Sammanfattning Jag har undersökt på vilket sätt livsfrågor gestaltas i svenskundervisningen på gymnasiet. Det har jag gjort genom att försöka besvara följande tre frågor: ”Hur stor plats har livsfrågorna i svenskundervisningen?”, ”Hur aktualiseras de?” och ”Hur behandlas de?”. Jag har samlat in och tolkat ett mycket begränsat material: fem observationer av lektioner, intervjuer med tre lärare och enkäter i tre klasser motsvarande sextio elever. Mina slutsatser bör därför ses som en grov skiss snarare än ett fotografi av verkligheten. Ett större underlag hade säkert gjort det möjligt för mig att nyansera bilden bättre och därigenom hade troligen en annan verklighet framtonat. Vid analysen av mitt material har jag funnit att livsfrågorna har en ganska stor plats i svenskundervisningen. Under mina fem observationer aktualiserades och behandlades livsfrågor vid tjugofyra tillfällen, motsvarande mer än hälften av den totala undervisningstiden. Men jag har också funnit att livsfrågorna inte ges förutsättningar att ha den språkutvecklande funktion som de skulle kunna ha. Livsfrågorna aktualiseras genom värdegrundsarbetet, skönlitteraturen och språkarbetet och de behandlas i form av fakta, reflektioner och erfarenheter. Det sätt på vilket livsfrågorna gestaltas i svenskundervisningen svarar i stort mot läroplanens skrivningar såsom jag har tolkat dem. De livsfrågor som värdegrunden omfattar behandlas i undervisningen och stora delar av livsfrågeundervisningen tar sin utgångspunkt i eleven. Vid intervjuerna med lärarna framkom det att lärarna medvetet strävar efter att göra livsfrågorna till innehållet för undervisningen och att de försöker låta elevernas egna livsfrågor bli utgångspunkt för arbetet på lektionerna. Eleverna själva tycker också att undervisningen ligger nära dem, om än med viss tvekan. I enkäten svarade 50 % av eleverna att deras egna livsfrågor behandlas ganska mycket i svenskundervisningen. Ett område i läroplanen är dock en aning eftersatt i gymnasiesvenskan, nämligen arbetet med elevens självkännedom och framtidsplaner. I enkäten framkom det att ungdomarna vill arbeta mer med livsfrågan ”Vad ska jag bli?”.

<p>Localization of speech onsets to determine onset latencies is a complicated problem with as many different methods for finding them as there are different areas which use such measurements. A majority of research performed in cognition uses a standard amplitude threshold voice key for estimating the speech onset latencies but a number of studies have shown that this method is incredibly inaccurate and can bias data or produce contradictory results. A number of alternative methods based on modifications to traditional voice-keys have been proposed to deal with the inconsistency although still show a number of deficiencies. Previous work has suggested that switching from the amplitude domain of a signal to the frequency domain a number of the issues present with voice keys can be overcome and when used in conjunction with a number of highly sensitive heuristics highly accurate onset latencies can be produced reliably under ideal conditions. This research is refined and paired with a new user interface to improve the ease of use and increase the adoption rate of this type of analysis. Recent work in the telecommunications industry also suggests that wavelet-based algorithms in conjunction with the Teager Energy Operator (TEO) can accurately detect speech even in the presence of noise. Four wavelet-based methods are investigated and tested; a simple wavelet transform test, and three methods using wavelet-packet transforms in conjunction with the TEO. Although these methods do not perform very well compared to traditional methods a number of potential issues with the implementation are discussed.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Our modern society is based on a culture of consumption, where individuals are in an on- going search for self-realization through consumption. But in a society with buzz a of commercials and information, a society where media users are getting more critical towards commercialized messages it’s harder for companies to be heard. To be heard, companies need to create messages that their customers choose to listen to. Content marketing is a marketing strategy that aims to do just that. The purpose with this study is to get a deeper understanding of content marketing as a phenomenon within a consumption society by studying IKEAs series Vad gafflar ni om?. The study has a starting point in Bauman’s theories about consumption life, Giddens theories about the reflexive self, Jenkins theories about convergence culture and Faircloughs critical discourse analysis. The critical discourse analysis was made through Faircloughs three-dimensional conception of discourse, which is a model consisting a linguistic analysis of the text, the discourse practise and the social practice. To get a deeper insight in the reception of the text, qualitative interviews with text consumers where also made. The result of the analysis showed that different types of identities and norms where presented by IKEA in the series, which all could be achieved through consumption. The text consumer is most likely influenced by the ideology consumerism, which can be why they agree with how IKEA present different identities. IKEA presents a narrow image of the typical swede, where that are presumed to be middle class and own their own house. A distinct promotion discourse could not be identified, although a consumption discourse was identified throughout the series. The text consumers felt that the content was mostly entertaining and educating, which could be the result of the non-exiting promotional discourse but also the use of an entertaining-genre. The text consumers were also positively disposed by the content that can be, in comparison to Grusells study, because they choose to see it by themselves.

Les canaux vocodés sont les canaux de communications dédiés à la voix et dans lesquels le signal traverse divers équipements destinés au transport de la voix tels que des codeurs de parole, des détecteurs d’activité vocale (VAD), des systèmes de transmission discontinue (DTX). Il peut s’agir de systèmes de communications téléphoniques filaires ou mobiles (réseaux cellulaires 2G/3G, satellites INMARSAT…) ou de voix sur IP. Les codeurs de parole dans les normes récentes pour les réseaux de téléphonie mobiles ou de voix sur IP font appel à des algorithmes de compression dérivés de la technique CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction) qui permettent d’atteindre des débits de l’ordre de la dizaine de Kb/s bien inférieurs aux codeurs des réseaux téléphoniques filaires (typiquement 64 ou 32 Kb/s). Ces codeurs tirent leur efficacité de l’utilisation de caractéristiques spécifiques aux signaux de parole et à l’audition humaine. Aussi les signaux autres que la parole sont-ils généralement fortement distordus par ces codeurs. La transmission de données sur les canaux vocodés peut être intéressante pour des raisons liées à la grande disponibilité des canaux dédiés à la voix et pour des raisons de discrétion de la communication (sécurité). Mais le signal modulé transmis sur ces canaux vocodés est soumis aux dégradations causées par les codeurs de parole, ce qui impose des contraintes sur le type de modulation utilisé. Cette thèse a porté sur la conception et l’évaluation de modulations permettant la transmission de données sur les canaux vocodés. Deux approches de modulations ont été proposées pour des applications correspondant à des débits de transmission possibles assez différents. La principale application visée par la thèse concerne la transmission de parole chiffrée, transmission pour laquelle le signal de parole est numérisé, comprimé à bas débit par un codeur de parole puis sécurisé par un algorithme de cryptage. Pour cette application, nous nous sommes focalisés sur les réseaux de communications utilisant des codeurs CELP de débits supérieurs à la dizaine de Kb/s typiquement les canaux de communication mobiles de deuxième ou troisième génération. La première approche de modulation proposée concerne cette application. Elle consiste à utiliser des modulations numériques après optimisation de leurs paramètres de façon à prendre en compte les contraintes imposées par le canal et à permettre des débits et des performances en probabilité d’erreur compatibles avec la transmission de parole chiffrée (typiquement un débit supérieur à 1200 b/s avec un BER de l’ordre de 10-3). Nous avons montré que la modulation QPSK optimisée permet d’atteindre ces performances. Un système de synchronisation est aussi étudié et adapté aux besoins et aux contraintes du canal vocodé. Les performances atteintes par la modulation QPSK avec le système de synchronisation proposé, ainsi que la qualité de la parole sécurisée transmise ont été évalués par simulation et validés expérimentalement sur un canal GSM réel grâce à un banc de test développé dans la thèse.La deuxième approche de modulation a privilégié la robustesse du signal modulé lors de la transmission à travers un codeur de parole quelconque, même un codeur à bas débit tels que les codeurs MELP à 2400 ou 1200 b/s. Dans ce but, nous avons proposé une modulation effectuée par concaténation de segments de parole naturelle associée à une technique de démodulation qui segmente le signal reçu et identifie les segments de parole par programmation dynamique avec taux de reconnaissance élevé. Cette modulation a été évaluée par simulation sur différents codeurs de parole. Elle a aussi été testée sur des canaux GSM réels. Les résultats obtenus montrent une probabilité d’erreur très faible quelque soit le canal vocodé et le débit des codeurs de parole utilisés mais pour des débits possibles relativement faibles. Les applications envisageables sont restreintes à des débits typiquement inférieurs à 200 b/s.Enfin nous nous sommes intéressés aux détecteurs d’activité vocale dont l’effet peut-être très dommageable pour les signaux de données. Nous avons proposé une méthode permettant de contrer les VAD utilisés dans les réseaux GSM. Son principe consiste à rompre la stationnarité du spectre du signal modulé, stationnarité sur laquelle s’appuie le VAD pour décider que le signal n’est pas de la parole / Pas de résumé

<p>Sectra Communications AB has developed a terminal for encrypted communication called the Tiger platform. During voice communication delays have sometimes been experienced resulting in conversational complications.</p><p>A solution to this problem, as was proposed by Sectra, would be to introduce voice activity detection, which means a separation of speech parts and non-speech parts of the input signal, to the Tiger platform. By only transferring the speech parts to the receiver, the bandwidth needed should be dramatically decreased. A lower bandwidth needed implies that the delays slowly should disappear. The problem is then to come up with a method that manages to distinguish the speech parts from the input signal. Fortunately a lot of theory on the subject has been done and numerous voice activity methods exist today.</p><p>In this thesis the theory of voice activity detection has been studied. A review of voice activity detectors that exist on the market today followed by an evaluation of some of these was performed in order to select a suitable candidate for the Tiger platform. This evaluation would later become the foundation for the selection of a voice activity detector for implementation.</p><p>Finally, the implementation of the chosen voice activity detector, including a comfort noise generator, was done on the platform. This implementation was based on the special requirements of the platform. Tests of the implementation in office environments show that possible delays are steadily being reduced during periods of speech inactivity, while the active speech quality is preserved.</p>

Sectra Communications AB has developed a terminal for encrypted communication called the Tiger platform. During voice communication delays have sometimes been experienced resulting in conversational complications. A solution to this problem, as was proposed by Sectra, would be to introduce voice activity detection, which means a separation of speech parts and non-speech parts of the input signal, to the Tiger platform. By only transferring the speech parts to the receiver, the bandwidth needed should be dramatically decreased. A lower bandwidth needed implies that the delays slowly should disappear. The problem is then to come up with a method that manages to distinguish the speech parts from the input signal. Fortunately a lot of theory on the subject has been done and numerous voice activity methods exist today. In this thesis the theory of voice activity detection has been studied. A review of voice activity detectors that exist on the market today followed by an evaluation of some of these was performed in order to select a suitable candidate for the Tiger platform. This evaluation would later become the foundation for the selection of a voice activity detector for implementation. Finally, the implementation of the chosen voice activity detector, including a comfort noise generator, was done on the platform. This implementation was based on the special requirements of the platform. Tests of the implementation in office environments show that possible delays are steadily being reduced during periods of speech inactivity, while the active speech quality is preserved.

If communicating via a teleconference phone the desired transmitted signal (speech) needs to be crystal clear so that all participants experience a good communication ability. However, there are many environmental conditions that contaminates the signal with background noise, i.e sounds not of interest for communication purposes, which impedes the ability to communicate due to interfering sounds. Noise can be removed from the signal if it is known and so this work has evaluated different ways of estimating the characteristics of the background noise. Focus was put on using speech detection to define the noise, i.e. the non-speech part of the signal, but other methods not solely reliant on speech detection but rather on characteristics of the noisy speech signal were included. The implemented techniques were compared and evaluated to the current solution utilized by the teleconference phone in two ways, firstly for their speech detection ability and secondly for their ability to correctly estimate the noise characteristics. The evaluation process was based on simulations of the methods' performance in various noise conditions, ranging from harsh to mild environments. It was shown that the proposed method showed improvement over the existing solution, as implemented in this study, in terms of speech detection ability and for the noise estimate it showed improvement in certain conditions. It was also concluded that using the proposed method would enable two sources of noise estimation compared to the current single estimation source and it was suggested to investigate how utilizing two noise estimators could affect the performance.

隨著網路技術的發展，目前網路電話(VoIP)已有逐漸取代傳統電話的趨勢。尤其能夠允許多人同時在線上進行會談是其最大的優勢之一。但在多人參與網路會談時，因為聲音在空間中傳遞或反射等因素，使得由喇叭發出的聲音再次被麥克風收回，造成回音的產生。會談中只要有一位使用者的裝置發生回音時，回音訊號就會在與會者之間擴散，使得所有使用者均會受到影響，進而嚴重影響網路通話的進行。此狀況在參與會談人數越多時，發生機率越高，且對通話品質影響越嚴重。 傳統電話在一對一通話時，通常使用遠端回音消除機制(Near End Echo Canceller)，由接收端在接收聲音後先暫存在記憶體中再播放，再將麥克風擷取的聲音與事先暫存的訊號反向後混合，以抵銷回音。網路會談的環境下，由於沒有標準的聽筒設備，使得回音發生的時間難以預估。且多人參與的網路會談中，由於收聽者所聽到的聲音可能混合多個使用者說話的聲音與回音，使得回音訊號難以偵測。另外，由於網路傳輸的特性，回音訊號到達的時間與順序都難以預估，這使得回音消除機制在多人網路回談中經常失效。 本研究提出藉由語音動態偵測(Voice Activity Detection-VAD)的方式分辨回音訊號，藉由本研究所提出的語音能量VAD判定機制，能夠有效區別正常語音與回音的差異，即可有效的消除回音，同時發揮靜音抑制（Slience Suppression）的效果，阻擋不含語音內容的封包，降低網路頻寬耗用。本研究以自行開發的VoIP軟體進行實地測試實驗，實驗中顯示，我們的方法能消除85%以上的回音。 / With the prosperous development of Internet technology, traditional phone service is being replaced gradually byVoice-over-IP (VoIP) technology. One of the critical problem that is yet to be improved is the echo problem. Due to the difference in working environment, conventional echo cancellation technology may not work well on VoIP system. The echo problem is becoming more critical as the number of participants in a talk session increases. As long as one user fails to depress echos, every other participant in the conference will be infected. The more participant, the higher probability of echo infection. We propose an energy based Voice Activity Detection (VAD) mechnism that effectively differentiate echo from speech signal. Our VAD algrouthm records a user’s speech volume, and based on this information to determine whether the frame is echo or not. By applying this mechnism to network conference, we can filter out echo frames and suppress slience at same time to save bandwidth consumption. We experimented on a self-developed VoIP software platform, the experiment result shows that our method can eliminate more than 85% of the echo.

Max Moritz   Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om Facebooks community-sida bygger på skäliga principer för dess användare, vilka rättigheter och skyldigheter dessa har och om ett skäligt samarbetssystem kan upprättas på community-sidan. För att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar används John Rawls tankemodell ursprungspositionen som appliceras på principerna. Uppsatsens teoretiska grund byggs utifrån John Rawls teori rättvisa som skälighet och Thomas Hobbes Leviathan, för att visa på hur Facebook kan definieras som ett digitalt samhälle och därmed bli ett föremål för den här typen av undersökning. Uppsatsen belyser också de förändringar som skett på webben och sätter förändringen i relation till uppsatsen.   Resultatet visar att community-sidan bygger på skäliga principer, att användarna har en rättighet att inte behöva utsättas för trakasserier, välja vem som ser inlägg man gör, välja innehåll man vill se, anmäla innehåll och att förmedla sin åsikt till andra användare. Resultatet visar också att användarna har en skyldighet att inte utsätta någon för trakasserier eller mobbning, inte konspirera eller uppmana till våldsbrott, att tänka sin målgrupp och anpassa budskapet med hänsyn i åtanke. Resultatet visar också på att community-sidan kan sägas lägga grunden för ett skäligt samarbetssystem mellan användarna.

Detta arbete handlar om utomhuspedagogik, mer specifikt om hur lärare arbetar med utomhusmiljö i NO-undervisningen, hur deras förutsättningar ser ut och vilka för och nackdelar de anser finns med utomhuspedagogik. Jag har gjort en enkätundersökning som har skickats ut till alla kommunala F-3 skolor i en mellanstor stad i mellersta Sverige. Resultatet i min studie är baserat på 23 enkätsvar. Resultatet visade att de allra flesta lärare hade en positiv bild av utomhuspedagogik och ansåg att det gynnade elevernas kunskapsutveckling. Framförallt eftersom det eleverna lärde sig konkretiserades när de kunde vara utomhus och fick möjlighet att använda flera olika sinnen. Resultatet visade även att det fanns en del begränsningar när man skulle ha undervisningen utomhus, det som flest lärare ansåg vara en begränsning var tillgången till den personal som behövdes för att undervisningen skulle fungera. Slutligen kunde man också se att lärarna upplevde att eleverna var positiva till undervisning utomhus.