The Sami indigenous peoples in Northern Scandinavia face ongoing pressures to maintain their traditional way of life. Today, scholars of resilience and sustainability studies have looked towards indigenous tourism to deliver income diversity and cultural preservation. However, to date, this realization has been slow. Thus, the landmark ruling on the 23rd of January 2020 whereby one Sami community, the Girjas Sameby, was awarded the exclusive rights to administer hunting and fishing licenses against the Swedish State, could present a new opportunity to achieve these goals. Against this backdrop, a mixed-methods case study was conducted within their district to investigate if this verdict translated into opportunities for sustainable tourism development. Particularly as this case sets a legal precedent, many other Sami communities are expected to follow. Twenty-four respondents from three stakeholder groups, namely the Sami, tourism entrepreneurs and tourists, highlighted challenges for sustainable tourism development due to the new exclusionary rules instituted by the Sami and still weak sustainable travel trends in the region. The data emphasizes strained relationships between stakeholders and notes an increase in conflicts subsequent to the verdict. Arguably, the most significant opportunity presents itself not in the growth of tourism but rather in the preservation of nature and the now unavoidable convergence stakeholders are forced into, which, until recently, has been limited. Presenting the prospects for building collaborative relationships, which ultimately can help break down age-old stigmas as mutual trust and respect are developed.

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The majority of attacks made upon modern computers have been successful due to the exploitation of the same errors and weaknesses that have plagued computer systems for the last thirty years. Because the industry has not learned from these mistakes, new protocols and systems are not designed with the aspect of security in mind; and security that is present is typically added as an afterthought. What makes these systems so vulnerable is that the security design process is based upon assumptions that have been made in the past; assumptions which now have become obsolete or irrelevant. In addition, fundamental errors in the design and implementation of systems repeatedly occur, which lead to failures. This research presents a comprehensive analysis of the types of attacks that are being leveled upon computer systems and the construction of a general taxonomy and methodologies that will facilitate design of secure protocols. To develop a comprehensive taxonomy, existing lists, charts, and taxonomies of host and network attacks published over the last thirty years are examined and combined, revealing common denominators among them. These common denominators, as well as new information, are assimilated to produce a broadly applicable, simpler, and more complete taxonomy. It is shown that all computer attacks can be broken into a taxonomy consisting of improper conditions: <b>V</b>alidation <b>E</b>xposure <b>R</b>andomness <b>D</b>eallocation <b>I</b>mproper <b>C</b>onditions <b>T</b>axonomy; hence described by the acronym <b>VERDICT</b>. The developed methodologies are applicable to both wired and wireless systems, and they are applied to some existing Internet attacks to show how they can be classified under VERDICT. The methodologies are applied to the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network protocol and numerous vulnerabilities are found. Finally, an extensive annotated bibliography is included. / Ph. D.

This study consisted of a social network analysis based on public verdicts with evidence from the encrypted service EncroChat. The aim of this study was to investigate different aspects within the network. The study related to two theories: differential association and social organization. Through the method of network analysis, the results showed that the data has many levels and that the network formation may shift appearance depending on analyzing perspective. It concludes that network leaders presented by the prosecutor do not have a central position according to the graphs and that women in the network are peripheral. The results showed cooperation within larger geographical areas which may suggest larger organization according to social organization theory. According to differential association theory there are reasons to suggest that the theory is applicable to the study. / Studien bestod av social nätverksanalys via offentligt material från en tingsrätt. Arbetet utgick från en specifik dom med huvudsaklig bevisning genom den krypterade tjänsten EncroChat och ytterligare domar samlades därefter in i en andra generation. Syftet var att studera olika aspekter av nätverket. Studien tog avstamp i två teorier; differentiella associationer och social organisationsteori. Genom social nätverksanalytisk metod visade studiens resultat att datamaterialet har många nivåer och att nätverkets sammansättning kan skifta beroende på analytiskt perspektiv. Analysen visade att åklagarens utpekade ledare av nätverket inte fick en central position i arbetets nätverksgrafer samt att kvinnor förekom i periferin. Resultaten visade även på samarbeten över större geografiska områden vilket kan indikera en större organisering utifrån social organisationsteori. Sett till teorin differentiella associationer fanns det goda skäl att anta att teorin var applicerbar gentemot studien.

Islamic Jurisprudence comprises of the laws that govern a Muslims daily life. The Prophet Muhammad explained and practically demonstrated these laws. The jurists studied the Quran and the Prophet's life and they adopted a refined methodology which they used to extract legal rulings and verdicts. This methodology is known as the Principles of Jurisprudence. The jurists expanded on this methodology with some differences among them on the usage and the application of some aspects as acceptable forms of evidence. Eventually, the Muslim world was left with four schools of jurisprudence that are present to this day. There are differences between these schools on some issues but these differences never caused conflict, instead it provided us with a wealth of knowledge. We need to study these schools and its principles together with the objectives and intent of the Shariah and utilize this to find solutions to all new issues that arise. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M. A. (Islamic Studies)

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-12-04T15:40:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Kucker Zaffari_.pdf: 1654715 bytes, checksum: e9ee9aabed63005fe69d8efe5ad37fac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-04T15:40:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Kucker Zaffari_.pdf: 1654715 bytes, checksum: e9ee9aabed63005fe69d8efe5ad37fac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-04 / Nenhuma / O Código de Processo Civil de 2015 prescreveu dentre suas normas fundamentais a obrigatoriedade de observância dos valores e princípios constantes na Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988, dentre os quais o Princípio do Contraditório e o Dever de Fundamentar a decisão judicial. Em um Estado Democrático de Direito, cujo plus normativo consiste na realização dos direitos fundamentais, o processo se torna o mais sofisticado meio para a concretização dos compromissos incumpridos pela modernidade. Nesse sentido, o Código de Processo introduz expressamente no ordenamento brasileiro a obrigatoriedade de enfrentamento na sentença de todos os argumentos deduzidos pelas partes que seriam suficientes para infirmar a decisão. As associações de classe da magistratura nacional têm se insurgido em razão desta obrigatoriedade e parte dos juízes consideram que a inovação, como elemento estruturante da sentença, apenas contribuirá para um Poder Judiciário mais ineficiente. Esta pesquisa investiga as consequências do descumprimento deste dever, iniciando pelo seu aspecto histórico, estado da arte na distinção entre motivação e fundamentação, e o seu adequado enquadramento como direito fundamental e forma de concretização do Princípio do Contraditório para a concretização de um Estado Democrático de Direito. / The Code of Civil Procedure of 2015 prescribes among its fundamental norms the obligation to observe the values and principles contained in the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, among which the Principle of Contradictory and the Duty to Ground the judicial decision. In a Democratic State of Law, whose normative more consists in the realization of fundamental rights, the process becomes the most sophisticated means for the fulfillment of the compromises imperfected by modernity. In this sense, the Code of Procedure expressly introduces in the Brazilian legal system the obligation to confront in the sentence of all the arguments deduced by the parties that would be enough to invalidate the decision. Class Associations in the national judiciary have been upset because of this obligation and part of the judges consider that innovation, as a structuring element of the sentence, will only contribute to a more inefficient judiciary. This dissertation investigates the consequences of noncompliance with this duty, beginning with its historical aspect, state of the art in the distinction between motivation and judicial reasoning, and its adequate framing as a fundamental right and form of concretization of the Contradictory Principle for the concretization of a Democratic State of Right.

Islamic Jurisprudence comprises of the laws that govern a Muslims daily life. The Prophet Muhammad explained and practically demonstrated these laws. The jurists studied the Quran and the Prophet's life and they adopted a refined methodology which they used to extract legal rulings and verdicts. This methodology is known as the Principles of Jurisprudence. The jurists expanded on this methodology with some differences among them on the usage and the application of some aspects as acceptable forms of evidence. Eventually, the Muslim world was left with four schools of jurisprudence that are present to this day. There are differences between these schools on some issues but these differences never caused conflict, instead it provided us with a wealth of knowledge. We need to study these schools and its principles together with the objectives and intent of the Shariah and utilize this to find solutions to all new issues that arise. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M. A. (Islamic Studies)

La médiation est devenue un moyen privilégié pour régler des nombreux conflits, notamment ceux en rapport avec le commerce, et plus particulièrement avec le commerce international. Sur le plan national, les parties en conflit préfèrent souvent ce moyen pour régler leur conflit à chaque fois que la loi ne s’y oppose pas. Ceci est dû à plusieurs raisons dont la plus importante est liée à la lenteur de la justice. Sur le plan international, des nombreux pays, notamment ceux en voie de développement, ne sont en mesure d’attirer des investissements des capitaux étrangers que s’ils considèrent la médiation comme moyen de règlement des conflits. L’avantage de ce moyen réside dans le fait que la médiation est rapide, simple et permet au justiciable d’obtenir ses droits de façon aisée. Ces caractéristiques de la médiation restent valables du point de vue théorique. Mais en pratique, les choses sont plus compliquées et peuvent gêner le déroulement de l’arbitrage, par exemple. Prenons en exemple les conflits civils dont le règlement nécessite souvent la mise en œuvre de certaines actions qui conduisent effectivement à la solution du conflit en question. Cette initiative de mise en œuvre de l’action n’ est pas réservée aux parties de conflits . Mais, l’organisme habilité à résoudre le conflit peut également prendre cette initiative seul, ou à la demande d’une de deux parties . Ces mesures et actions décidées par un tribunal ou par une médiation représentent le facteur temps dans le règlement des conflits. C’est à ce moment-là que peuvent apparaître les difficultés qui sont en rapport soit avec le déroulement du conflit lui- même, soit avec l’exécution du jugement prononcé. Ce moyen pour régler les conflits mérite bien d’être privilégié car, d’une part il peut effectivement mettre fin au conflit et d’autre part il peut avoir les mêmes forces que le jugement d’un tribunal. Pour ces raisons, les protagonistes le préfèrent. Nous avons donc choisi ce sujet du facteur temps dans la médiation pour les raisons suivantes : *illustrer le facteur temps dans la médiation puisqu’il s’agit d’un élément indissociable du sujet du conflit qui fait l’objet de la médiation même ; *Définir la partie qui a en charge le règlement de ce genre de conflits suivant les règles juridiques de références et explorer la complétude de ces règles pour pouvoir ensuite dire dans quelle direction doit être dirigé le règlement du conflit : vers la médiation ou vers la justice ? / Mediation has become a preferred way to resolve many conflicts, including those related to international trade. Nationally, the conflicting party often prefer this method to resolve their dispute whenever the law requires otherwise pas.Ceci is due to several reasons, the most important being the slow pace of justice. Internationally, many countries, particularly those in developing countries, are able to benefit from investments of foreign capital that they consider mediation as a dispute resolution means .l'avantage this means is that that mediation is a fast, simple and allows litigants to obtain their rights easily. These characteristics of mediation are still valid théorique.Mais perspective in practice, things are more complicated and may interfere with the conduct of mediation if, in his objet.Prenons example civil conflict whose resolution often requires implementation certain actions that actually lead to the solution of the conflict in question. This initiative implementation of the action is not limited to parts of conflits.Mais, the body authorized to resolve the conflict can also take this one initiative or at the request of one of two parts. These measures and actions decided by a court or mediation are the time factor in conflict resolution. It was at this time that may appear difficulties are related either the conduct of the conflict itself Even either the conduct of the implementation of the judgment delivered.

在訴訟審理之過程中，鑑識會計輔助法官釐清複雜商業交易的角色，日趨重要。本研究以地方法院民事訴訟之判決書為研究樣本，探討我國司法體制下，當事人主動聲請鑑定、案件爭點涉及損害賠償、案件複雜程度以及當事人特徵是否為影響有權命行鑑定者命行會計鑑定決策之重要因素。本研究之實證結果顯示，在財務或會計相關之訴訟中，當事人主動聲請鑑定及案件爭點涉及損害賠償之判斷兩因素與命行會計鑑定之決策呈顯著正相關，表示此兩因素將使有權命行鑑定者命行會計鑑定之可能性增加。案件複雜程度(以原告聲明數量及是否有反訴衡量)與命行會計鑑定之決策呈現顯著正相關，表示當原告聲明數量愈多及有反訴之情形時，有權命行鑑定者命行會計鑑定之可能性較高。至於當事人特徵變數，研究結果發現，當事人為上市、櫃公司時，與命行會計鑑定之決策呈顯著負相關。亦即，當事人為上市、上櫃公司時，有權命行鑑定者決定命行會計鑑定之可能性較低。 / The legal supporting role of forensic accountant in litigation process via clarifying the complex business transactions has become increasing important in recent years. Based on a sample of civil litigation verdicts issued by district courts located in Taiwan, this study explores whether the presence of voluntary request for forensic accounting service by the plaintiff or the defendant, damage claim-related litigations, the complexity of litigations and the features of the litigation parties are associated with the decision made by the judge to request a forensic accounting service. The empirical results indicate that in financial or accounting related civil litigations, the presence of voluntary request for forensic accounting service and damage claim-related litigation issues are significantly and positively associated with judge’s decision to request forensic accounting service. This study also finds that the complexity of litigation cases (measured the number of plaintiff’s motions and a counter-claim made by defendant) are significantly and positively related to the use of forensic accounting service decision. With respect to the feature of litigation parties, the findings show that litigations with listed company as one of the parties are significantly but negatively associated with the use of forensic accounting service.

Cette thèse tire son originalité du fait qu’elle se situe à la croisée des chemins entre droit et sciences sociales. En mettant en œuvre une sociologie juridique de notre système accusatoire au Canada, nous cherchons à comprendre les manières par lesquelles se construit une vérité judiciaire dans les procès criminels. Dans le cadre d’une perspective ethnométhodologique, cette thèse a pour finalité de cerner les méthodes pratiques employées par les acteurs judiciaires dans leur quotidien afin de produire une vérité judiciaire en tant que fait social objectif. Nous nous sommes ainsi penchés sur l’ensemble des pratiques et des raisonnements qui s’inscrivent dans un contexte d’action où chaque acteur judiciaire est propulsé à rendre compte de sa version de la « vérité », et par voie de conséquence, chercher l’adhésion du juge. Les cas examinés concernent des voies de fait jugés au Québec. Dans un premier temps, cette thèse montre qu’une vérité judiciaire résulte d’un processus de construction, dans lequel la poursuite catégorise des faits en « crime » et l’image d’un individu en « criminel », pour établir la culpabilité de l’accusé hors de tout doute raisonnable. Dans un deuxième temps, une vérité judiciaire est le résultat d’un processus de déconstruction où la défense remet en question ces catégorisations par l’examen de la vraisemblance des faits et de la crédibilité d’un témoin. Dans un troisième temps, la vérité judiciaire est le résultat d’un processus de reconstruction où la défense présente une version alternative aux catégorisations initiales de la poursuite. Alors que le premier processus s’acharne sur l’activité pratique de la poursuite, les deux derniers nous ont permis de comprendre comment le jeu du doute s’opère dans l’activité pratique de la défense. Dans un dernier temps, la thèse montre qu’une vérité judiciaire est déterminée par le juge, ce dernier étant porté à se positionner sur des versions contradictoires par l’examen de la rigueur, de la consistance, de la vraisemblance et de la crédibilité des témoignages.