Actuellement, l'enseignement des langues étrangères a pour objectif général d’apprendre aux élèves à communiquer. En se référant à la communication visant à l'expression d'un vaste univers de croyances et de comportements qui sont exprimés de manière interactive et/ou non-interactive, grâce à des systèmes sensibles et/ou intelligibles. Lorsque ces croyances et comportements, ainsi que leurs formes d'expression, sont partagés par un groupe de personnes, nous sommes face au concept de culture. Les étudiants étrangers doivent donc acquérir l’essentiel des compétences qui leur permettront de communiquer avec des personnes d’une autre culture : ils devront alors connaître, comprendre et, autant que possible, acquérir la totalité des informations caractérisant cette culture, c'est-à-dire leurs activités verbales et non-verbales, leurs croyances et leurs systèmes de communication. La communication non verbale est un vaste champ à l'intérieur du système de communication culturel, qui concerne tous les signes et les systèmes de signes linguistiques qui sont utilisés pour communiquer. L'importance de l’intégration des signes et des systèmes intégrant la communication non verbale dans les programmes d'enseignement de FLE (Français Langue Etrangère) est signalée et incluse dans le Cadre Européen Commun de Référence pour les Langues : apprendre, enseigner, évaluer (Conseil de l'Europe, 2001). Dans le chapitre sur l'utilisation du langage, le CECRL recommande de tenir compte des compétences que les élèves doivent acquérir concernant les actions et gestes utilisés avec des mots (la communication verbale et non-verbale), et les situations dans lesquelles les étudiants auront à mettre en œuvre ces compétences. En outre, il est indiqué que les apprenants de langues étrangères doivent être capables de déterminer, reconnaître et comprendre les comportements para-linguistiques, gestuels, proxémiques et mimétiques de la langue cible (Conseil de l'Europe, 2001 : 72-73). L’objectif principal de cette étude est de sélectionner des signes non-verbaux au sens large pour l'application à l'enseignement et à l'apprentissage du FLE pour un public libyen. Dans la classe, ces éléments peuvent être introduits à l’aide de documents vidéos représentant des situations authentiques afin que les apprenants puissent observer les signes non verbaux et les réutiliser correctement lors de contacts interculturels / Currently, the teaching of foreign languages generally aims to teach students to communicate. Referring to the communication to the expression of a vast universe of beliefs and behaviors that are expressed interactively and / or non-interactively, thanks to sensitive and / or intelligible systems. When these beliefs and behaviors, and their forms of expression, are shared by a group of people, we are facing the concept of culture. Thus, foreign students must acquire the essential skills that will enable them to communicate with people of another culture : they will then know, understand and, if possible, acquire all of the information characterizing this culture, that is their verbal and non-verbal activities, their beliefs and communication systems. Nonverbal communication is a vast field within the cultural system of communication, concerning all signs and linguistic signs systems that are used to communicate. The importance of the integration of signs and systems incorporating non-verbal communication in the curricula of FFL (French as a Foreign Language) is reported and included in the European Framework of Reference for Languages : learning, teaching, assessing (Council of Europe, 2001). In the chapter about the use of language, the CEFRL recommends taking into account the skills that students must acquire concerning the actions and gestures used with words (verbal and nonverbal communication), and the situations in which the students will have to implement these skills. Furthermore, it is stated that foreign language learners must be able to identify, recognize and understand the behaviors of paralinguistic, gestural, proxemics and facial expressions of the target language (Council of Europe, 2001: 72-73). The main objective of this study is to select non-verbal signs in the broadest sense for the application to the teaching and learning of the FFL for a Libyan public. In the classroom, these elements can be introduced using video documents representing authentic situations so that learners can observe non-verbal signs and re-use them correctly when intercultural contacts

Investigación hemerográfica avalada por la reconstrucción y la deconstrucción de documentos portadores del eco social de un personaje, Francisco Rabal, que ni pasó desapercibido por la sociedad, los escenarios y los platós, ni puede ser ignorado por la historia y los anales del cine, el teatro y la interpretación en general. Han sido utilizados métodos concretos de investigación social de carácter cualitativo, descriptivo e interpretativo; análisis de contenidos de prensa en una investigación rigurosa sobre el tratamiento periodístico visto aquel en el escenario del universo del mensaje y contemplado éste tanto por sí solo como desde la perspectiva hemerográfica, en la que adquiere una importancia extrema la comunicación no verbal, el valor de lo icónico. Los interesados en estas investigaciones encontrarán una herramienta muy válida: la conjunción de periodismo y sociología para que el resultado ofrezca esa visión transversal solamente presente en el ámbito contextualizado de las Ciencias Humanas. / Newspaper investigation guaranteed by the construction and the desconstruction of documents , bearers of the social echo of a character, Francisco Rabal, who neither went unnoticed by the society, the stages and the sets, nor can be ignored by the cinema history and annals, the theatre and the performance in general. Specific methods of social investigation of qualitative, descriptive and interpretative nature have been used: press contents analysis in a rigorous research about the journalistic processing, seen the former in the scene of the universe of the message and considered the latter so much by itself as from the newspaper prospect, in which the non verbal communication, the value of the icon acquires an extreme importance.People interested in these investigations will find a very valid tool: the conjunction of journalism and sociology for the result to offer that cross view only set in the context of Human Sciences.

In the essay, "From Mimism to Music in the Child" (1935), Jousse, the French linguistic anthropologist, * describes the process whereby instinctive learning takes place and develops into cognitive motor skills in the Child; * traces the connections between the stages of learning and the skills acquired by the Child. These skills include gestural mimic imitation, drawing, listening, speaking, and musical expression; * makes specific recommendations about the process of teaching the Child; * relates the stages in the early learning processes in the Child to the development globally and universally of the anthropos; * demonstrates the relationship between Man and his fellows, both as individuals and as expression of cultural distinction, and between Man and the universe; * comments on the distinction between human and animal learning capacities; * explains the roles of key features in human expression; *explains aspects of cultural and linguistic change; * comments on cultural and linguistic change. In this research-essay, I am * attempting to clarify, in various degrees, all of the above: the learning issues receive more attention than do the rest; * attempting to identify the similarities and differences between the thinking and views on learning of Jousse with those particularly of Rudolf Laban, and incidentally of Montessori and Lenneberg; * demonstrating an 'Oral-Style text'. The Introduction to this research-essay summarises the thinking of Jousse and Laban. The Body of the study: * provides biographical information about Jousse and Laban; * explains the difficulties and problems encountered with the text of the essay "From Mimism to Music in the Child"; * comments on the nature and operation of Oral-Style texts and their cognitive and affective influence upon the reader; * contextualises and interprets the text of the essay, "From Mimism and Music in the Child". The Conclusion adds comments, and suggests areas for further study and investigation. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, 1995.

Esta investigación se enmarca dentro del campo de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de segundas lenguas, concretamente, dentro del ámbito de la enseñanza del español como segunda lengua. El marco teórico en el que se inscribe es el que aporta la teoría sociocultural y la metodología de investigación utilizada proviene del paradigma interpretativo (cualitativo). En síntesis, este trabajo ha consistido en el estudio de los procesos de construcción y gestión del conocimiento explícito durante la instrucción formal de la lengua objeto de estudio, en dos grupos multilingües de nivel principiante de una escuela oficial de idiomas, sin lengua vehicular común a todos los aprendientes. Hemos analizado y hemos descrito el tipo de comunicación que se genera entre profesor y aprendiente en la clase de español/ L2, entendiendo por comunicación tanto la verbal como la no verbal (kinésica y proxémica), y hemos comparado las percepciones que tanto profesores como aprendientes tienen de todo este proceso / This research is framed in the second language acquisition field, specifically, in the studies of Spanish as a second language. The theoretical framework in which this research is included is the one that provides with the sociocultural tradition and the methodology used for comes from the interpretative (qualitative) paradigm. In summary, this research work consisted in the study of how is constructed and negotiated explicit knowledge during the formal instruction of the language studied in class, in two multilingual groups of beginners without a common vehicular language to all the learners. We studied and we described the way of communication that is generated among teacher and students during Spanish formal instruction, understanding the communication concept both verbal and non-verbal communication, and we compared the perceptions that teachers and students have about all this process

The Mesopotamian inscriptions and collections in ancient Mesopotamia consist of different meanings extended over long time-periods and with social, political, economic and ethnic differences. Scholars in determining whether the texts are an authentic source for Mesopotamian law traditions developed different theories and each of these theories has different variations. In a literature study to obtain if the inscriptions and collections are an authentic source, the different theories and methodologies of the inscriptions and collections were mentioned and the inscriptions and collections were tested in accordance with the characteristics of the Mesopotamian law traditions. Until new interpretation of documents of daily activities and legal activities, which can prove, that these texts are an authentic source, the interpretation of the collections and inscriptions on the legal issues of ancient Mesopotamians must be applied with caution and studied together with the greater corpus of cuneiform texts. / Old Testament and Ancient Near East Studies / M.A. (Ancient Near East Studies)

The aim of this thesis is to attempt to summarize what communication possibilities children suffering from a serious form of infantile cerebral palsy have, to describe them and possibly to clarify what exactly restricts these possibilities. The thesis also tries to answer the question in what way the communication of these individuals differs from the communication of intact persons. The core of the thesis resides in a theoretical exposition which deals - among others - with the communication process and its verbal and non-verbal parts, the diagnostic characterization of the infantile cerebral palsy and the impaired communication ability in symptomatic speech disorders which are associated with this disability. It describes how especially mobility impairment and mental retardation are reflected in the way and possibilities of communication. Special attention is paid to methods of alternative and augmentative communication which can be used as a therapy in the stimulation of the development of communication and speech skills, and which very often represent one of few possible ways of communicating for persons with this disability. The theoretical part is accompanied by video recordings showing communication of four girls suffering from infantile cerebral palsy. As manifestations of this diagnosis...

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die primere skoolkind bevind horn in 'n fase van groot verandering wat aanpassings verg en hoe eise stel. Die ervaringe wat die kind gedurende hierdie tydperk opdoen, is beduidend omdat dit sy vormingsjare is. Omdat die kind nie altyd kan verbaliseer watter probleme hy ervaar nie, is met hierdie studie gepoog om vas te stel of skooltekeninge van enige diagnostiese waarde kan wees om die kind in nood te verstaan. Die empiriese studie het bewys dat skooltekeninge nie net waarde as 'n identifiseringsmedium inhou nie, maar ook as 'n aanvullende ortopedagogiese medium aangewend kan word. Die kind neig om sy probleme, persepsies, houdings en so meer visueel te projekteer. Hoewel hierdie studie bevindinge van vroeere navorsing bevestig, is bepaalde verskille ook geidentifiseer. Die studie is afgesluit met riglyne vir die gebruik van skooltekeninge, asook aanbevelings met die oog op die verfyning van hierdie projeksiemedium. / The primary school child finds himself in a phase of great change which makes high demands and requires adjustments. What happens to the child during these years is critical because these are foundation laying years. Because a child is not always able to verbalise problems which he may experience, this study is an . endeavour to determine whether school drawings have any diagnostic value to identify a child in need. The empirical study has confirmed that school drawings have diagnostic value not only as a medium of identification, but also as a supplementary orthopedagogical medium. The child· tends to project his problems, perceptions and attitude visually. Although this study confirms findings of previous studies, certain differences were also identified. The study was concluded with guidelines for the use of school drawings, as well as recommendations regarding the refinement of this projection medium. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (met spesialisering in Voorligting)

The dissertation is focused to the field of communication and it is divided up to three sections, which concur in order. The first section is aimed to delimitation, definiton, functions and types of social communication. The second section is applied to the pedagogic communication in a primary school background, and there are stated, as well as in the first section, definitions, functions and verbal and nonverbal communication. There are new chapters added to this section, which subsequently apply to the goal, subject, rules of pedagogic communication and the time aspect, that together with organizing forms and methods of teaching has the influence on the pedagogic communication. The last section is concentrated on the pedagogic communication in a after school daycare background, the content structure copies the previous section. For further specification, there is a chapter added in this section, that is focused to after school daycare as a place for education and cultivation in the time of not school teaching. The goal of this dissertation was the comparison of differences in pedagogic communication in a primary school and in a after-school daycare.

Discourse pervades all areas of human activity. Beyond the use of verbal communication, discourse also extends to non-verbal elements such as body language, facial expressions, intonation and laughter. Despite the wide range of studies that examine the structures and nature of political discourse, very few have looked at the ways in which politicians use non-verbal elements and, in particular, laughter as part of their discourse strategies. This study looks at the use of laughter in the German Bundestag by analysing 16,000 observations of laughter taken from the transcripts of 847 plenary sessions spanning four electoral terms. The study finds that laughter can be used by politicians as a non-verbal means of expressing opinion and making a statement without breaking the stringent rules of conduct. The use of laughter in parliament can provide information on party alliances, both current and traditional, as well as the general ‘mood’ of the electoral period. Due to the changing nature of political debates and the increasing rejection of ‘traditional’ means of doing politics, fascinating changes are taking place in the political landscape.:1 Introduction 2 Discourse analysis 2.1 Political discourse analysis 2.2 Parliamentary debates 2.2.1 According to Klein 2.2.2 Parliamentary discourse as monologue, dialogue or trialogue? 2.2.3 Interjections as parliamentary discourse 2.3 Non-verbal communication 3 Humour 3.1 Humour in politics 3.2 The study of humour in politics 4 Background 4.1 The German Bundestag 4.2 Stenographic reports 4.2.1 Written or spoken language? 4.2.2 The difference between Lachen and Heiterkeit 4.3 Electoral term specifics 5 Data 5.1 Hypotheses 5.2 Description of the analysis 6 Results 7 Discussion 7.1 Reflections 7.2 Outlook 8 Conclusion References

En el presente estudio se investiga la importancia de la comunicación no verbal (CNV) en el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras. En relación con el aprendizaje y la enseñanza de verbos de rutina identificamos un posible problema que surgía durante la enseñanza de ciertos momentos gramaticales cuando estos se introducían de manera exclusivamente lingüística. El objetivo de esta tesina es por tanto analizar y describir cómo podría favorecer al aprendizaje de español como lengua extranjera (ELE) el uso de la gesticulación como estrategia didáctica no lingüística en el salón escolar sueco; ya que este tipo de comunicación no verbal es común entre los hispanoparlantes y hace parte del contexto cultural de la lengua meta. Nuestro estudio nace tras la observación realizada durante las prácticas pedagógicas que tuvieron lugar en Suecia, país en el que la CNV está presente en los planes curriculares. Con base en las observaciones de campo se hizo posible constatar que el docente ante problemáticas asociadas con la comprensión y la fluidez comunicativa, utilizaba inmediatamente el sueco cuando surgía un problema de comprensión (Skolinspektion, 2010). Este tipo de deficiencias podrían ser solventadas mediante el uso de gestos corporales ilustrativos (Cestero, 2017), como una estrategia compensatoria, esto es un conjunto de técnicas de aprendizaje que solventan un problema comunicativo (Rodríguez Ruiz y Merás García, 2005). En nuestro estudio han colaborado seis grupos de alumnos pertenecientes a cuatro escuelas suecas además de los respectivos docentes de cada grupo. También se realizaron encuestas a algunos alumnos y entrevistas a parte del equipo docente. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos muestran como el aprendizaje de verbos reflexivos es más efectivo cuando se utiliza la CNV como estratégica didáctica en el aula de ELE mejorando también el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. / This study investigates the importance of non-verbal communication (CNV) in learning foreign languages. In relation to learning and teaching routine verbs, we identified a possible problem that arose when, during the teaching of certain grammatical moments, these were introduced exclusively linguistically. The objective of this dissertation is therefore to analyze and describe how the use of gesturing as a non-linguistic teaching strategy in the Swedish school classroom could favor learning Spanish for foreigners (ELE); since this type of nonverbal communication is common among Spanish speakers and is part of the cultural context of the target language. Our study was initiated after the observation made during the pedagogical practices that took place in Sweden, a country where the CNV is present in the curricular plans. Based on the field observations, it became possible to verify that when the teacher faced problems associated with comprehension and communicative fluency, she usually turned to the mother tongue immediately when a comprehension problem arose (Skolinspektion, 2010). These types of deficiencies could be solved through the use of illustrative body gestures (Cestero, 2017), as a compensatory strategy understood as a type of learning technique that solves a communication problem (Rodríguez Ruiz and Merás García, 2005). Six groups of students belonging to four Swedish schools have collaborated in our study in addition to the respective teachers of each group. Surveys were also carried out with some students and interviews with part of the teaching team. Finally, the results obtained show how the learning of reflexive verbs is more effective when the CNV is used as a didactic strategy in the ELE classroom, also improving the teaching-learning process.