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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodrigo Fernandes de Lima - 2015.pdf: 2077886 bytes, checksum: 41cc0e061b83ff79f5098eb054d1fcda (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The neonatal development is stimulated by various hormonal interactions. Environmental pollutants that mimic steroid hormones, such as bisphenol A (BPA) can cause changes in the pattern of development of the prostate, leading to lifelong lesions. The objective of this study was to determine whether neonatal exposure to BPA affects the development of prostate gerbils males and females. For this, the newborns were exposed to environmental levels (LBPA - 40 μ / kg / day) and high dose (HBPA - 4 mg / kg / day) of BPA, from 1st to the 7th day of life. On the eighth day, the prostatic complexes were collected and processed for morphological analysis, stereological and immunohistochemistry. It was observed through the three-dimensional reconstruction that in males the prostatic buds have elongated in a "V" form towards the ventral condensed mesenchyme (VMP). The stereological data of males showed a significant increase in the relative frequency of the mesenchymal compartment in the LBPA group compared to other groups (p ≤ 0.05). The AR-positive cells became significantly more frequent in the periurethral mesenchyme (PEM), ventral epithelial buds (VB) and muscle layer (SM) in the BPA group. There was a reduction in the frequency of PCNA-positive cells in the periurethral buds (PeB) and in the SM of the LBPA group. In females, the three-dimensional reconstruction showed that PeBs can emerge from one or both sides of the urethra and it was also visible a significant paraurethral mesenchyme (MAP) reduction in the BPA group. Only females of the HBPA group apparently presented paraurethral buds (PAB) more developed. In the LBPA group it was observed an increase in the AR-positive cells frequency in the PeM and a decrease of these cells in the PeB and mesenchyme paraurethral (PaM). In the HBPA group the AR-positive cells were more frequent in the PeM and PaB and reduced in PeB and PaM. PCNA-positive cells became significantly less frequent in the PaB and PaM of LBPA and HBPA groups. Regarding the ER-α positive cells in the group LBPA females showed a reduction in the immunoblots of PeM and MS, whereas in the group HBPA this reduction occurred only in the PaM. This study revealed that the postnatal development of the prostate of female gerbils occurs earlier and are morphologically distinct from what occurs in males of the same species. Furthermore, it can be seen that the BPA exerted a proliferative effect on the prostate gland of males and females with eight days of postnatal life, though females being more susceptible to this environmental chemicals. / O desenvolvimento neonatal é estimulado por diversas interações hormonais. Os poluentes ambientais que mimetizam hormônios esteróides, como o bisfenol-A (BPA), podem causar alterações no padrão de desenvolvimento da próstata, levando a lesões ao longo da vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a exposição neonatal ao BPA afeta o desenvolvimento da próstata de gerbilos machos e fêmeas. Para isso, os recém-nascidos foram expostos a níveis ambientais (LBPA – 40 μ/kg/dia) e doses elevadas (HBPA – 4 mg/kg/dia) de BPA, do 1° ao 7º dia de vida. No oitavo dia, os complexos prostáticos foram coletados e processados para as análises morfológica, estereológica e imunohistoquímica. Com a reconstrução tridimensional observamos que nos machos os brotos prostáticos se alongaram em forma de “V” em direção ao mesênquima condensado ventral (VMP). Os dados estereológicos dos machos demonstraram um aumento significativo na frequência relativa do compartimento mesenquimal do grupo LBPA em relação aos demais grupos (p ≤ 0,05). As células AR-positivas tornaram-se significativamente mais frequentes no mesênquima periuretral (PeM), brotos epiteliais ventrais (VB) e camada muscular (SM) dos grupos tratados com BPA. Ocorreu uma redução na frequência de células PCNA-positivas nos brotos periuretrais (PeB) e na SM do grupo LBPA. Em fêmeas, a reconstrução tridimensional demonstrou que os PeBs podem emergir de um ou ambos os lados da uretra e também foi visível uma significativa redução do mesênquima parauretral (PaM) nos grupos tratados com BPA. Apenas as fêmeas do grupo HBPA apresentaram brotos parauretrais (PaB) aparentemente mais desenvolvidos. No grupo LBPA observou-se um aumento na frequência de células AR-positivas no PeM e uma diminuição destas células no PeB e mesênquima parauretral (PaM). No grupo HBPA as células AR-positivas tornaram-se mais frequentes no PeM e PaB, contudo sofreram redução no PeB e PaM. Células PCNA-positivas tornaram-se significativamente menos frequentes no PaB e PaM dos grupos LBPA e HBPA. Em relação às células ER-α positivas, nas fêmeas do grupo LBPA observou-se uma redução das imunomarcações no PeM e SM, enquanto que no grupo HBPA essa redução ocorreu apenas no PaM. Este estudo revelou que o desenvolvimento pós-natal da próstata de fêmeas de gerbilos é mais precoce e morfologicamente distinto do que ocorre nos machos da mesma espécie. Além disso, pode-se observar que o BPA exerceu um efeito antiproliferativo sobre a glândula prostática de machos e fêmeas com oito dias de vida pós-natal, sendo as fêmeas mais susceptíveis a este químico ambiental.

A área tegmental ventral (VTA) contém neurônios dopaminérgicos do grupamento A10 e envia projeções muito densas para o estriado ventral. Esta circuitaria está crucialmente envolvida em mecanismos de recompensa. Recentemente, a organização destas projeções foi reexaminada por Ikemoto S. (Brain Res. Rev., 56:27-78, 2007), em um estudo de rastreamento retrógrado minucioso, sendo proposto a subdivisão destas projeções em um sistema dopaminérgico mesoestriatal ventromedial que inerva a concha medial do accumbens e o tubérculo olfatório medial, e um sistema dopaminérgico mesoestriatal ventrolateral que inerva o cerne e a concha lateral do accumbens e o tubéculo olfatório lateral. Afim de complementar o conhecimento destas projeções, no presente estudo elas foram examinadas com a técnica anterógrada da leucoaglutinina do Phaseolus vulgaris. Nossos resultados indicam que há um extenso embricamento dos campos terminais estriatais inervados por diferentes setores/núcleos da VTA e reforçam a noção de que as eferências da VTA podem ser subdivididas em um sistema mesoestriatal ventromedial e um sistema mesoestriatal ventrolateral. Eles revelam ainda que as projeções da VTA para o estriado ventral têm uma organização topográfica médio-lateral mais complexa do que previamente reconhecido, a faixa médio-lateral do estriado ventral inervada depende de uma combinação da região médio-lateral e dorsoventral da VTA. Assim, as regiões mais ventrais e mediais da VTA (correspondendo ao núcleo interfascicular) inervam os distritos mais mediais do estriado ventral (a concha dorsomedial do accumbens e a extremidade medial do tubérculo olfatório), e as regiões mais dorsais e laterais da VTA (correspondendo à região dorsolateral do núcleo parabraquial pigmentoso) se projetam para os distritos mais laterais do estriado ventral (o cerne lateral e a concha lateral do accumbens, o caudado-putâmen ventral e o tubérculo olfatório lateral). Por outro lado, as projeções da VTA para o estriado ventral não possuem uma organização topográfica rostrocaudal. Outro fato a ser destacado é que a organização das projeções mesoestriatais da VTA lembra o padrão das projeções córticoestriatais, sendo observado no estriado, além de um campo terminal principal, pequenos focos isolados de marcação. / The ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains dopaminergic neurons of the A10 group and sends dense projections to the ventral striatum. This circuitry is critically involved in reward mechanisms. Recently, the organization of these projections was reexamined by Ikemoto S. (Brain Res. Rev., 56:27-78, 2007) in a detailed retrograde tracing study, being proposed that these projections can be subdivided into two main systems, a ventromedial mesostriatal dopaminergic system that innervates the medial shell of the accumbens and medial olfactory tubercle, and a ventrolateral mesostriatal dopaminergic system that targets the core and lateral shell of the accumbens and lateral olfactory tubercle. In order to complement these data, in the present study the VTA mesostriatal projections were examined with a sensitive anterograde tracing technique using the Phaseolus vulgaris leucoaglutinin. Our results indicate that there is an extensive overlap of terminal fields innervated by different sectors / nuclei of the VTA and reinforce the notion that VTA efferents can be subdivided into a ventromedial and a ventrolateral mesostriatal system. They also show that the VTA projections to the ventral striatum have a mediolateral topographical organization more complex than previously acknowledged. In fact, projections along the mediolateral dimension of the ventral striatum depends on a combination of the mediolateral and dorsoventral axis of the VTA. In other words, the most ventral and medial parts of the VTA (corresponding to the interfascicular nucleus) innervates the most medial districts of the ventral striatum (corresponding to the dorsomedial shell of the accumbens and medial tip of the olfactory tubercle), and the most dorsal and lateral parts of the VTA (corresponding to the dorsolateral region of the parabrachial pigmented nucleus) project to the most lateral districts of the ventral striatum (lateral core and lateral shell of the accumbens, ventral caudate-putamen and lateral olfactory tubercle). Moreover, VTA projections to the ventral striatum do not seem to have a rostrocaudal topographical organization. It is also of note that the organization of the VTA mesostriatal projections shares features with cortico-striatal projections, in the sense that both fiber systems have a main terminal field and also give rise to small, scattered isolated foci of terminal labeling.

Il y a longtemps qu’on a attribué à l’hippocampe un rôle central dans la mémoire, mais ce n’est pas son unique rôle. Un nombre grandissant d’études attestent que l’hippocampe peut être séparé en deux régions, dorsale et ventrale, qui sont fonctionnellement différentes. La partie dorsale de l’hippocampe est responsable du rôle classique dans la mémoire spatiale et contextuelle, alors que la région ventrale de l’hippocampe est importante dans l’expression de l’anxiété et de la motivation, entre autres. Les projections des noyaux du raphé, l’unique source d’afférences sérotoninergiques de l’hippocampe, auraient un rôle régulateur sur ses fonctions, dont le comportement anxieux. Toutefois, les fonctions de la projection sérotoninergique raphé-hippocampe ventral ne sont pas entièrement caractérisées et les différents rôles des sous-populations de neurones sérotoninergiques au sein même de la projection raphé-hippocampe ventral sont peu connus. Dans ce projet de recherche, nous avons utilisé des tests comportementaux et des outils optogénétiques, afin de déterminer le rôle de la projection sérotoninergique raphé-hippocampe ventral dans le comportement d’aversion. Notre hypothèse est que la sérotonine régule l’anxiété en agissant sur l’hippocampe ventral via cette projection. Nous démontrons entre autres que l’activation de la projection sérotoninergique raphé-hippocampe ventral induit une hausse de l’anxiété, mais spécifiquement chez les femelles. Nous démontrons aussi que l’activation de la projection réduit la locomotion. Nos données offrent un nouveau point de vue sur le rôle du raphé médian dans l’anxiété ainsi que sur l’importance du sexe dans l’expression du comportement anxieux. / It has been known for a long time that the hippocampus has a central role in memory, but it isn’t its sole function. A growing number of studies are showing that the hippocampus can be split in two regions, dorsal and ventral, that are functionally different. The dorsal part is responsible for the classic and well-known role of the hippocampus in spatial and contextual memory, while the ventral region is important for the expression of anxiety and motivation, among other roles. The only serotonergic input of the hippocampus are the raphe nuclei and it has been suggested that it has a regulatory effect over its functions, such as anxiety. Nonetheless, the functions of the raphe-ventral hippocampus serotonergic projection are not fully characterized and sub-populations of serotonergic neurons inside the projection itself aren’t known. In this research project, we used behavioral tests and optogenetic tools to determine whether the raphe to ventral hippocampus serotonergic projection is able to influence aversive behaviors. Our hypothesis is that serotonin regulates anxiety through its influence on the ventral hippocampus via the raphe-ventral hippocampus serotonergic projection. We found that optogenetic activation of the projection induces heightened anxiety, but only in female mice. Our data offer new insight as to how the median raphe regulates anxiety and the importance of sex in the expression of anxiety.

Les neurones dopaminergiques (DA) de l’aire tegmentale ventrale (VTA) sont influencés par différents stimuli comme des récompenses naturelles et d’autres stimuli moins physiologiques tels que les drogues d’abus. Ces drogues agissent en détournant les mécanismes d’apprentissage qui sous-tendent normalement la motivation pour des renforçateurs naturels. Les neurones DA, en conditions physiologiques, sont subtilement régulés par une balance entre tonus GABA et glutamatergique. Ils sont soumis à de multiples sources inhibitrices dont le noyau accumbens, les interneurones locaux ou les neurones GABA de la queue de la VTA (tVTA). Le glutamate est également important dans leur modulation. Il contrôle leur activité en bursts, qui est le mode de décharge le plus efficace pour libérer de la dopamine et coder des informations associées à la récompense. Il permet des adaptations synaptiques à long terme qui se sont révélées importantes dans la prise de drogue. La connaissance des facteurs endogènes qui contrôlent l’excitabilité des cellules DA de la VTA est essentielle à la compréhension des processus physiologiques (recherche de plaisir…) mais aussi pathologiques (addiction…). L’objectif de mon travail a été de comprendre les circuits de régulation des neurones DA en conditions physiologiques et lors de l’exposition à la morphine. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les mécanismes de régulation des neurones DA par la formation hippocampique ventrale incluant le subiculum ventral et l’aire CA1 ventrale (vSUB/CA1). Grâce à l’utilisation d’approches d’électrophysiologie in vivo chez le rat anesthésié, nous avons montré que le vSUB/CA1 exerce un contrôle excitateur glutamatergique des neurones DA. Nous avons mis en évidence que cette voie vSUB/CA1-VTA est polysynaptique, faisant intervenir le BNST comme relais. J’ai aussi pu confirmer le rôle fonctionnel de la tVTA en tant que nouvelle structure GABA modulant l’activité des neurones DA, renforçant ainsi l’idée d’une balance entre tonus GABA et glutamatergique régulant les neurones DA in vivo.La deuxième partie de ma thèse a consisté en l’étude des circuits neuronaux à l’origine des effets excitateurs de la morphine sur les neurones DA de la VTA in vivo. L’hypothèse actuelle est que la morphine excite les neurones DA par un mécanisme de désinhibition en inhibant les neurones GABA de la VTA. Grâce à l’utilisation d’approches multiples, nous avons proposé un nouveau circuit expliquant les effets de la morphine. Ces effets sont la conséquence d’une modification de la balance GABA/glutamate par la morphine. Elle se traduit par une diminution du tonus GABA et d’une augmentation du tonus glutamatergique. Enfin, nous avons pu démontrer qu’une seule exposition à la cocaïne augmente l’activité de base des neurones DA. Chez ces animaux, les effets excitateurs de la morphine sont potentialisés confirmant ainsi l’hypothèse que l’amplitude de l’activation des neurones DA par la morphine dépend de leur état d’excitabilité. / Dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are influenced by several stimuli such as natural rewards or drugs of abuse. Drugs shunt learning mechanisms which underlie motivation for natural reinforcers. Under physiological conditions, DA neurons are regulated by a balance between GABA and glutamatergic inputs. They receive several inhibitory inputs especially from the nucleus accumbens, VTA local interneurons and GABA neurons of the tail of the VTA (tVTA). Glutamate is also important in modulating DA neuron activity. It controls their bursting activity which is the most efficient way to release dopamine and to encode reward-associated informations. It allows long term synaptic adaptations important for addiction. Knowing how these endogenous factors control VTA DA neuron excitability is essential to understand physiological (search for pleasure…) and pathological (drug addiction…) processes.In the first part of my thesis, we studied the regulation of the VTA by the hippocampal formation including the ventral subiculum and the ventral CA1 area (vSUB/CA1). Using electrophysiological approaches in anesthetized animal, we showed that the vSUB/CA1 controls VTA DA neurons and that this input is glutamatergic. We also demonstrated that the vSUB/CA1-VTA pathway is polysynaptic implicating the BNST as a relay. I also confirmed the inhibitory control of the VTA by tVTA, new GABA input to DA neurons. Thus, in vivo, DA neurons are regulated by a balance between GABA and glutamatergic inputs. The second part of my research consisted in studying the neuronal circuits underlying excitatory effects of morphine on VTA DA neurons in vivo. The actual hypothesis is that morphine excites DA neurons by a disinhibition mechanism inhibiting VTA GABA neurons. Using several approaches (electrophysiological approaches in anesthetized animal, tract-tracing methods), we proposed a new circuitry explaining morphine effects. These excitatory effects result from a modification of the balance between GABA and glutamatergic inputs with a decrease of the GABA tone and an increase of the glutamatergic tone. Finally, we demonstrated that an acute cocaine exposure increases DA neuron activity. In animals exposed to cocaine, morphine excitatory effects are potentiated. This last experiment confirms the hypothesis that the amplitude of morphine-induced activation of VTA DA neurons depends on their excitability state.

Cette thèse a comme objectif l’étude des processus de plasticité du réseau bulbo-spinal respiratoire après une lésion spinale cervicale unilatérale en C2, qui induit une interruption de la majorité des fibres respiratoires. Cette étude est réalisée par une approche de traçage de voies, couplée à une approche immunohistochimique, biochimique et électrophysiologique.La lésion latérale chronique induit dans la région sus-lésionnelle C1/C2 une diminution du nombre de fibres bulbo-spinales marquées et de la surface de la substance blanche. Nous observons cependant une augmentation du nombre de fibres repoussant dans la substance grise, y compris de terminaisons axonales, ainsi qu’une augmentation du nombre de neurones respiratoires se projetant vers les noyaux phréniques en C3/C4. Suite à la lésion, une sous-population de neurones respiratoires axotomisés exprime des marqueurs de réponse post-lésionnelle.Ces processus de plasticité pourraient contribuer à la récupération fonctionnelle. / The aim of this thesis was to study the anatomical and cellular plasticity processes of bulbospinal respiratory pathways after a unilateral cervical spinal injury C2, which leads to an interruption of the respiratory fibers. This study used an approach of anterograde and retrograde labeling, coupled with immunohistochemical, biochemical and electrophysiological methods.The chronic lateral lesion induced in sus-lesional area C1/C2 a decreased of number of bulbospinal fibers and a decreased white matter, but an increased number fibers sprouting in the gray matter, including axon terminals, and an increased number of respiratory neurons projecting to the phrenic nuclei in C3/C4. Following the lesion, a sub-population of axotomized respiratory neurons express markers of cell body post-lesion response. These processes of plasticity could contribute to functional recovery.

Tout d’abord, nous avons démontré l’origine périphérique de la corticostérone après l’administration d’un stress aigu. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé un modèle de souris déficient en transporteur de corticostérone : Corticosterone binding-globulin (Cbg-/-). Ensuite, nous avons déterminé si les effets rapides du stress sur le rappel mnésique dépendaient de mécanismes non-génomiques. Nous avons précisé si ces effets étaient médiés par les récepteurs aux minéralocorticoïdes (MR) ou aux glucocorticoïdes de l’hippocampe. Dans ce but dans un premier temps, nous avons injecté un complexe macromoléculaire de corticostérone (Cort-3CMO-BSA) qui ne franchit pas la membrane cellulaire pour évaluer l’implication de mécanismes membranaires. Dans un deuxième temps nous avons administré dans l’hippocampe dorsal (HD) ou ventral (HV), 15 minutes avant le stress, l’antagoniste MR (RU 28318) et l’antagoniste GR (RU 38486) et nous avons évalué les performances mnésiques à 15, 60, 105 et 120 minutes après le stress. En effet ces délais ont été choisis selon l’apparition de pics de corticostérone induit par le stress, mesurés par microdialyse, dans l’HD et l’HV.Les principaux résultats obtenus sont : i) les souris Cbg -/- ne présentent pas de déficit mnésique 15 min après l’administration d’un stress aigu, contrairement aux souris contrôles qui ont un déficit mnésique important; ii) De même, l’administration de métyrapone (un inhibiteur de synthèse de la corticostérone) prévient des effets rapides du stress sur la mémoire; iii) Nous avons démontré que les effets rapides délétères sont médiés par des récepteurs membranaires, puisque l’injection de Cort-3CMO-BSA dans l’HD produit des effets similaires au stress aigu. De plus, l’effet de l’injection du complexe Cort-3CMO-BSA n’est pas bloqué par l’injection systémique d’anisomycine (un inhibiteur de synthèse protéique) nous avons montré que les récepteurs membranaires aux glucocorticoïdes de type MR sont responsables des effets cognitifs rapides du stress et de la cort-3CMO-BSA sur le rappel mnésique ;iv) Dans l’HD, l’injection du RU 28318 bloquait les effets délétères du stress quand les performances mnésiques étaient évaluées 15 min après le stress, mais non aux délais plus longs. Au contraire, le RU 38486 prévenait les déficits mnésiques quand les performances étaient évaluées à 60 mais non à 105 min après le stress. Dans l’HV, le schéma opposé est observé puisque l’injection du RU 38486 est dénuée d’effet quand il est injecté à 60 min après le stress mais il bloque les déficits mnésiques induits 105 min après le stress. L’implication des récepteurs MR et GR et l’efficacité de leur antagoniste semble dépendant de l’évolution de la concentration de corticostérone au cours du temps dans l’HD et l’HV.Pour conclure, notre étude a mis en évidence que le stress aigu diminue le rappel mnésique hipocampo-dépendant par l’intermédiaire d’un mécanisme de “switch” impliquant les récepteurs MR puis GR de l’HD à des délais plus courts et ensuite seulement les récepteurs GR de l’HV à des délais plus long. / We first showed the peripheral origin of corticosterone after an acute stress administration (electric foot-shocks) using corticosterone binding globulin-deficient mice (Cbg -/-). Then, we intended to determine if the rapid effects of stress on memory retrieval depended on non-genomic mechanisms and in a further step to precise whether such effects are mediated by mineralocorticoid (MR) or glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the hippocampus. To that aims, we first injected a macromolecular complex of corticosterone (Cort-3CMO-BSA) that cannot cross the cell membrane to assess the involvement of membrane mechanisms. In a second step, we injected 15 minutes before stress delivery either in the dorsal (DH) or ventral (VH) hippocampus the MR antagonist (RU 28318) and GR antagonist (RU 38486) and evaluated memory at 15, 60, 105 and 120 minutes after stress delivery. Indeed, these delays were chosen according to the occurrence of stress-induced corticosterone peaks measured by microdialysis in DH and VH.The main results obtained in this study are: i) Cbg -/- mice are not affected by stress delivery occurring 15 minutes before memory testing, in contrast wild-type control mice which exhibited an important memory retrieval deficit; ii) Similarly, the rapid effects of stress on memory could be prevented by the systemic injection of metyrapone (a corticosterone synthesis inhibitor); iii) We showed that the rapid (15min) deleterious of stress on memory are mediated by membrane receptors, since the injection of Cort-3CMO-BSA in the DH produced similar effects as stress delivery. Moreover, the effect of the Cort-3CMO-BSA complex is not blocked by systemic injection of anisomycin (a protein synthesis inhibitor); iv) In DH, the injection of RU 28318 blocked the deleterious effects of stress when testing occurred 15 min after stress but not for longer delays. In contrast, RU 38486 prevented memory retrieval impairments when performance was evaluated at 60 but not at 105 min after stress. In addition, the opposite pattern was observed in VH since RU 38486 was denied of any effects when injected at 60 min but blocked the stress-induced memory impairments at the 105 min post-stress delay. The involvement of MR and GR receptors and consequently the efficiency of their antagonists seem to depend on the time-course evolutions of stress-induced corticosterone rises within the DH and VH.In conclusion, our study evidenced that acute stress impairs hippocampus-dependent memory retrieval via a switch mechanism involving the MR then GR in DH at shorter delays and then only GR in VH at longer delay.

O processamento visual se dá por duas vias, Dorsal (localização/movimento) mobilizada por TRS (tempo de reação simples), e Ventral (forma/cor) mobilizada por TER (tempo de reação escolha). Apresentamos uma nova abordagem para se investigar a distribuição dos recursos atencionais. Os métodos psicofísicos vigentes amostram repetidas vezes poucos pontos. Optou-se por amostrar muitos pontos na tela do computador poucas vezes, obtendo-se amostragem de uma grande área. Obteve-se um mapa de detalhamento da distribuição atencional. Experimentos de atenção voluntária: I. Tarefa de TRS, mobilizando a via Dorsal. Na situação de atenção difusa. II. TRE, mobilizando a via Ventral. Os estímulos possíveis diferiam na cor e foram respondidos ao se pressionar um botão, atenção difusa. III. TRE, focando-se a atenção em duas molduras, caracterizando atenção dividida. Os resultados demonstraram um favorecimento do hemicampo inferior para a TRS e um favorecimento do hemicampo superior para TER. Apareceram dois focos na atenção dividida fortalecendo a hipótese da divisão atencional. / Visual processing has two pathways: Dorsal (localization/movement) mobilized for Simple Reaction Time tasks (SRT); Ventral (shape/color) mobilized for Choice Reaction Time tasks (CRT). We presented an approach to investigate visual attentional resources. Usual psychophysical methods sample many times few points. We opted to sample many points few times aiming to enlarge the sampled visual field. It was obtained major details of the attentional distribution. Voluntary attention task: I. SRT, for Dorsal pathway. Stimuli were different in color answered triggering a button, in a diffusion attention paradigm. II. CRT, for Ventral pathway. Stimuli were two different color answered by triggering a button for each color in a diffuse paradigm. III. CRT, experimental subject instructed to focus attention in two frames for a splitted attention paradigm. Results showed anisotropy in the diffuse attention distribution, favouring the lower hemifield for SRT and superior hemifield for CRT. The splitted attention paradigm evidenced the presence of two attentional focuses.

OLIVEIRA, A.R. Envolvimento de receptores dopaminérgicos da área tegmental ventral e do complexo basolateral da amígdala na aquisição e na expressão do medo condicionado. 2010. 93 f. Tese (Doutorado) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. O condicionamento Pavloviano é um dos paradigmas mais utilizados para estudar as bases biológicas das emoções, assim como da aprendizagem e memória. A dopamina (DA) é um dos principais neurotransmissores envolvidos na mediação de estados de medo e ansiedade. Um conjunto crescente de evidências dá suporte à hipótese de que a ativação da via mesocorticolímbica, proveniente de neurônios dopaminérgicos da área tegmental ventral (ATV), é particularmente sensível à estimulação aversiva. Entre as regiões inervadas por esta via, o complexo basolateral da amígdala (BLA) é um componente essencial dos circuitos neurais do medo condicionado. Assim, o presente estudo explorou o envolvimento de mecanismos DA da ATV e do BLA, através do uso de agonistas e antagonistas de receptores DA, na aquisição e expressão do medo condicionado à luz. Não houve efeito das drogas DA no sobressalto potencializado pelo medo (SPM), quando injetadas na ATV antes do condicionamento, indicando que os receptores DA da ATV não participam da aquisição do medo condicionado à luz. Ao contrário, quando injetado na ATV antes do teste, quimpirole (agonista D2) reduziu o SPM, enquanto as demais drogas não tiveram efeito. A administração de SCH 23390 (antagonista D1) no BLA não produziu efeitos no SPM, indicando que os receptores D1 do BLA não parecem envolvidos na expressão do SPM. Já a administração de sulpirida (antagonista D2) no BLA inibiu o SPM produzido pela luz. Além disso, a expressão do medo condicionado foi associada a um aumento do congelamento e dos níveis extracelulares de DA no BLA, ambos inibidos com a administração de quimpirole na ATV. A capacidade do quimpirole em diminuir o SPM e o congelamento condicionado parece ser resultado de sua ação em auto-receptores D2 da ATV. A ativação desses receptores diminui os níveis de dopamina em áreas que recebem terminações da via mesocorticolímbica. Os resultados com a sulpirida realçam a importância dos receptores D2 do BLA na expressão do medo condicionado Pavloviano. / OLIVEIRA, A.R. Involvement of dopaminergic receptors of ventral tegmental area and basolateral amygdala in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear. 2010. 93 p. Thesis (Doctoral) Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. The Pavlovian fear conditioning is one of the most used paradigms to study the biological basis of emotion, as well as of learning and memory. Dopamine (DA) is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in mechanisms underlying states of fear and anxiety. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that excitation of the mesocorticolimbic pathway, originating from DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is particularly sensitive to fear-arousing stimuli. Among the forebrain regions innervated by this pathway, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is an essential component of the neural circuitry of conditioned fear. The present study explored the involvement of VTA and BLA DA receptors, using DA agonists and antagonists, in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear to a light conditioned stimulus (CS). None of the drugs used produced significant effects on fear-potentiated startle (FPS) when injected in VTA before conditioning, indicating that VTA DA receptors are not involved in the acquisition of conditioned fear to a light-CS. In contrast, when injected before the test session, intra-VTA quinpirole (D2 agonist) significantly reduced FPS, whereas the other drugs had no effect. Intra-BLA SCH 23390 (D1 antagonist) did not produce significant effects on FPS, indicating that BLA D1 receptors do not appear to be involved in the expression of FPS. On the other hand, intra-BLA sulpiride (D2 antagonist) inhibited FPS produced by light-CS previously paired with footshocks. Also, conditioned fear was associated with increased freezing and DA levels in the BLA, both inhibited by intra-VTA quinpirole. Quinpirole\'s ability to decrease FPS and conditioned freezing may be the result of an action on VTA D2 presynaptic autoreceptors. The activation of those receptors decreases dopamine levels in terminal fields of the mesocorticolimbic pathway. Sulpirides results stress the importance of BLA D2 receptors in the fear-activating effects of the Pavlovian conditioning.

A subluxação atlantoaxial em cães miniatura culmina em compressão da medula espinhal e mielopatia cervical de graus variáveis. Frequentemente o tratamento cirúrgico se faz necessário, sendo os implantes transarticulares uma das opções terapêuticas. Convencionalmente a passagem desses implantes baseia-se em pontos anatômicos de referência e ângulos genéricos preestabelecidos, todavia, devido ao estreito corredor ósseo o posicionamento ideal é desafiador. O desenvolvimento de métodos de planejamento cirúrgico individualizados poderia aumentar a acurácia na aplicação de implantes atlantoaxiais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um guia cirúrgico paciente-específico (GCPE) para colocação de pinos atlantoaxiais em cães miniaturas e comparar a eficácia desses dispositivos em relação a técnica cirúrgica convencional. Para tanto, dezesseis cadáveres de cães de até seis quilogramas foram dispostos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de oito cães, para serem submetidos a cirurgia de estabilização transarticular atlantoaxial com pinos lisos de 1,6 mm. Nos cães do Grupo A (GrA) a aplicação dos pinos foi guiada por um GCPE, desenvolvido com base em imagens de tomografia computadorizada (TC), a partir de técnicas de prototipagem rápida e impressão 3D por modelagem por fusão e deposição. Os cães do Grupo B (GrB), foram submetidos ao procedimento operatório convencional, sendo a passagem dos pinos guiada por referências anatômicas. Posteriormente ambos os grupos foram submetidos à exame de TC para avaliação da acurácia dos pinos. Para a avaliação do posicionamento dos implantes criou-se uma escala que ponderou a manutenção nos corredores seguros e os classificou de acordo com a estabilidade oferecida e a segurança da aplicação. Observou-se que não houve diferença significativa entre o método com GCPE e a cirurgia convencional, sendo que ambos grupos tiveram resultados expressivos de pinos inadequadamente aplicados, incluindo violação de corticais com obliteração do forame vertebral em 3 (37,5%) cães do GrA e 4 (50%) cães do GrB e obliteração do forame transverso em 3 (37,5%) animais do GrA e 1 (12,5%) do GrB. A aplicação de pinos em posição adequada bilateralmente foi observada em apenas 2 (25%) cães de cada grupo. Concluímos que a confecção de um GCPE para pinos transarticulares em cães miniaturas é viável, todavia, o modelo criado não foi capaz de aumentar a eficácia e segurança da cirurgia em relação à técnica convencional. / The atlantoaxial subluxation in miniature dogs leads to spinal cord compression and cervical myelopathy in several degrees. Commonly the surgical treatment is necessary, and one of therapeutic options are the transarticular fixation. Conventionally the passage of these implants is based on anatomical reference points and generics pre-established angles, however, due to the narrow bony corridor the ideal positioning is challenging. The development of individual surgical planning methods could improve the accuracy of atlantoaxial implants application. The present study aimed to develop a patient-specific surgical guide (PSSG) for placement of atlantoaxial pins in miniature dogs and to compare the efficacy of these devices related to the conventional surgical technique. Sixteen cadavers of dogs, up to six kilograms, were randomly placed in two groups of eight dogs each, to undergo atlantoaxial transarticular stabilization with Kirschner wires. On the Group A (GrA) the application of Kirschner wire were guided by a PSSG, developed based on computed tomography (CT) images, using rapid prototyping and fused deposition modeling 3D impression technique. The dogs of Group B (GrB) were submitted to conventional procedure, with the passage of the Kirschner wires guided by anatomical references. After surgeries, dogs in both groups were submitted to a CT scan to evaluate the accuracy of the implants. To evaluate the implants position a scale was created and considered the maintenance of the pins in the safe corridors and classified them according to the stability and safety of the application. It was observed that there was no significant difference between the PSSG method and the conventional surgery, and that both groups had expressive results of inappropriately applied pins, including obliteration of vertebral foramen in 3 (37.5%) dogs from GrA and 4 (50%) dogs from GrB and obliteration of the transverse foramen in 3 (37.5%) dogs from GrA and 1 (12, 5%) dog of GrB. The bilaterally application of pins in a suitable position was observed in only 2 (25%) dogs of each group. We concluded that the development of a PSSG for transarticular pins in miniature dogs is feasible, however, the model that we design was not able to increase the efficacy and safety of the surgery, compared to the conventional surgical technique.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_vcs_dr_arafo.pdf: 3128795 bytes, checksum: 3d66997069eddcbbbf04cf4e7e70700f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Quando os animais são confrontados com estímulos ambientais ameaçadores como a exposição ao predador ou estímulos como altura, iluminação e estímulos nociceptivos, exibem reações de defesa coordenadas e específicas. Nas últimas décadas, observa-se um crescente interesse pela utilização de estímulos naturalísticos para o estudo das bases neurais de emoções como o medo e ansiedade. Nesse contexto, o teste de exposição ao rato (RET), um novo modelo etológico de interação presa-predador, utilizando camundongos (presa) e ratos (predador), foi desenvolvido para avaliar a expressão de diferentes comportamentos defensivos na presa. Entretanto, poucos estudos foram conduzidos com esse modelo no intuito de investigar as bases neurais das respostas defensivas de camundongos expostos ao rato. Adicionalmente, evidências da literatura destacam que o hipocampo ventral (HV) e o complexo amidalóide (CA) parecem contribuir diferencialmente na modulação de respostas defensivas frente a estímulos proximais (predador) ou potenciais. Assim, o presente estudo foi conduzido para investigar o papel do HV e do CA nas respostas defensivas de camundongos exibidas diante do predador (rato) e do contexto associado ao predador. Para tal, o presente estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas. Na primeira delas, investigamos se o estresse da exposição ao predador no RET altera a secreção de corticosterona em camundongos e determinamos a magnitude e a duração desta secreção. Na segunda etapa, avaliamos o papel do HV e do CA, através da injeção local do agonista de receptores GABAA muscimol (0,1 μg/0,1 μl), na mediação de respostas comportamentais defensivas de camundongos expostos ao RET (situação proximal) e comparamos com aquelas apresentadas durante a exposição ao labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE - situação potencial). Subsequentemente, investigamos se camundongos expostos... / When animals are confronted with environmental threatening situations such as exposure to a predator as well as to height, high illumination and nociceptive stimuli they exhibit defensive behaviors. Over the past decades there has been a growing interest by the neuroscientists in the use of naturalistic stimuli to the study of the neural systems of the emotions such as fear and anxiety. In this context, the Rat Exposure Test (RET) which is a new ethological model of prey-predator interaction using mice (prey) and rats (predator) was developed in order to evaluate the expression of different defensive behaviors in the prey. However few studies using this model have been carried out with the objective of investigating the neural systems of the defensive behaviors in mice exposed to rats. In addition, evidence in literature has shown that the ventral hippocampus (VH) and the amygdaloid complex (AC) contribute differentially in the modulation of defensive behaviors during exposure to either potential or immediate stimuli (predator). Thus, the present study was aimed at investigating the role of VH and AC in the modulation of defensive behaviors of mice when exposed to predators (rats) as well as the predatory context. The experiment comprised four parts: (i) to investigate both whether stress regarding the exposure to the predator alters the corticosterone secretion in mice and to determine the magnitude and the duration of this secretion; (ii) the role of VH and AC was evaluated through local microinjection of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (0,1 μg/0,1 μl) in the modulation of defensive behavioral responses of mice exposed to RET (proximal aversive situation). The responses then were compared to those presented during to the exposure to the elevated plus-maze (EPM - potential aversive situation); (iii) to investigate whether mice exposed to natural predator (rat) in RET exhibit... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)