if it is the appropriate means to find a solution to the mobility problem urban city. After the investigation has been carried out, important conclusions have been reached on the problems that put the existence of the institution at risk, based on an unconstitutionality action that is presented before the Constitutional Court; about the difference between Lima and Callao compared to the city models taken as reference (benchmarking) and about the factors that can influence the achievement of their objectives. / Trabajo de Investigación

Several aspects make today’s transport system non-sustainable: • Production, transport and combustion of fossil fuels lead to global and local environmental problems. • Oil dependency in the transport sector may lead to economical and political instability. • Air pollution, noise, congestion and land-use may jeopardise public health and quality of life, especially in urban areas. In a sustainable urban transport system most trips are made with public transport because high convenience and comfort makes travelling with public transport attractive. In terms of emissions, including noise, the vehicles are environmentally sustainable, locally as well as globally. Vehicles are energy-efficient and the primary energy stems from renewable sources. Costs are reasonable for all involved, from passengers, bus operators and transport authorities to vehicle manufacturers. The system is thus commercially viable on its own merits. This thesis presents the results from three projects involving different concept buses, all with different powertrains. The first two projects included technical evaluations, including tests, of two different fuel cell buses. The third project focussed on development of a series hybrid-bus with internal combustion engine intended for production around 2010. The research on the fuel cell buses included evaluations of the energy efficiency improvement potential using energy mapping and vehicle simulations. Attitudes to hydrogen fuel cell buses among passengers, bus drivers and bus operators were investigated. Safety aspects of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel were analysed and the use of hydrogen compared to electrical energy storage were also investigated. One main conclusion is that a city bus should be considered as one energy system, because auxiliaries contribute largely to the energy use. Focussing only on the powertrain is not sufficient. The importance of mitigating losses far down an energy conversion chain is emphasised. The Scania hybrid fuel cell bus showed the long-term potential of fuel cells, advanced auxiliaries and hybrid-electric powertrains, but technologies applied in that bus are not yet viable in terms of cost or robustness over the service life of a bus. Results from the EU-project CUTE show that hydrogen fuelled fuel cell buses are viable for real-life operation. Successful operation and public acceptance show that focus on robustness and cost in vehicle design were key success factors, despite the resulting poor fuel economy. Hybrid-electric powertrains are feasible in stop-and-go city operation. Fuel consumption can be reduced, comfort improved, noise lowered and the main power source downsized and operated less dynamically. The potential for design improvements due to flexible component packaging is implemented in the Scania hybrid concept bus. This bus and the framework for its hybrid management system are discussed in this thesis. The development of buses for a more sustainable urban transport should be made in small steps to secure technical and economical realism, which both are needed to guarantee commercialisation and volume of production. This is needed for alternative products to have a significant influence. Hybrid buses with internal combustion engines running on renewable fuel is tomorrow’s technology, which paves the way for plug-in hybrid, battery electric and fuel cell hybrid vehicles the day after tomorrow. / QC 20100722

O presente trabalho versa sobre a possibilidade de redução de custos com a utilização de modais de transportes alternativos ao rodoviário, como o ferroviário e o hidroviário, para a obtenção de areia e brita, agregados para a construção civil de baixo preço, que têm volume de consumo bastante elevado, para sua disponibilização na cidade de São Paulo. As atividades de mineração assim como as demais atividades econômicas na era da globalização têm suas operações bastante semelhantes a níveis de custo, com pouca ou nenhuma possibilidade de redução, sem afetar diretamente a qualidade. O que se busca é identificar alternativas de ganho na competitividade por meio da redução de custos logísticos, única opção para atingir um melhor preço de venda. Para tanto, valeu-se de estudo das características e aplicabilidade das várias formas de transporte, como fator estratégico para a composição de custos adequados à competitividade desejada pelas empresas envolvidas na sua comercialização. Ao mesmo tempo, no emprego dessas alternativas de transporte, encontra-se a possibilidade de redução do congestionamento do tráfego e de melhoria na condição ambiental pela utilização de modais mais limpos. Trata-se de estudo de caso de natureza descritivo-exploratória do tipo quali-quantitativo com coleta de dados por meio de entrevista aberta, de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. A discussão dos dados, oriundos das fontes primárias e da simulação permitiu chegar ao resultado que viabiliza a utilização do modal ferroviário a curto prazo e a utilização do hidroviário mais a longo prazo pela inexistência de infra-estrutura. O seu emprego resulta, além da redução de custos com frete, na melhoria do tráfego de veículos e na qualidade ambiental. / This work aims at focusing the possibility of cost reduction by the utilization of alternative means of transportation in relation to highways, railways and waterways in order to obtain sand and gravel, which are highly consumed, for civil construction at low added value to be available in São Paulo city. The mining activities as well as the other economic activities in the globalization era have very similar operations at cost level, having little or no possibility of reduction without directly affecting quality. What is searched is the identification of gain alternatives in competitiveness by reducing costs in logistics, it being the only option to reach a better sale price, by means of studying characteristics and applicability of various ways of transportation, as a strategic factor to compose adequate costs in relation to the competitiveness desired by the companies involved in their commerce. Likewise in the application of such alternatives of transportation there is a possibility of reducing traffic jams and improving the environmental condition by using cleaner means. It is a case study of descriptive-exploratory nature of the qualitative-quantitative type with collection of data in open interviews, documental and bibliographical research. The discussion of data coming from primary sources and from simulation made possible the result that makes viable the utilization of railway means in the short run and the utilization of waterway in the long run due to lack of infrastructure. Besides cost reduction in freight, its application brings improvement to traffic of vehicles and environmental quality.

O objetivo desta dissertação é traçar a situação e a perspectiva da inserção da bicicleta no planejamento de mobilidade em São Paulo e no Brasil. Para tal, estudou-se o processo de formação da cidade e dos elementos de mobilidade urbana na cidade capitalista. Também buscou-se identificar o processo histórico de reprodução da sociedade brasileira, a acumulação entravada. Foram estudados os modelos de implantação de políticas nacionais e os motivos que tornaram alguns países referência em modelo de planejamento cicloviário. Identificou-se o impacto do Protocolo de Quioto na política pró-bicicleta, apresentando elementos do maior impacto mundial, as bicicletas púbicas, ou compartilhamento de bicicletas. Simultaneamente, foi estudada e analisada a produção de uma consultoria, por mim fundada, especializada em planos e projetos cicloviários, com elaboração de projetos em todas as regiões do Brasil. Apresenta-se também a metodologia de planejamento cicloviário que se faz cada vez mais necessária e fomentada pela nova Política Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana, lei que será aplicada a partir de 2015. Por fim, é apresentado um metaprojeto na Avenida Paulista, que demonstra diferentes soluções devido a possibilidades com diversos cenários, e as considerações finais acerca do impacto da política cicloviária na organização e qualificação do espaço. / The objective of this thesis is to outline the situation and the prospect of bicycle integration in mobility planning in São Paulo and Brazil. Therefore, we studied the formation process of the city and the elements of urban mobility in the capitalist city. We also sought to identify the historical process of reproduction of Brazilian society --the impeded accumulation. Models of implementation of national policies and the reasons that made some countries reference in bicycle planning model were studied. We identified the impact of the Kyoto Protocol in the pro bike policies, featuring elements of the its most profound impact: pubic bikes, or bike-sharing. At the same time, was studied and analyzed the work of a consultancy --founded by me-- specialized on cycling plans and projects, with projects done to all regions of Brazil. Then, we introduce the cycling planning methodology, that is increasingly required and encouraged by the new National Policy of Urban Mobility, law that will apply on 2015. Finally, we present a meta project on Paulista Avenue, which demonstrates different solutions due to possibilities according to several scenarios, and the final considerations about the impact of cycling policy on the organization and qualification of space.

O objetivo desta dissertação é traçar a situação e a perspectiva da inserção da bicicleta no planejamento de mobilidade em São Paulo e no Brasil. Para tal, estudou-se o processo de formação da cidade e dos elementos de mobilidade urbana na cidade capitalista. Também buscou-se identificar o processo histórico de reprodução da sociedade brasileira, a acumulação entravada. Foram estudados os modelos de implantação de políticas nacionais e os motivos que tornaram alguns países referência em modelo de planejamento cicloviário. Identificou-se o impacto do Protocolo de Quioto na política pró-bicicleta, apresentando elementos do maior impacto mundial, as bicicletas púbicas, ou compartilhamento de bicicletas. Simultaneamente, foi estudada e analisada a produção de uma consultoria, por mim fundada, especializada em planos e projetos cicloviários, com elaboração de projetos em todas as regiões do Brasil. Apresenta-se também a metodologia de planejamento cicloviário que se faz cada vez mais necessária e fomentada pela nova Política Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana, lei que será aplicada a partir de 2015. Por fim, é apresentado um metaprojeto na Avenida Paulista, que demonstra diferentes soluções devido a possibilidades com diversos cenários, e as considerações finais acerca do impacto da política cicloviária na organização e qualificação do espaço. / The objective of this thesis is to outline the situation and the prospect of bicycle integration in mobility planning in São Paulo and Brazil. Therefore, we studied the formation process of the city and the elements of urban mobility in the capitalist city. We also sought to identify the historical process of reproduction of Brazilian society --the impeded accumulation. Models of implementation of national policies and the reasons that made some countries reference in bicycle planning model were studied. We identified the impact of the Kyoto Protocol in the pro bike policies, featuring elements of the its most profound impact: pubic bikes, or bike-sharing. At the same time, was studied and analyzed the work of a consultancy --founded by me-- specialized on cycling plans and projects, with projects done to all regions of Brazil. Then, we introduce the cycling planning methodology, that is increasingly required and encouraged by the new National Policy of Urban Mobility, law that will apply on 2015. Finally, we present a meta project on Paulista Avenue, which demonstrates different solutions due to possibilities according to several scenarios, and the final considerations about the impact of cycling policy on the organization and qualification of space.

La mobilité est un objet de recherche complexe, en émergence, qui n’est pas dissociable d’un autre objet, tout aussi complexe : la ville. Ces deux objets appellent naturellement une approche interdisciplinaire. Nous avons voulu aborder cette problématique à partir du bus urbain en villes moyennes. L’enjeu principal de cette thèse était d’appréhender la question du bus par les deux bouts de la chaîne : du côté des usages comme du côté des images ; du côté des organisateurs des politiques de transport comme du côté des utilisateurs, que ce soit dans leur pratiques ou leur perception de ce mode de déplacement, ce qui permettait de révéler les consonances ou les dissonances de perceptions/de pratiques qui pouvaient surgir entre ce que les premiers ont imaginé et la manière dont les deuxièmes se l’approprient.La question de la mobilité se pose aussi de manière différente en fonction des cultures nationales et urbaines. Ce qui justifie une approche comparatiste entre une ville de référence (Belfort), d’une part, une ville moyenne proche (Montbéliard), en Franche-Comté, et une ville moyenne très lointaine se situant en Corée du Sud (Changwon), d’autre part. Ces trois villes partagent une identité industrielle commune et sont dotées d’un bus de ville comme unique moyen de transport en commun. La culture urbaine de la France (urbanisme horizontal) et celle de la Corée (urbanisme vertical) ont engendré des solutions de transport urbain différentes et influencé la caractérisation des comportements vis-à-vis du système et des perceptions du service de bus, d’autre part. / Mobility is a subject of complex research, which is inseparable from another complex subject: the city. Both subjects naturally request an interdisciplinary approach that has been engaged in this work. We wanted to study this subject with the city bus system of medium sized cities. The main challenge of this thesis was to understand the issue of the bus by examining the interactions between its uses and its images, between the organizers of transport policies and the users (in their practices or their perceptions of bus travel), which would reveal the consonance or dissonance in perceptions / practices that can appear between what the first imagined and how the second appropriates it.The mobility issue can also be brought up in different ways according to national and urban cultures. We compare our reference city (Belfort) and its neighbor city (Montbéliard) in Franche-Comte, with a far-away medium sized city (Changwon) in South Korea. These three cities share a common industrial identity and have a city bus as their only means of public transportation. The urban culture of France (horizontal structure) and that of Korea (vertical structure) have generated different urban transport systems and influenced the behavior of its use, and also the perceptions of the bus service.

The dissertation deals with main problems of the justification of urban transport systems infrastructure development solving methodological issues of preparation, selection and implementation of projects. These issues are relevant for the implementation of sustainable urban development strategy of Lithuania as a member state of the European Union. The main aim of the Research is to develop a theoretical model for the justification of urban transport systems infrastructure development by adapting the model for the identification of priorities and practical execution of construction or reconstruction projects. The following tasks have been set for implementation of the objective of the Research: to analyse the objects of the current urban transport infrastructure and their role in sustainable urban development, to define the trends for their development; to analyse the principles for justification of transport infrastructure development projects; to carry out the analysis of the assessment methods applied during the processes of justification; to develop a theoretical project justification model by defining social – economic and other characteristic assessment criteria and aspects; to test theoretical performance of the developed model through the assessment of the selected and implemented urban transport infrastructure development projects in Lithuania. The dissertation consists of Introduction, 4 chapters, Conclusions, References and 6 Annexes. The Introduction reveals the... [to full text] / Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos miestų susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūros plėtros pagrindimo problemos, sprendžiant plėtros projektų rengimo, atrankos bei įgyvendinimo metodologinius klausimus, kurie ypač aktualūs Lietuvos, kaip Europos Sąjungos narės, darnios miestų plėtros strategijai įgyvendinti. Šio darbo pagrindinis tikslas – sukurti teorinį miestų susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūros plėtros projektų pagrindimo modelį, pritaikant jį prioritetų nustatymui ir praktiniam susisiekimo sistemų infrastuktūros statybos ir rekonstravimo projektų vykdymui. Darbe sprendžiami keli pagrindiniai uždaviniai: išanalizuoti šiuolaikinių miestų susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūros objektus, nustatyti susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūros plėtros tendencijas, įvertinant egzistuojančias miestų susisiekimo problemas; atlikti naudojamų susisiekimo infrastruktūros plėtros projektų pagrindimo principų, naudojamų vertinimo metodų analizę; suformuoti plėtros projektų pagrindimo principus miestų susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūrai; sudaryti teorinį projektų pagrindimo modelį, nustatant būdingus vertinimo kriterijus ir aspektus; patikrinti sudaryto modelio praktinį veiksmingumą, atliekant pasirinktų įgyvendintų ir įgyvendinamų Lietuvos miestų susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūros plėtros projektų vertinimą. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, keturi skyriai, rezultatų apibendrinimas, naudotos literatūros ir autoriaus publikacijų disertacijos tema sąrašai ir 6 priedai. Įvadiniame skyriuje aptariama tiriamoji problema... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

O presente trabalho versa sobre a possibilidade de redução de custos com a utilização de modais de transportes alternativos ao rodoviário, como o ferroviário e o hidroviário, para a obtenção de areia e brita, agregados para a construção civil de baixo preço, que têm volume de consumo bastante elevado, para sua disponibilização na cidade de São Paulo. As atividades de mineração assim como as demais atividades econômicas na era da globalização têm suas operações bastante semelhantes a níveis de custo, com pouca ou nenhuma possibilidade de redução, sem afetar diretamente a qualidade. O que se busca é identificar alternativas de ganho na competitividade por meio da redução de custos logísticos, única opção para atingir um melhor preço de venda. Para tanto, valeu-se de estudo das características e aplicabilidade das várias formas de transporte, como fator estratégico para a composição de custos adequados à competitividade desejada pelas empresas envolvidas na sua comercialização. Ao mesmo tempo, no emprego dessas alternativas de transporte, encontra-se a possibilidade de redução do congestionamento do tráfego e de melhoria na condição ambiental pela utilização de modais mais limpos. Trata-se de estudo de caso de natureza descritivo-exploratória do tipo quali-quantitativo com coleta de dados por meio de entrevista aberta, de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. A discussão dos dados, oriundos das fontes primárias e da simulação permitiu chegar ao resultado que viabiliza a utilização do modal ferroviário a curto prazo e a utilização do hidroviário mais a longo prazo pela inexistência de infra-estrutura. O seu emprego resulta, além da redução de custos com frete, na melhoria do tráfego de veículos e na qualidade ambiental. / This work aims at focusing the possibility of cost reduction by the utilization of alternative means of transportation in relation to highways, railways and waterways in order to obtain sand and gravel, which are highly consumed, for civil construction at low added value to be available in São Paulo city. The mining activities as well as the other economic activities in the globalization era have very similar operations at cost level, having little or no possibility of reduction without directly affecting quality. What is searched is the identification of gain alternatives in competitiveness by reducing costs in logistics, it being the only option to reach a better sale price, by means of studying characteristics and applicability of various ways of transportation, as a strategic factor to compose adequate costs in relation to the competitiveness desired by the companies involved in their commerce. Likewise in the application of such alternatives of transportation there is a possibility of reducing traffic jams and improving the environmental condition by using cleaner means. It is a case study of descriptive-exploratory nature of the qualitative-quantitative type with collection of data in open interviews, documental and bibliographical research. The discussion of data coming from primary sources and from simulation made possible the result that makes viable the utilization of railway means in the short run and the utilization of waterway in the long run due to lack of infrastructure. Besides cost reduction in freight, its application brings improvement to traffic of vehicles and environmental quality.

L’hégémonie des modes de transport motorisés individuels est aujourd’hui un des problèmes ardus dans le domaine du transport urbain. Avec l’objectif du développement durable des villes, le développement durable du transport et de la mobilité, en limitant les nuisances du système de transport motorisé (la congestion, la pollution, l’insécurité routière, la dégradation du paysage, l’externalité des modes non-motorisés, l’inégalité sociale, etc.) est aussi une demande essentielle et urgente dans beaucoup de villes du Monde, dont le Vietnam. Hanoi est une grande agglomération vietnamienne où les motos (2 roues à moteur) jouent actuellement jusqu’à 80% des déplacements quotidiens des habitants, et le transport en commun par bus assure une petite partie seulement des déplacements des gens. Les habitants de Hanoi vivent dans un milieu de congestion et de pollution de l’air très grave. Les politiques des autorités vietnamiennes visant à restreindre les modes motorisés privés et encourager les reports modaux vers les transports en commun et les modes non-motorisés (la marche, le vélo) n’ont pas les résultats escomptés. Pour répondre à la question « pour quelle raison les reports modaux vers les TC et les modes non-motorisés ne sont pas largement mis en place » et « pour quelle raison les politiques de transport urbain ont échoué », dans le cadre de ma thèse, j’ai réalisé des enquêtes ménage de transport auprès des habitants à Hanoi et des entretiens profonds auprès des experts et des autorités vietnamiennes en souhaitant avoir la réponse sous deux l’angle : l’angle socio-mobile et l’angle politique. Sous l’angle socio-mobile, mes enquêtes contribuent à une meilleure connaissance des déterminants du choix modal dans la mobilité quotidienne de différentes catégories de population à Hanoi, d’expliquer les raisons, les obstacles à un report modal vers les TNM et les TC pour différents types de déplacements, de connaître les raisons profondes du report modal observé chez certains enquêtés. Sous l’angle politique, j’observe si les conditions des politiques sont remplies ou non pour une mise en place des reports modaux chez les habitants. Enfin, l’objectif de la thèse est aussi de créer un modèle d’analyse sur la mobilité urbaine, le choix modal et le report modal spécifiquement pour le cas de Hanoi, qui formera une bonne référence pour la définition des politiques de transport urbain durable. / The hegemony of private motorized transport is nowadays one of the difficult problems in the field of urban transport. In the objective of urban sustainable development, sustainable transport and mobility by reducing consequences from motorized transport system (congestion, pollution, road safety, landscape degradation, the externality of non-motorized modes, social inequality, etc.) which is an essential and urgent demand in many cities in the world, including Vietnam. Hanoi is a large city in Vietnam where bikes (2 wheelers) are currently up to 80% of the daily movements of people, and public transport by bus provides only a small part of the movement of people. The people of Hanoi are living in an environment of very serious congestion and air pollution. Policies of the Vietnamese authorities to restrict private motorized modes and to encourage modal shift towards public transport and non-motorized modes (walking, cycling) have no outcome. To answer the question "why the modal shift towards the TC and non-motorized modes are not well set up" and "why the urban transport policies are stranded," as part of my thesis, I conducted surveys of household transport to the residents in Hanoi and deep interviews with experts and Vietnamese authorities hoping to have the answer in two terms: social and political. In terms of society, my investigations contribute to a better understanding of the determinants of mode choice in daily mobility of different social classes in Hanoi, to explain the reasons, barriers to a modal shift to NMT and TC for different types of travel, to know the underlying reasons of modal shift observed in some respondents. In terms of policy, I note that if the conditions of the policy are implemented or not for a modal shifts from bikes towards public transport. In the end, the objective of the thesis is also creating an analysis model of urban mobility, modal choice and modal shift, specifically for the case of Hanoi, which will form a good reference for the definition of sustainable urban transport policies.