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Improving access, experiences and outcomes of maternity services for vulnerable migrantsMcCarthy, Rose, Haith-Cooper, Melanie, Flores, D. January 2015 (has links)
Yes
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MatchCare: Servicio de acompañamiento al adulto mayorAguirre Gestro, María del Carmen, Canteño Lopez, Dalila, Montaño Astete, Ada Hyderlin, Venegas Menéndez, Bruno Alberto 08 July 2020 (has links)
Este plan de negocios busca impactar en una población vulnerable, que tiene además un nicho bastante atractivo ya que el crecimiento de esta población se viene dando desde hace varios años, inclusive a nivel mundial, pero aun así tiene una oferta bastante limitada de productos y servicios, por lo tanto, cuenta con necesidades desatendidas. Con este proyecto queremos llegar a esta población con un servicio innovador, exclusivo y que brinde toda una experiencia, consiste en ofrecer un servicio de acompañamiento al adulto mayor a nivel de Lima Moderna del NSE A y B, conectando por medio de una página web dinámica y sencilla a adultos mayores con personas que tengan los mismos intereses y gustos, para poder acompañarlos pero de una manera distinta, compartiendo con ellos estos gustos que de cierta manera los vinculan para finalmente ayudar a mejorar su calidad de vida, trabajando en mejorar su salud mental y condición física de una manera recreacional.
La presente idea de negocio nace de la necesidad que tienen algunas familias de buscar personas que los ayuden con el cuidado del adulto mayor de la casa porque no disponen del tiempo necesario para el cuidado de este ser tan importante en la vida de cada familia. Esta idea se hace más interesante después de corroborar por medio de un análisis, que no existen empresas que trabajen particularmente en un servicio que vaya más allá de un servicio de simple cuidado supervisando al adulto mayor y a esto se le suma que la mayoría de problemas que sufre esta población se puede mejorar con hábitos activos y saludables.
Gracias a un gran análisis del problema detectado y las opciones que se encuentran en el mercado nace MatchCare, un servicio que busca dar más que un servicio de acompañamiento, buscamos generar vínculos con el adulto mayor y aportar a su mejora en su salud mental y condición física, haciendo que tengan una vida activa y feliz, mientras que damos tranquilidad a su familia. / This business plan seeks to impact a vulnerable population, which has a very attractive niche because it has experienced a steady growth for several years worldwide, but still has a fairly limited supply of products and services, leaving needs unmet. With this project, we want to reach this population with an innovative, exclusive service that provides a whole experience. It consists of offering an accompaniment service to the elderly, targeting those who live in the area of Modern Lima of the NSE A and B, connecting them through a web page with other people who have the same interests and hobbies. Through this differentiated accompaniment not only will they share likes that link one another in a certain way, but also help improve their quality of life, mental health and physical condition in a recreational way.
The present business idea arises from the need of some families to look for people who help with the care of the elderly at home, because they do not have enough time to look after such an important family member. This idea becomes more interesting after corroborating by means of an analysis that there are no companies that offer beyond a simple care service supervising the elderly. Plus, there is the fact that the majority of problems suffered by this Population can be improved with active and healthy habits.
Having detected this problem and analyzing the options in the market, Match Care was born, a service that seeks to give more than an accompaniment service. We seek to create links with the elderly and contribute to a healthy mental and physical condition, promoting an active and happy life, while giving peace of mind to their family. / Trabajo de investigación
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Gun violence among criminal networks : A quantitative analysis of Swedish police officers’ perceptions on crime prevention workWest, Emma January 2022 (has links)
Purpose This study amied to explore how police officers perceived the crime prevention efforts taken against gun violence in Sweden. Of particularly interest was to examine how certain efforts were perceived by the police officers, to be more or less effective when it comes to prevent gun violence from occurring among criminal networks. In this study, I explored which perceived effect certain efforts included under the working methods of community policing and problem-oriented policing had, as well as other efforts undertaken by law enforcement. Method Police officers who either worked in Gothenburg or Malmö city were targeted by the study. In sum, I received responses from 99 participants, in an on-line based questionnaire. The participants were selected through convenience sampling. Descriptive statistics are offered, and bivariate analyses were employed to identify officers’ perception differences of policing efficacy in vulnerable areas compared to non-vulnerable areas, and efficacy of law enforcement. Results The analyzes in the study, showed that the police officers overall perceived that the method of community policing to be crime preventive. This was especially the case for the vulnerable areas and in relation to the effort of an increased local police presence. As for the other method, problem-oriented policing, the officers particularly perceived that the effort of secret data eavesdropping to have the strongest crime prevention effect in both areas. The effort was also perceived to have more of an effect then both efforts included under community policing. As for hot spot policing, the other effort included under problem-oriented policing, the effort was overall perceived to have less of an effect among the officers. This was the cases for both areas. As for the importance to particularly prevent criminal networks possessions and sales of illegal drugs and weapons, community policing and problem-oriented policing were not perceived to be effective enough. As for the effect of the efforts undertaken by the law enforcement, a tougher approach against crime was among the police officers perceived to have the most effect. Conclusion The results of the study show that there is a continued increased need for evaluations of crime prevention efforts. The study also showed that there is an increased need that we as researchers, needs to further collaborate with the police force in order to further develop the craft of policing. / <p>2022-09-16</p>
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De kriminaliserade Andra : En diskursanalys av ”utsatta områden” och konstruktionen av en kollektiv identitetHellström, Hanna January 2019 (has links)
The present Bachelor thesis examines the medial representations of ”vulnerable areas” (Swedish:”utsatta områden”) and the people living in those areas. In order to achieve my purpose a qualitative discourse analysis is conducted by applying Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's discourse theory. A total of 14 debate articles and editorial pages published in the two Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen are analyzed. Three prominent discourses are identified in the analysis: a criminalization discourse, an ethnification discourse and a poverty discourse. The first two are found to be most prominent in the empirical material. The result shows that the construction of the collective identity of people living in ”vulnerable areas” substantially is fixated around ethnicity and criminality. This is believed to have an impact on the public debate about interventions in these areas. / <p>2019-02-19</p>
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Distriktssköterskans erfarenhet av att arbeta med utsatta barn och deras familjer / District nurses' experiences in working with vulnerable children and their familiesLiljedal, Helena January 2012 (has links)
Bakgrund: Vetskapen om att barn utsätts för övergrepp, kränkningar eller försummelse berör oss människor starkt. Utsatthet är när en vuxen person utsätter ett barn för fysiskt eller psykiskt våld, sexuella övergrepp, kränkningar eller försummar att tillgodose barnets grundläggande behov. Distriktssköterskans roll i barnhälsovården är att minska skadlig påfrestning för barnföräldrar samt att minska hälsoproblem för barnfamiljen och ge stöd och vård till barn och föräldrar. Syftet med studien var att undersöka distriktssköterskans erfarenhet av att arbeta med utsatta barn och deras familjer, samt hur distriktssköterskan stödjer och bemöter familjen. Metod: Åtta distriktssköterskor intervjuades och kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats användes för att analysera data. Resultat: Studien resulterade i tre huvudkategorier samt nio underkategorier. Huvudkategorierna är: Utsatthet utifrån ett distriktssköterskeperspektiv. Distriktssköterskan värnar om familjen. Distriktssköterskans engagemang. Slutsats: Distriktssköterskors intervention i arbetet med utsatta barn och deras familjer, kan underlättas genom att tydliggöra deras yrkesansvar för relationen till familjerna. Då skapas förutsättning för att familjerna kommer med barnen till BHV, vilket möjliggör att distriktssköterskan kan värna och stödja barnet och familjen. / Background: The knowledge that children are exposed to child abuse or neglect affects humans strongly. Child maltreatment is when an adult exposes a child to physical or mental violence, sexual assault, abuse or neglect, and failure to meet the child´s basic needs. District nurse's role in child health care is to reduce harmful stress on the families with children, and to reduce health problems for families and provide support and care to children and parents. The Aim of this study was to explore district nurses experiences in working with vulnerable children and their families, and how the district nurse support and treat the family. Method: Eight district nurses were interviewed and a qualitative content analysis with inductive approach was used to analyze data. Results: This study results in three main categories and nine sub-categories. The main categories are: Vulnerability from a district nurse perspective. The district nurses protect the family. District nurse's engagement: Conclusion: District nurse's interventions in daily work with vulnerable children and their families, has to be facilitated by clarifying their professional liability of the relationships with families. That will provide the families to come with their children to the child health care, and enable the district nurses to protect and support them.
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Infecção sexualmente transmissível em cortadores de cana de açúcar: fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentos de riscoSoares, Juliana Pontes 02 June 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-06-02 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections are the most prevalent among
vulnerable populations; among them, we highlight the manual sugar cane cutters.
Objective: To analyze the sexually transmitted diseases in sugar cane cutters from
Paraíba and their association with the social demographic characteristics and risk
behavior. Method: Observational, transversal study developed in the Sugar Mill,
Paraíba, with 300 sugar cane cutters. The data collection happened between 25th
February until 01st March. A descriptive analysis (absolute and relative frequency in
percentage) was performed, Odds ratio, multiple logistic regression and Likelihood
Ratio Test. The Project was approved by the Committee of Ethics and Research of
the University Hospital Lauro Wanderley, according to the Technical opinion number
1507737 with CAAE number 53400516.8.0000.5183. Results: The prevalence of the
sexually transmitted infection through the report was by 8.0% (IC 95%: 5.0-10.7). All
interviewee were males, 40.3% aged between 30 and 39 years old, 61% had studied
for up to 4 years, 91.3% were married , 61.7% earned between 1 and 2 minimum
salaries. On their risk behaviors, 50.0% had had their first sexual intercourse with the
age of 16 or older, 89.3% did not have sexual intercourse with men, 71.7% had had 1
sexual partner in the last 12 month, 59% had never used condom, 3.7% said they
had genital wound and 5% had discharge, 2.0% mentioned sexual abuse, 11.3%
used marihuana, 51,3% used alcoholic drinks. Scholarship OR: 4.3; IC 95%: 1,6-
12.1), use of marihuana (OR: 6.1; IC 95%: 2.2-17.5), were sexually abused (OR:
14.9; IC 95%: 2.2-100.1) and use of alcohol (OR: 4.1; IC 95%: 1.5-11.9) were
considered predictive factors for sexually transmitted infection. Conclusion: The
social demographic factors and the risk behaviors of sugar cane cutters has
association with the sexually transmitted infections. / Introducción: Las infecciones de transmisión sexual son más frecuentes entre las
poblaciones vulnerables; entre ellos, destacamos los corteros de caña de azúcar
manual. Objetivo: Analizar las enfermedades de transmisión sexual en los
cortadores de caña de azúcar de Paraíba y su asociación con las características
demográficas sociales y comportamiento de riesgo. Método: Estudio observacional,
transversal, desarrollado en el molino de azúcar, Paraíba, con 300 cortadores de
caña de azúcar. La recolección de datos ocurrió entre el 25 de febrero hasta el 01 de
marzo. Se realizó un analyzis descriptiva (frecuencia absoluta y relativa en
porcentaje), Odds ratio, regresión logística múltiple y prueba de razón de
verosimilitud. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de ética e investigación de el
Hospital de la Universidad Lauro Wanderley, según el número de dictamen técnico
1507737 con número de producto 53400516.8.0000.5183. Resultados: La
prevalencia de la infección de transmisión sexual a través del informe fue de 8,0%
(IC 95%: 5,0-10,7). Todos los entrevistados eran machos, 40,3% edades
comprendida entre los 30 y 39 años de edad, 61% habían estudiado hasta 4 años,
91,3% fueron casados, 61,7% obtenido entre 1 y 2 salarios mínimos. En sus
comportamientos de riesgo, 50,0% habían tenido su primera relación sexual con la
edad de 16 años, 89,3% no tuvo relaciones sexuales con hombres, 71,7% habían
tenido 1 pareja sexual en los últimos 12 meses, 59% no habían usado condón, 3,7%
dijo habían herida genital y 5% tenían descarga, 2,0% mencionó el abuso sexual,
11,3% utilizada marihuana, 51,3% utilizada alchoholica bebidas. Becas (OR: 4,3; IC
95%: 1,6-12.1), usaran marihuana (OR: 6,1; IC 95%: 2.2-17,5), fueron víctimas de
abusos sexuales (OR: 14,9; IC 95%: 2.2-100,1) y el uso de alcohol (OR: 4,1; IC 95%:
1,5-11.9) se consideraron factores predictivos de infección de transmisión sexual.
Conclusión: Los factores demográficos sociales y los comportamientos de riesgo de
los cortadores de caña de azúcar tiene asociación con las infecciones de transmisión
sexual. / Introdução: Infecções sexualmente transmissíveis são mais prevalentes entre
populações vulneráveis, dentre elas destacam-se os cortadores de cana de açúcar
manual. Objetivo: Analisar as infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em cortadores
de cana de açúcar da Paraíba e sua associação com características
sociodemográficas e comportamento de risco. Método: Estudo observacional,
transversal, desenvolvido em uma Usina, Paraíba, com 300 cortadores de cana de
açúcar. A coleta de dados ocorreu de 25 de fevereiro a 01 de março de 2016.
Realizou-se uma análise descritiva (frequência absoluta e relativa em porcentagem),
Odds ratio, Regressão logística múltipla e Teste de Verossimilhança. O projeto foi
aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa do Hospital Universitário Lauro
Wanderley, conforme o parecer no 1507737 com CAAE no 53400516.8.0000.5183.
Resultados: A prevalência de infecção sexualmente transmissível através do relato
foi de 8,0% (IC 95%: 5,0-10,7). Todos entrevistados eram do sexo masculino, 40,3%
na faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos, 61,0% possuíam até 4 anos de estudo, 91,3%
casados, 61,7% recebiam de 1 a 2 salários mínimos. Quanto aos comportamentos
de risco, 50,0% tiveram a primeira relação sexual com idade igual ou superior a 16
anos, 89,3% não tinham relação sexual com homens, 71,7% tiveram 1 parceiro
sexual nos últimos 12 meses, 59,0% nunca utilizaram preservativo, 3,7% afirmaram
a ocorrência de ferida genital e 5,0% de corrimento, 2,0% relataram abuso sexual,
11,3% utilizavam maconha, 51,3% utilizavam bebidas alcoólicas. Escolaridade (OR:
4,3; IC 95%: 1,6-12,1), uso de maconha (OR: 6,1; IC 95%: 2,2-17,5), ter sofrido
abuso sexual (OR: 14,9; IC 95%: 2,2-100,1) e uso de álcool (OR: 4,1; IC 95%: 1,5-
11,9) foram considerados fatores preditores para infecção sexualmente
transmissível. Conclusão: Os fatores sociodemográficos e os comportamentos de
risco de cortadores de cana de açúcar possui associação com as infecções
sexualmente transmissíveis.
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Samverkan mellan Socialtjänstens socialarbetare och polisen i det förebyggande arbetet : Utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer inom den tvärprofessionella samverkanAoudi, Hadil January 2022 (has links)
This study is about investigating how police and social workers from the social services work together to prevent socially destructive behaviors such as crime and its consequences. The focus of the study is limited to a specific, geographical area, where both a vulnerable and a particularly vulnerable area are represented. The emphasis of the study is on the challenges and success factors regarding collaboration between mainly the police and social services, reflections on the vulnerable / particulalry vulnerable areas and its impact on the operational work. The issues that have been addressed have included how the police and social services work to prevent crime in the area, what challenges there are regarding collaboration in preventive work och how the police and social services feel that their efforts affect crime in the area. The study is conducted based on a qualitative method where six interviews have been conducted, two with the police and four with the social services. The results have been analyzed through previous research as well as the selected theories of interaction theory and systemms theory. The results of the survey show that both social services and the police describe that secrecy legislation can be an obstacle to good cooperation, that it is also important to understand each others´s professional roles. Furthermore, the results show that the participants in the study feel that their preventive work has a good impact in a positive direction in terms of crime in the area. Keywords: Collaboration, crime, particularly, vulnerable, police, preventive, social service, vulnerable
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A case study of teachers implementation of asset-based psychosocial supportDempster, Georgina Claire 17 May 2011 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe teachers’ implementation of asset-based psychosocial support in a school community to promote resilience in vulnerable children and families (particularly within the context of HIV/AIDS). The study formed part of the broader STAR-pilot project. The primary assumption with which I approached the study was that teachers are able to provide asset-based psychosocial support focusing on social, emotional, health and educational needs of vulnerable children and families. An interpretivist paradigm was used to describe the asset-based psychosocial support implemented. I selected a case study design with eight participants (teachers) who were conveniently and purposefully selected due to their involvement in the STAR-pilot project. I co-facilitated a PRA-directed workshop with the teachers. Data was collected by means of a PRA-directed workshop, observations, visual data (photographs) and field notes. I followed a thematic content analysis of data to interpret emerging themes and sub-themes. Psychosocial support interventions were focused on addressing basic physiological needs, social support and emotional needs. Findings revealed that implementation of asset-based psychosocial support within a school community, promoted the resilience of vulnerable children and families. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted
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Motivations for upward care : middle adolescents' relational experiences of older persons in an economically vulnerable community / Anneke StolsStols, Anneke January 2014 (has links)
A broader research project was undertaken on experiences of care and respect within intergenerational relationships. The current study, which forms part of this project, focused more specifically on adolescents’ motivations for providing care to persons older than 60 years. Care is normally expressed in the interactions between people, and in this instance between generational members. In the African context, care between generational members is important because care is particularly provided in a social and familial context between generations and not necessarily by the government in terms of formal care services. Care, specifically for older persons has become a scarce commodity. In the light of different aspects like the growing older population, poverty, unemployment, and HIV/AIDS certain structural changes in families and between generations have come about. The changes influenced caregiving by delivering a larger number of dependant persons and a lack of capacity to provide care. Adolescents are important in the relationship with older persons, because often the relationship between persons from different generations, who find themselves in a deprived environment, is the only source for the provision of care. The findings of this study can possibly give an indication of how care in relation to older persons are being motivated in order to better plan for the care needs of older persons. The motivation for demonstrating care is particularly important because some motivation types are perceived to encourage more sustainable actions and caregiving than others. Currently intergenerational support and care are in short supply, suggesting the presence of less sustainable types of motivation.
Care, in this study, refers to the satisfaction of social goals and psychological needs by means of tangible (instrumental/physical care) and intangible (emotional care) exchanges between intergenerational members. Intergenerational care encompasses upward and downward
care. Upward care occurs when care is transferred from a younger generation to older persons, while downward care refers to care provided by older persons to younger people. Previous studies referred mostly to informal caregiving, downward care, or upward care provided by adult children. A limited number of studies exist of upward care provided by adolescents, specifically to persons older than 60, and research on younger people’s motivations for care is also rare.
The theoretical framework that informs this study is Self-Determination Theory (SDT). This theory revolves around motivation, known as the force that compels one to act, or to conduct an activity such as care. SDT includes two broad categories of motivation types, namely autonomous and controlled motivations. The autonomous (self-determined) motivation category includes intrinsic motivation (i.e. conduct that stems from the inherently satisfying experience a particular activity offers), along with two well-internalized extrinsic motivation subtypes (namely identification and integrated regulation). Controlled motivation includes two more controlled and less internalized motivation subtypes (namely external and introjected regulation). Extrinsic motivation is when an activity is performed for a separate and external outcome. The different types of motivation consequently incorporate differing levels of self-determination to conduct certain activities. The more autonomous (self-determined) the motivation, the more sustainable actions of care.
Adolescents are capable in terms of ego and cognitive development to be more self-determined and intrinsically motivated. Even though they may have the capacity to be more self-determined motivated, this is not always the case. Persons at this stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson’s lifespan approach focus more on peer relationships, and tend to conform to community expectations and social group norms. In such cases adolescents may experience motivations that include less self-determined motivation types, because they are
controlled by external expectations and norms. Unfortunately less self-determined motivation types may also produce less sustainable care actions.
A qualitative research method was applied to describe adolescents’ experiences of care in relation to older persons. In the findings, motivation for care was a major theme and it was therefore decided to focus only on this aspect in this study. The participants included 15 Setswana-speaking adolescents (seven boys and eight girls) between the ages of 12 and 16, who were selected by means of a nonprobability convenience sampling method. Data were collected in an economically vulnerable community where the participants lived, Vaalharts agricultural valley in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. This community is considered economically vulnerable because the majority of its members receive only irregular income and have to rely on meagre government grants to support multi-generational households.
15 Participants were included in the research; eight individuals participated in the Mmogo-method®, a projective visual data-gathering method, and all 15 participants completed self-reflective journal entries to supplement the data. During the Mmogo-method® session, participants were asked to build something that would show how they experienced care in relation to a person older than 60, using a lump of clay, grass stalks and beads. The self-reflective research journals included semi-structured questions to guide the participants. Descriptive phenomenological psychological, thematic, and visual analysis was employed to analyse the collected data.
Credibility, dependability, transferability and conformability were applied to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. Moreover, ethical research conduct was ensured by applying the guidelines provided by the Department of Health for responsible and ethical research conduct in South Africa as well as the framework provided in Chapter 9 of the National Health Act 61 of
2003. Firstly a perceived absence of older persons in caring relationships emerged from the findings. The findings further revealed that the younger generation was moved by external stimuli such as observing struggling older persons or by obeying older persons’ explicit requests for help, to provide physical/instrumental care to older persons. In response to external stimuli adolescents were extrinsically motivated to care which was observed in obedience and perspective taking. The participants were also extrinsically motivated by feelings of obligation; to ensure older persons‟ happiness; from their submissive position in relation to older persons; and for returning care that were bestowed on them by the older persons. However, although the participants were extrinsically motivated to care, different levels of self-determination and self-choice seemed to be present in their behaviour. These findings provide a broader awareness with regard to adolescents’ motivations for care provision. The knowledge gained from this project could serve to inform intergenerational programmes designed to facilitate feelings of autonomy and emphasize gratitude as a motivator in intergenerational and interpersonal environments. / MA (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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Motivations for upward care : middle adolescents' relational experiences of older persons in an economically vulnerable community / Anneke StolsStols, Anneke January 2014 (has links)
A broader research project was undertaken on experiences of care and respect within intergenerational relationships. The current study, which forms part of this project, focused more specifically on adolescents’ motivations for providing care to persons older than 60 years. Care is normally expressed in the interactions between people, and in this instance between generational members. In the African context, care between generational members is important because care is particularly provided in a social and familial context between generations and not necessarily by the government in terms of formal care services. Care, specifically for older persons has become a scarce commodity. In the light of different aspects like the growing older population, poverty, unemployment, and HIV/AIDS certain structural changes in families and between generations have come about. The changes influenced caregiving by delivering a larger number of dependant persons and a lack of capacity to provide care. Adolescents are important in the relationship with older persons, because often the relationship between persons from different generations, who find themselves in a deprived environment, is the only source for the provision of care. The findings of this study can possibly give an indication of how care in relation to older persons are being motivated in order to better plan for the care needs of older persons. The motivation for demonstrating care is particularly important because some motivation types are perceived to encourage more sustainable actions and caregiving than others. Currently intergenerational support and care are in short supply, suggesting the presence of less sustainable types of motivation.
Care, in this study, refers to the satisfaction of social goals and psychological needs by means of tangible (instrumental/physical care) and intangible (emotional care) exchanges between intergenerational members. Intergenerational care encompasses upward and downward
care. Upward care occurs when care is transferred from a younger generation to older persons, while downward care refers to care provided by older persons to younger people. Previous studies referred mostly to informal caregiving, downward care, or upward care provided by adult children. A limited number of studies exist of upward care provided by adolescents, specifically to persons older than 60, and research on younger people’s motivations for care is also rare.
The theoretical framework that informs this study is Self-Determination Theory (SDT). This theory revolves around motivation, known as the force that compels one to act, or to conduct an activity such as care. SDT includes two broad categories of motivation types, namely autonomous and controlled motivations. The autonomous (self-determined) motivation category includes intrinsic motivation (i.e. conduct that stems from the inherently satisfying experience a particular activity offers), along with two well-internalized extrinsic motivation subtypes (namely identification and integrated regulation). Controlled motivation includes two more controlled and less internalized motivation subtypes (namely external and introjected regulation). Extrinsic motivation is when an activity is performed for a separate and external outcome. The different types of motivation consequently incorporate differing levels of self-determination to conduct certain activities. The more autonomous (self-determined) the motivation, the more sustainable actions of care.
Adolescents are capable in terms of ego and cognitive development to be more self-determined and intrinsically motivated. Even though they may have the capacity to be more self-determined motivated, this is not always the case. Persons at this stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson’s lifespan approach focus more on peer relationships, and tend to conform to community expectations and social group norms. In such cases adolescents may experience motivations that include less self-determined motivation types, because they are
controlled by external expectations and norms. Unfortunately less self-determined motivation types may also produce less sustainable care actions.
A qualitative research method was applied to describe adolescents’ experiences of care in relation to older persons. In the findings, motivation for care was a major theme and it was therefore decided to focus only on this aspect in this study. The participants included 15 Setswana-speaking adolescents (seven boys and eight girls) between the ages of 12 and 16, who were selected by means of a nonprobability convenience sampling method. Data were collected in an economically vulnerable community where the participants lived, Vaalharts agricultural valley in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. This community is considered economically vulnerable because the majority of its members receive only irregular income and have to rely on meagre government grants to support multi-generational households.
15 Participants were included in the research; eight individuals participated in the Mmogo-method®, a projective visual data-gathering method, and all 15 participants completed self-reflective journal entries to supplement the data. During the Mmogo-method® session, participants were asked to build something that would show how they experienced care in relation to a person older than 60, using a lump of clay, grass stalks and beads. The self-reflective research journals included semi-structured questions to guide the participants. Descriptive phenomenological psychological, thematic, and visual analysis was employed to analyse the collected data.
Credibility, dependability, transferability and conformability were applied to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. Moreover, ethical research conduct was ensured by applying the guidelines provided by the Department of Health for responsible and ethical research conduct in South Africa as well as the framework provided in Chapter 9 of the National Health Act 61 of
2003. Firstly a perceived absence of older persons in caring relationships emerged from the findings. The findings further revealed that the younger generation was moved by external stimuli such as observing struggling older persons or by obeying older persons’ explicit requests for help, to provide physical/instrumental care to older persons. In response to external stimuli adolescents were extrinsically motivated to care which was observed in obedience and perspective taking. The participants were also extrinsically motivated by feelings of obligation; to ensure older persons‟ happiness; from their submissive position in relation to older persons; and for returning care that were bestowed on them by the older persons. However, although the participants were extrinsically motivated to care, different levels of self-determination and self-choice seemed to be present in their behaviour. These findings provide a broader awareness with regard to adolescents’ motivations for care provision. The knowledge gained from this project could serve to inform intergenerational programmes designed to facilitate feelings of autonomy and emphasize gratitude as a motivator in intergenerational and interpersonal environments. / MA (Research Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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