Bakgrund; Hot och våld förekommer dagligen inom verksamheter där vårdpersonal har nära kontakt med människor. Akutmottagningar tillhör en av de mest utsatta vårdmiljöer för hot och våld mot sjuksköterskor. Livsvärldsteori och viktimologi användes som teoretiska referensramar för att få en uppfattning om hur sjuksköterskor som arbetar på akutmottagning upplever samt påverkas av hot och våld från patienter. Få studier granskar sjuksköterskors egna upplevelser av hot och våld. Syfte; Att belysa hur sjuksköterskor på akutmottagningar upplever hot och våld. Metod; En kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer av 12 yrkesverksamma sjuksköterskor, nio kvinnor och tre män med minst ett års erfarenhet av att arbeta på akutmottagning i Sveriges södra sjukvårdsregion (Skåne, Blekinge, södra Halland och Småland). Resultat; Resultatet presenteras i fem kategorier; definitionen av hot och våld, utsatthet, riskfaktorer, genus samt åtgärder vid hot och våld. Riskfaktorer som ansågs ligga till grund för sjuksköterskors utsatthet var b.la. bristande utbildning och bemanning, otillräckliga säkerhetsåtgärder, ensamarbete samt patientens psykiska eller fysiska tillstånd. Slutsats; Sjuksköterskor på akutmottagningar upplever hot och våld som ett obehag eller rädsla, vilket ger en negativ påverkan i omvårdnadsarbetet och på det psykiska välmåendet. Känslan att ej kunna skydda sig vid hotfulla och våldsamma situationer ger en känsla av maktlöshet både på och utanför arbetsplatsen. För att förbättra arbetsmiljön behövs omfattande internutbildningar i hantering av hot och våld. / Background: Threats and violence are common daily occurrences in any setting where a health care professional comes into contact with people, be it patients or their associates. Emergency departments (EDs) belong to one of the most exposed health care environments in terms of threats and violence against nurses. Lifeworld theory and victimology were used as theoretical frames of reference in order to establish a perception of how nurses working in EDs are exposed to, and affected by threats and violence. Only a handful of published studies examine nurses’ own experiences of threats and violence. Purpose: Was to examine how nurses working within EDs are affected by threats and violence. Method: A qualitative study was conducted based on an analysis of 12 semi-structured interviews with nurses, nine women and three men working in EDs at the time of the interview. For inclusion in the study the nurse needed at least one year experience working in an ED situated in the southern healthcare region of Sweden (including the counties of Skåne, Blekinge, southern Halland and Småland). Results: The results of the study are presented in five main categories: Definition of threats and violence, Exposure, Risk factors, Genus, and Measures taken when faced with threats and violence. Risk factors that may be the origin of their exposure to these experiences are, among others, lack of education and staffing, insufficient safety precautions, working alone and the patient’s physical and/or mental condition. Conclusion: ED nurses experience threats and violence as uncomfortable and fear-eliciting. This has a negative impact on their mental well-being as well as their overall work performance. The sensation of not being able to protect oneself in threatening and violent situations gives a sense of hopelessness and lack of control, both inside and outside of the workplace. To improve the working environment, extensive internal educational efforts are needed to educate ED nurses to cope with threats and violence.

Föreliggande studie undersökte uppfattningar och prevalens av utsatthet för ex-partner stalkning bland universitetsstudenter. Det undersöktes om det fanns skillnader mellan unga män och kvinnor i uppfattningen om stalkning utförd av en ex-partner och hur denna uppfattning relaterar till tidigare utsatthet. En enkät, bestående av ett script och en lista av stalkning-relaterade beteenden, besvarades av 508 respondenter varav 195 var män och 313 var kvinnor mellan åldrarna 19-29 (M = 22,7 , SD = 2,3). Resultaten visade att 168 (33,1 %) respondenter blivit utsatta för ex-partner stalkning. Vidare visade resultaten att kvinnor uppfattade att det var mer troligt att stalkning skulle förekomma i jämförelse med män i samtliga fortsättningar till berättelsen i scriptet. De respondenter som blivit utsatta för ex-partner stalkning uppfattade den utsatta i scriptet som ansvarig för sin egen utsatthet i större utsträckning än de som inte blivit utsatta. Dessa resultat betonar vikten av ökad kunskap och förståelse som kan ligga till grund för förebyggande insatser samt efterföljande stöd. / The present study examined the perceptions and prevalence of ex-partner stalking among university students. It examined whether there were differences between young men and women in the perception of ex-partner stalking and how this perception is related to prior victimization. 508 respondents, of whom 195 were men and 313 were women between the ages of 19-29 (M = 22,7, SD = 2,3), answered a questionnaire, consisting of a script and a list of stalking-related behaviors. The results indicated that 168 (33.1%) respondents had prior experience with ex-partner stalking. Furthermore, the results showed that women perceived that it was more likely that stalking would occur compared to men in all continuations of the narrative in the script. The respondents who had prior experience with ex-partner stalking perceived the victim in the script as being responsible for their own victimization to a greater extent than those who did not have prior experience. These results emphasize the importance of increased knowledge and understanding, which can form the basis for preventive measures and subsequent support.

Denna studie syftade till att undersöka sambandet mellan internaliserat ochexternaliserat beteende och utsatthet för brott. En kvantitativ ansats användesdär data samlades in i form av en webenkät som skickades ut till enstudentpopulation vilket resulterade i ett urval på 267 respondenter i åldrarna18 – 42 (M = 23,06 SD = 3,80). En logistisk regression utfördes för attundersöka sambandet mellan externaliserat och internaliserat beteende ochutsatthet för brott, när beteendena kontrollerades mot varandra. Resultatenvisade att endast externaliserat beteende var statistiskt signifikant med egenkraft och hade en oddskvot på 1,03 vilket innebär att för varje ökat värde påexternaliserat-skalan var det 1,03 gånger så troligt att respondenterna skullesvara att de hade utsatts för någon av de 11 brott som kontrolleras förinternaliserat beteende. Resultaten visade även statistisk signifikans mellanexternaliserat beteende och utsatthet för brott hos män, men inte hos kvinnor,samt statistisk signifikans mellan internaliserat beteende och utsatthet förbrott för kvinnor men inte för män. Dessa resultat lyfter fram viktiga fyndmellan dessa beteenden och utsattheten för brott. Författarna argumenterar föratt dessa resultat bör användas inom framtida brottsprevention för attprioritera var resurser skall läggas baserat på kön och typ av beteende, för attuppnå de mest adekvata insatserna. / The present study aimed to examine the relationship between internalizingand externalizing behaviors and criminal victimization. A quantitativeapproach was used and a web survey was sent out to a student population. Atotal of 267 respondents participated with an age range between 18 and 42years (M = 23.06; SD = 3.80). A logistic regression was used to investigatethe relationship between externalizing and internalizing behaviors andvictimization of crime while controlling independently for each of the twobehaviors. The results showed that externalizing behavior was significant,while controlling for internalizing behavior, with an odds ratio of 1.03. Thus,for each increased value on the externalizing scale a participant was 1.03times more likely to have responded that they had been exposed to a crime.The results were also significant between externalizing behavior and criminalvictimization for men, but not for women; and significant betweeninternalizing behavior and criminal victimization for women but not for men.These results highlights the association between internalizing andexternalizing behaviors and criminal victimization. The authors argue thatthese results should be used in future crime prevention strategies to prioritizewhere resources should be placed on the basis of gender and type of behavior,in order to achieve effective intervention outcomes.

<p>Ungdomsåren är en omtumlande period av förändring och identitetsutveckling. När det rör sig om utsatta ungdomars hälsa är denna grupp exponerad för en eller flera riskfaktorer samtidigt. Enligt internationella och nationella styrdokument är ungdomar en prioriterad grupp då det finns studier som visar på en ojämlikhet i hälsa bland målgruppen. Studiens referensram innefattar tre olika dimensioner av begreppet utsatthet, vilka är sårbar, riskfylld och missgynnad. Syftet med denna studie var att få en ökad förståelse för nyckelpersoners uppfattningar gällande social utsatthet bland ungdomar i åldern 13-19 år. Studiens avsikt har även varit att identifiera utsatta ungdomars behov samt nuvarande och framtida insatser inom problemområdet. Tio enskilda djupintervjuer genomfördes inom sex olika arenor i Västerås stad. Resultatet visade att nyckelpersonernas uppfattningar överensstämde inom många aspekter när det rör sig om social utsatthet bland ungdomar. Resultatet visade vidare på att alla ungdomar är utsatta på ett eller annat sätt men att utsattheten är mer påtaglig bland ungdomar med bristande skyddsnät och ett negativt socialt nätverk. Vidare efterfrågades empowerment och meningsfulla fritidsaktiviteter av nyckelpersonerna samt ett ökat samarbete mellan olika aktörer i syfte att motverka denna utsatthet i Västerås.</p> / <p>The adolescence years can be seen as a critical period due to developmental changes. When it comes to the situation of vulnerable and disadvantaged adolescents, this group is often exposed to several risk factors simultaneously. According to international and national public health documents inequalities in health among adolescents prevail and they are therefore seen as a prioritized group in society. The study's frame of reference includes three dimensions such as vulnerable, hazardous and disadvantaged adolescents. Furthermore the purpose of the study was to explore different key persons' understanding of the target group in the age of 13-19, as well their knowledge of present activities to counteract this problem. In addition, the need for new activities and initiatives are identified within the purpose of the study. Ten indepth interviews were conducted at six different arenas which were associated with adolescents in one way or another. The result of the study indicated that most of the adolescents were negatively exposed in one way or another. However the most exposed were the adolescents with a lack of social support and a negative social network. The different key persons' concept of vulnerable and disadvantaged adolescents is mutual in many aspects. According to the study objects there is consequently a need for empowerment and meaningful recreational activities, as well as a need for an extended collaboration between different actors regarding the prevalent youth work in Västerås.</p>

Ungdomsåren är en omtumlande period av förändring och identitetsutveckling. När det rör sig om utsatta ungdomars hälsa är denna grupp exponerad för en eller flera riskfaktorer samtidigt. Enligt internationella och nationella styrdokument är ungdomar en prioriterad grupp då det finns studier som visar på en ojämlikhet i hälsa bland målgruppen. Studiens referensram innefattar tre olika dimensioner av begreppet utsatthet, vilka är sårbar, riskfylld och missgynnad. Syftet med denna studie var att få en ökad förståelse för nyckelpersoners uppfattningar gällande social utsatthet bland ungdomar i åldern 13-19 år. Studiens avsikt har även varit att identifiera utsatta ungdomars behov samt nuvarande och framtida insatser inom problemområdet. Tio enskilda djupintervjuer genomfördes inom sex olika arenor i Västerås stad. Resultatet visade att nyckelpersonernas uppfattningar överensstämde inom många aspekter när det rör sig om social utsatthet bland ungdomar. Resultatet visade vidare på att alla ungdomar är utsatta på ett eller annat sätt men att utsattheten är mer påtaglig bland ungdomar med bristande skyddsnät och ett negativt socialt nätverk. Vidare efterfrågades empowerment och meningsfulla fritidsaktiviteter av nyckelpersonerna samt ett ökat samarbete mellan olika aktörer i syfte att motverka denna utsatthet i Västerås. / The adolescence years can be seen as a critical period due to developmental changes. When it comes to the situation of vulnerable and disadvantaged adolescents, this group is often exposed to several risk factors simultaneously. According to international and national public health documents inequalities in health among adolescents prevail and they are therefore seen as a prioritized group in society. The study's frame of reference includes three dimensions such as vulnerable, hazardous and disadvantaged adolescents. Furthermore the purpose of the study was to explore different key persons' understanding of the target group in the age of 13-19, as well their knowledge of present activities to counteract this problem. In addition, the need for new activities and initiatives are identified within the purpose of the study. Ten indepth interviews were conducted at six different arenas which were associated with adolescents in one way or another. The result of the study indicated that most of the adolescents were negatively exposed in one way or another. However the most exposed were the adolescents with a lack of social support and a negative social network. The different key persons' concept of vulnerable and disadvantaged adolescents is mutual in many aspects. According to the study objects there is consequently a need for empowerment and meaningful recreational activities, as well as a need for an extended collaboration between different actors regarding the prevalent youth work in Västerås.

This essay is about my meeting as an educator at a preschool with a child who is deemed to be in need of special assistance. I have worked in preschools and schools for nearly fifteen years and have met a great many children with different needs during these years. I tell in this essay about my relationship with Lucas who is a child I feel need special support in his everyday life. Lucas has what we in the preschool world call impulse controlled behavior. I also feel that he is disturbed by external stimuli such as sound and he has difficulty with social interactions with friends. This places demands on me as an educator to know how I can best meet Lucas at preschool.   In my essay, I lift up my feeling of being a divided teacher. I find that I occasionally find it difficult to be on hand and meet the needs of the group, the other teachers as well as those of the individual child. I have chosen to use Henriksen &amp; Vetlesen´s book Etik i arbete med människor (The ethics of work with people) where they discuss empathy and its role in professional life to reflect on this. In my essay, I discuss the special education´s entry in the preschool world. I reflect on the differences in education and special education and its importance in my profession. I use Eva Björck-Åkesson´s book Specialpedagogik i förskolan (Special education in kindergarten) which is based on a system theoretical perspective. I also use Claes Nilholm´s book Perspektiv på specialpedagogik (Perspectives on special education) in my reflections on special education. Through my selected literature and my own reflections I review myself.  I have in my story related events with Lucas where his vulnerability in the children's group becomes apparent. I have critically reviewed these events and discussed if I in my educator role contributed to this vulnerability. I find using the literature that my role as an educator is complex and I examine myself during the writing of this essay. My own personal experience turns out to play a role in my role as an educator.

This essay is included as a sub-study of a survey about child poverty, which the Department of Sociology at Uppsala University, the Ombudsman for Children and Gillbergska Stiftelsen (the Gillberg’s foundation) has been commissioned by Uppsala Town to implement. The intent of this essay is to investigate how three pre-school managers in the municipal preschool in Uppsala describe child poverty, how they see the preschool’s social responsibility and how they manage child poverty in their practical operation. The essay is a qualitative study and informants' responses has been analyzed and related to symbolic interactionism, the thesis theoretical basis. The results show that pre-school managers' understanding and description of child poverty differ. Child poverty is not a topic discussed very much in early childhood education and insight into families' financial situation is very small. Preschool managers testify that families rarely talk about their financial situation and poverty seem to be seen as something private that the school should not put themselves in, poverty also seems to be associated with shame. Preschool heads out that preschool has responsibility for all children within the business and is responsible for getting views on child abuse but preschool's role in relation to economically disadvantaged children seems to be unclear and there are no general guidelines on how to act if a child is struggling financially. / Denna uppsats ingår som en delstudie i ett kartläggningsprojekt om barnfattigdom som Sociologiska Institutionen vid Uppsala Universitet, Barnombudsmannen och Gillbergska Stiftelsen fått i uppdrag från Uppsala kommun att genomföra. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur tre förskolechefer inom den kommunala förskoleverksamheten i Uppsala beskriver barnfattigdom, hur de ser på förskolans sociala ansvar samt hur man arbetar med och hanterar barnfattigdom inom verksamheten i praktiken. Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ intervjustudie och informanternas svar har analyserats utifrån meningskoncentrerad innehållsanalys kopplat till tidigare forskning och begrepp från symbolisk interaktionism, uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt. Resultaten visar att förskolechefernas förståelse och beskrivning av barnfattigdom skiljer sig åt. Barnfattigdom är inget ämne som diskuteras speciellt mycket inom förskoleverksamheten och insynen i familjernas ekonomiska situation är mycket liten. Resultaten visar att det finns en välvilja hos personalen att hjälpa utsatta barn men att det är svårt att tala om fattigdom med föräldrarna eftersom det är förknippat med skam. Fattigdom tycks ses som något privat och något som förskolan inte ska lägga sig i ifall inte familjerna själva väljer att öppna sig, vilket familjer tycks göra i mycket liten utsträckning. Förskole-cheferna påpekar att förskolan har ansvar för alla barn inom verksamheten och är ansvarig för att få syn på barn som far illa men förskolans roll i förhållande till ekonomiskt utsatta barn tycks vara oklar och det saknas generella riktlinjer för hur man ska agera om ett barn har det svårt ekonomiskt.

ABSTRACT Poverty, and in particular child poverty, is a serious social problem. Statistics show that the number of children living in poverty has increased over the last ten years. Earlier research shows that there are huge gaps in our knowledge of how the actors in civil society handle child poverty. With this study we hope to help fill this gap. The aim of our study is to look at how four different organisations working in the civil society in Uppsala perceive and handle child poverty. We have chosen to conduct an empirical study of fieldwork interviews. Our informants were selected from organisations in the municipality of Uppsala that were known to us as working with children's needs.   The results show that our informants consider child poverty an overly narrow and one-sided concept and rather see child poverty as a multifaceted social phenomenon. They view poverty as not only a matter of lack of economic resources but also as other welfare deficits – a view which agrees with previous research (Bitterman and Franzén 2008:243). All our informants express and, to a great extent, practice a children's rights perspective (Archard 2009). They construct children as citizens and bearers of rights, with the idea that adults have a common responsibility to supply for children’s needs of care and participation. None of the four organisations have a family poverty approach to the children. Instead they view children as unique individuals with their own needs beyond the family. The selection process is based on trust. There is no means test or strict investigation though the concept of need is an important criterion. All our informants’ organisations position themselves as something other than social services. They see their role as a complement to social services and public welfare. None of our informants express any desire to replace it.   Key Words: child poverty, economic vulnerability, civil society, voluntary work, child rights perspective.

This research intends to study the media's representation of unaccompanied refugee children on the basis that the media has a power in the construction of society. The focus is on whether children's vulnerability and needs are presented in the media and whether the children’s voices are heard. It is also of interest to study the agents that speak in the media concerning unaccompanied refugee children.   The study is based on a theory that social reality is a construction of interaction between individuals and groups. Furthermore the study also incorporate the idea that the media, through its control of language, has power to create discourses which may affect the way different groups in society are looked upon.     The research’s questions are guiding us through a discourse analysis of articles about unaccompanied refugee children. The articles were selected from Sweden's four mostly read online newspapers; Aftonbladet, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet.   The results show that the media portrays unaccompanied refugee children as a vulnerable group in need of society resources. It also shows that children do not become involved and that their voices are not heard in the articles. When it comes to unaccompanied refugee children in the media, other agents tend to pronounce their statements instead of the children.   The conclusion of the study is that the unaccompanied refugee children do not get the possibility to participate in the media and therefor the children’s own perspectives are missing. / I denna studie studeras medias framställning av ensamkommande flyktingbarn med utgångspunkt i att media har en makt i konstruktionen av samhället. Fokus ligger på huruvida barnens utsatthet och behov synliggörs samt hur barnen blir delaktiga i media, kommer de till tals? Av intresse för studien är även att studera vilka aktörer som yttrar sig i media rörande ensamkommande flytkingbarn.   Studien vilar på en teori om att den sociala verkligheten är en konstruktion av samspel mellan individer och grupper. Utgångspunkt ligger även i att media genom sin makt att kunna kontrollera språket, kan skapa diskurser som påverkar sättet att se på grupper.   Studiens syfte och frågeställningar besvaras genom en diskursanalys av artiklar om ensamkommande flyktingbarn. Artiklarna valdes ut från Sveriges fyra mest lästa webbtidningar; Aftonbladet, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet.   Resultatet av studien visar att media framställer ensamkommande flyktingbarn som en utsatt grupp i behov av samhällsresurser. Med hjälp av analysen framkommer även att barnen inte blir delaktiga i media, eftersom de inte kommer till tals. Istället framförs andra aktörers uttalanden i artiklar rörande ensamkommande flyktingbarn.   Studiens slutsats är att de ensamkommande flytkingbarnen inte blir delaktiga i media vilket bidrar till att barnens egna perspektiv uteblir.

Increasing attention has been given to men’s experiences as victims of intimate partner violence in the Western world, mostly in quantitative research, within different research fields. The aim of this research paper is to explore men’sspecific experiences of intimate partner violence in heterosexual relationships in a Swedish context, through a gender perspective and with a qualitative research approach. The paper begins by briefly mentioning key findings in existing quantitative and qualitative research, focusing on Sweden. Additionally, areas of divergence with regard to definitions and differing research approaches are discussed. The theoretical framework builds upon theories of patterns of intimate partner violence and constructions of masculinities. In the five narratives representing the primary data of the study, varying experiences of psychological and physical violence and views on gender relations and masculinities are expressed. Some key elements are identified in the narratives and these are analyzed in relation to prior research findings/theoretical framework. Prior research findings, as well as theoretical suppositions regarding men as victims of intimate partner violence in heterosexual relationships as either unthinkable or stigmatizing, are manifested also in the narratives.