The oversight of systematic approaches to reducing voluntary employee turnover decreases educational institutions’ budgets and performance. In the United States, public schools spend over $2.22 billion annually in voluntary employee turnover costs. The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore strategies public school leaders use to reduce voluntary employee turnover. The population consisted of 3 leaders from 1 public school located in Georgia, with successful experience reducing voluntary employee turnover. The conceptual framework for this study was grounded in Vroom’s expectancy theory. The data collection process included semistructured interviews and organizational documents and artifacts. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis. Three themes emerged from the data collected: building a collaborative and supportive work environment, creating work motivation, and implementing incentives, rewards, and professional development. The implications for positive social change include the potential to reduce the local government’s expenditures associated with the replacement of employees and to increase resources for supporting social initiatives and more effective instruction for students in the community.

El objetivo general de esta investigación es explicar, desde las ciencias administrativas, si es posible incrementar extrínsecamente la motivación intrínseca laboral. Para ello, se plantean, explican e interpretan diversas fuentes, correspondientes a autores y teorías varias. Asimismo, se identifican las principales controversias plasmadas por los autores en esas fuentes. Se precisan y explican conceptos esenciales del trabajo: motivación, motivación intrínseca, motivación extrínseca, factores, características, componentes, y las diferencias que existen entre la motivación intrínseca y la motivación extrínseca, y entre los elementos mencionados. Nuestro aporte consiste en plantear una explicación, desde el campo de la experticia y de la neurociencia, de cuál es el mecanismo neurofisiopsicológico correspondiente a la motivación intrínseca. En la investigación, se utiliza la metodología cualitativa, pues este trabajo es una investigación documental que, primero, aplica procedimientos de recolección, evaluación, selección y registro de las fuentes de información, y, luego, técnicas de análisis y sistematización de esas fuentes. Resulta importante señalar que la investigación es relevante por varios motivos, pero especialmente por lo siguiente: porque el tema es esencial en las líneas de carrera de las ciencias administrativas; porque la develación de aspectos inéditos del tema puede contribuir a aplicaciones prácticas con grandes resultados en las organizaciones; y porque se concentra en el análisis de una variable general, como es la motivación, que es común a todos los seres humanos y que, por tanto, trasciende el interés del ámbito de las ciencias administrativas. / The general objective of this research is to explain, from the administrative sciences, if it is possible to increase extrinsically the intrinsic work motivation. For this, several sources are proposed, explained and interpreted, corresponding to authors and various theories. Likewise, it identifies the main controversies expressed by the authors in those sources. Essential concepts of the work are precised and explained: motivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, factors, characteristics, components, and the differences that exist between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and between the mentioned elements. Our contribution consists in proposing an explanation, from the field of expertise and neuroscience, of which is the neurophysiological mechanism corresponding to intrinsic motivation. Qualitative methodology is used in the research, since this work is a documentary research that first applies procedures for collecting, evaluating, selecting and recording information sources, and then techniques for analyzing and systematizing those sources. It is important to point out that the research is relevant for several reasons, but especially for the following: because the subject is essential in the career lines of administrative sciences; because the unveiling of unpublished aspects of the subject can contribute to practical applications with great results in organizations; and because it concentrates on the analysis of a general variable, such as motivation, which is common to all human beings and therefore transcends the interest of the field of administrative sciences. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

The thesis focuses on the construction of the work motivation theory in the socialist management discourse in the 1950s' Czechoslovakia. For that purpose, two texts representing two periods (1951 and 1957) were selected and subjected to critical discourse analysis. The analysis focused on characterising the place of production, the producers and the audience as well as on characterising the construed theory and the method of its construction. Furthermore, a change in the discourse was described; the fact that certain discourse schemes were applied prior to the onset of the communist power was pointed out; and certain differences in terms of construction of work motivation theories in the liberal West were illustrated. In connection with Foucault's concepts of subjectification and disciplination, it was shown that the socialist discourse can be understood as a method of construction of the specific subjectivity of the workforce, used in a strategy of distribution of human working potential of all citizens of the State that corresponded with the application of extensive economy. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori har relevans i praktiken idag inom läraryrket. Studien är kvalitativ med deduktiv ansats utifrån Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori. Totalt 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med lärare från högstadie- och universitetsnivå vilka sedan analyserades tematiskt. Resultatet visade att Herzbergs teori fortfarande är tillämpningsbar inom yrket lärare. Resultatet visade däremot på att det fanns skillnader i vad för faktorer som är av mest vikt hos lärarna gentemot vad Herzberg påstod. De mest avgörande faktorerna för arbetsmotivation hos lärarna var eget ansvar, bekräftelse och den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Förslag till vidare forskning är att säkerhetsställa rangordningen av faktorerna som har störst betydelse för arbetsmotivationen inom läraryrket. Ett annat förslag till vidare forskning är att se om det finns faktorer från Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori som rangordnas annorlunda inom andra yrkeskategorier. / The purpose of the study is to examine whether Herzberg's two-factor theory is still relevant in practice today in the teaching profession. The study is qualitative with a deductive approach based on Herzberg's two-factor theory. A total of 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted with high school and university teachers, which were then analyzed thematically. The result showed that Herzberg's theory is still applicable and valid in the profession of teaching. The results, on the other hand, show that there are differences in which factors that are the most important for the teachers in relation to what Herzberg claimed. The most important factors for the teachers' work motivation are having their own responsibility over their time, recognition and the psychosocial work environment. Suggestions for further research are to secure the ranking of the factors that are most important for the work motivation within the teaching profession. Also evaluate if there are factors from Herzberg's two-factor theory that are ranked differently in other professions.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om nyttjandet av flexibel arbetstid predicerar inrearbetsmotivation. En webbaserad enkätundersökning innehållande 28 frågor skickades ut till152 tjänstemän i en offentlig organisation, totalt deltog 80 respondenter i undersökningen. Föratt mäta inre arbetsmotivation användes Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction at Work (BPNS-W) skalan som mäter autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet och är baserad på self-determination theory (SDT). Resultatet visade att nyttjandet av flexibel arbetstid signifikant predicerar dimensionerna autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet som leder till inrearbetsmotivation. Studiens slutsats vara att nyttjandet av flexibel arbetstid kan predicera inrearbetsmotivation i viss grad. / The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the use of flexible working hourspredicts intrinsic work motivation. A web-based survey containing 28 questions was sent to152 officials in a public organization, a total of 80 respondents participated in the survey. Tomeasure intrinsic work motivation, the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction at Work(BPNS-W) scale was used. It contains measures of autonomy, competence and relatednessand is based on self-determination theory (SDT). The results showed that the use of flexibleworking hours significantly predicts the dimensions of autonomy, competence and relatednessthat lead to intrinsic work motivation. The conclusion of the study was that the use of flexibleworking hours can predict intrinsic work motivation to some extent.

Den kvalitativa studiens syfte var att undersöka ledarskapets betydelse för arbetsmotivationen. Tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes. Dessa analyserades genom en induktiv tematisk analys som resulterade i fyra huvudteman. Arbetets motivationsfaktorer, med de tillhörande underteman syftet med arbetet, frihet, utveckling och utmaning, samt lönens betydelse. Organisationsledarskap, handlade om att ha insyn och riktning, samt styrning. Chefsegenskaper beskrevs utifrån två underteman närvaro och stöd, samt tillit. Motiverande arbetsbeteende om medarbetares identifikation med organisationen. Resultaten går i linje med tidigare forskning och visar sammantaget att olika ledarskapsbeteenden upplevs influera medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation. Inre- och yttre motivationsfaktorer, samt olika ledarskapsegenskaper upplevdes också vara en väsentlig del av arbetsmotivationen. / The purpose of the qualitative study was to examine the importance of leadership for work-motivation. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted. These were analyzed through an inductive thematic analysis which resulted in four main themes. The factors of work motivation, resulted in four sub-themes, the purpose of the work, freedom, development and challenges, as well as the meaning of the salary. Organizational leadership was about having insight, direction and steering. The manager characteristics was described on the basis of two sub-themes which were presence and support, as well as trust. Motivating work behavior and identification with the organization. The results are in line with the previous research and together showed that different leadership behaviors can influence work-motivation. Internal- and external motivation, and various leadership qualities, were also perceived to be an essential part of work-motivation.

After a setback due to the dotcom-bubble at the beginning of the 21st century, the tech sector is today again a redhot place for pursuing a career. Much of this popularity can be accredited to the image that companies of this sector enjoy as workplaces with great opportunities for creativity, self- fulfilment and self-expression. Also, strong cultures and generous benefits add to the image of the dream-job. This study aimed to question this image by exploring experiences and attitudes of employees working within the mobile game development industry, a sub- industry of the tech sector. In order to achieve this, a successful mobile game development studio was studied at close range through observations and interviews with 25 individuals of various roles within game development. On this material, the theoretical frameworks of employee engagement and work motivation were applied to assess how personally and emotionally engaging work is within this context. Findings both confirm and nuance the public image of mobile game development as a place to work. This study finds support that the environment and atmosphere surrounding the work in large lives up to the public image of the industry; culture is strong and drives personal and emotional involvement in work and the good of the company. Within the work tasks themselves however, the free-spirited, ad-hoc creativity and opportunities for self-fulfilment promised in the public image seem delimited by a set of organizational circumstances, among them strategic decisions on company-level. Work demands alignment with directions chosen by the company, that by some are perceived as limiting to creativity, self-fulfilment and excitement. In this, the study identifies a risk in a possible discrepancy between expectations on work and the actual experience of it. Finally, the study finds signs that  the strength  in  atmosphere  and  culture can  outweigh  these perceived  limitations  in  creative space and demands of alignment, and so adds to research asserting the potential and value in a strong culture.

Bakgrund. Mindre än 10% av de arbetande inom byggbranschen i Sverige är kvinnor. Branschen är en typisk mansdominerad bransch där kvinnor ofta möter barriärer i sitt arbete. Samtidigt är jämställdhet en bidragande faktor till ett företags prestation tack vare att de olika könen bidrar med olika kunskaper. Herzbergs arbetsmotivationsteori är vanligt förekommande i forskningsstudier för att identifiera motiverande faktorer. Vad motiverar de kvinnor som faktiskt verkar inom byggbranschen? Denna studie applicerar Herzbergs arbetsmotivationsteori för att utreda detta. Syfte. Syftet för studien ämnar till att utreda faktorer som motiverar kvinnliga arbetsledare i en mansdominerad bransch. Detta för att identifiera motiverande faktorer som på sikt kan bidra till att öka andelen kvinnor inom branschen. Studien ämnar även att utreda hur de kvinnliga arbetsledarna upplever vanligt förekomna barriärer kopplade till byggbranschen. Kvinnornas upplevelser av motivation och barriärer studeras i relation till hur detta uppfattas av manliga arbetsledare. En förståelse av hur de manliga arbetsledarna uppfattar sina kvinnliga kollegor kan förhoppningsvis bidra till att behålla kvinnorna i byggbranschen, detta genom en ökad förståelse för hur kvinnorna upplever arbetsplatsen. Metod. Två enkätundersökningar har distribuerats till alla kvinnliga samt manliga arbetsledare inom ett företag i svenska byggbranschen. Undersökningen bygger på tidigare studier, vilka använde sig av Herzbergs arbetsmotivationsteori i byggbranschen. Enkäterna distribuerades till 128st kvinnliga arbetsledare och 617st manliga arbetsledare i ett stort byggföretag i Sverige. Efter bortfallsanalys erhölls ett underlag på 120st arbetsledare vilket statistiska analyser utfördes på i SPSS. De statistiska testerna som utfördes var paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test samt ett oberoende Mann-Whitney U-test. Resultat. Studiens resultat påvisar att kvinnliga arbetsledare motiveras i större utsträckning av motivationsfaktorer relativt hygienfaktorer. Vidare identifieras att det finns en skillnad i upplevd och uppfattad motivation mellan kvinnliga och manliga arbetsledare. Vid analys av vanligt förekomna barriärer i byggbranschen visade resultatet på att det åter igen finns en skillnad mellan uppfattning och upplevelse av barriärerna. Slutsatser. Kvinnliga arbetsledare motiveras främst av motivationsfaktorer, vilket manliga arbetsledare inte uppfattat att de kvinnliga arbetsledarna motiveras av i samma utsträckning. Fokus bör läggas på motivationsfaktorer för att motivera de kvinnliga arbetsledarna i sitt arbete. En konsekvens av fel motivationsfaktorer kan leda till att förväntad effekt uteblir, d.v.s. individen motiveras inte. Barriärer kopplade till byggbranschen upplevs inte i den utsträckning tidigare forskning visat på, dock visar denna studies resultat att de kvinnliga arbetsledarna upplever barriärerna till viss del fortfarande. / Background. Less than 10% of the active workers within the construction industry in Sweden are women. The construction industry is a typical male dominated industry where women often face barriers in their daily work life. At the same time, gender equality is a contributing factor for a company’s performance thanks to man and women different knowledge. Herzberg’s two- factor theory is common in research studies to identify factors that motivates. What motivates women to work within the construction industry? This study will apply Herzberg’s two-factor theory to investigate that. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to investigate factors that motivates female team leaders in a male dominated industry. By identifying motivation factors, the purpose in the long run is to contribute to that the part with women in the construction industry will increase. The purpose of this study is as well to identify how the female team leaders’ experiences barriers related to the construction industry. By identify how the female team leaders experience motivation and barriers, this will be set in relation to how these factors are perceived by male team leaders. An understanding of how the male team leaders perceive their female colleges will hopefully contribute to the females remaining in the construction industry, this by a greater understanding of how the female team leaders experiences their workplace. Methods. Two surveys were distributed to all the female and male team leaders within a Swedish construction company. The survey is constructed from two previous studies which applied Herzbergs two-factor theory within the construction industry. The surveys where distributed to 128 female team leaders and 617 male team leaders in a big construction company in Sweden. After the response analysis 120 female and male responses remained for the statistical analysis in SPSS. The statistical tests were paired sample t-test, independent sample t-test and an independent Mann-Whitney U-test. Results. The study's results show that female team leaders are motivated to a greater extent by motivational factors relative to hygiene factors. Furthermore, it is identified that there is a difference in experienced and perceived motivation between female and male team leaders. When analyzing commonly encountered barriers in the construction industry, the results showed that again there is a difference between perception and experience of the barriers.  Conclusions. Female team leaders are motivated primarily by motivational factors, which male team leaders do not perceive that female team leaders are motivated by to the same extent. The focus should be on motivational factors to motivate the female team leaders in their work. A consequence of the wrong motivational factors can lead to the expected effect not being fulfilled, i.e. the individual is not motivated. Barriers linked to the construction industry are not experienced to the extent that previous research has shown, thou this study indicates that the barriers are in some extent still experienced by the female team leaders.

Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och problematisera vad som motiverar chefer och ledare inom en förvaltning på en kommunal nivå att fortsätta sin anställning. Studiens frågeställningar är: Vilka motivationsfaktorer är viktiga för chefer och ledare inom en offentlig förvaltning i frågan om fortsatt anställning? Vilken betydelse har individuell utveckling för chefer och ledare inom en offentlig förvaltning när det kommer till fortsatt anställning och arbetsmotivation? Hur bibehåller chefer och ledare inom en offentlig förvaltning sin arbetsmotivation? Material och metoder: Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en abduktiv ansats. Studien har sin grund i semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju respondenter. Det empiriska materialet har därefter analyserats och jämförts med tidigare forskning inom motivation, Herzbergs tvåfaktorsteori samt teorin om inre och yttre motivationsfaktorer. Huvudresultat: Gemensamt för respondenterna är vikten av frihet, att ha roligt på jobbet och strävan att utveckla verksamheten till det positiva. Hos samtliga respondenter föreligger det även ett starkt emotionellt band som ses som såväl positivt som negativt. Respondenterna är väldigt måna om individuell utveckling men tycker att det läggs allt för mycket energi på utbildningar som enbart är repetitiva för dem. De hade hellre tagit del av en mer individanpassad utbildningsplan. Vidare är det tydligt att lön inte är en drivande motivationsfaktor hos respondenterna. Idag är respondenterna nöjda med sina löner menmenar att det var en större motivationsfaktor i början av deras karriärer. I nuläget finns andra motivationsfaktorer som spelar roll, bland annat de som redogjorts för ovan. / Purpose: The purpose of the following study is to investigate and problematize what motivates managers and leaders within an administration at a municipal level to continue their employment. The study´s questions at issue are: Which motivating factors are most outstanding among the managers and leaders within an administration at a municipal level in the question of continued employment? How important is the individual development for the managers and leaders within an administration at a municipal level when it comes to continued employment and work motivation? How do the managers and leaders within an administration at a municipal level maintain their work motivation? Method: The study is based on qualitative research with an abductive approach. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with seven respondents. The empirical material has been analyzed and compared with previous research, Herzberg's two-factor theory and the theory of internal and external factors in relation to motivation. Main result: Common to the respondents is the importance of freedom, having fun at work and the aim to develop the school in a positive way. All respondents also have a stronge motional bond that is seen as both positive and negative. The respondents truly care about individual development but believe that too much energy is put into education that is only repetitive for them. They would rather have taken part in a more individualized education plan. Furthermore, salary is not a driving motivating factor among the respondents. Today, the respondents are satisfied with their salaries but believe that it was a major motivating factor at the beginning of their careers. At present, there are other motivating factors that are more important, including those described above.

Problembakgrund: I början av år 2020 började viruset Covid-19 spridas runt om i världen och i mars år 2020 klargjorde världshälsoorganisationen att vi befinner oss i en pandemi. Allt fler organisationer började med distansarbete som ett sätt att ta sitt ansvar för att försöka minska smittspridningen på arbetsplatser. Svårigheter kan uppstå med att motivera arbetstagare under den rådande situationen. Arbetsmotivationen samt distansarbetet kan komma att påverka både chefer och medarbetares balans mellan arbetsliv och privatliv. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och analysera hur chefer och medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation påverkats av distansarbetet samt hur de hanterar balansen mellan privatliv och arbetsliv. Metod: Studien är baserad på en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen har skett genom en webbaserad enkätundersökning besvarad av 219 st respondenter som arbetar på distans. Resultat: Distansarbetet har mestadels en positiv påverkan på arbetsmotivationen hos chefer och medarbetare som har deltagit i denna enkätstudie. Balansen mellan arbetsliv och privatliv har fungerat bra för många av de som arbetar på distans. Gränsen mellan privatlivet och arbetslivet kan lätt bli suddig när arbetstagare arbetar hemifrån. Majoriteten ansåg att en variation mellan att arbeta på arbetsplatsen och hemifrån skulle vara mest optimalt. / Problem: In the beginning of 2020, the Covid-19 virus began to spread around the world and in March 2020 the World Health Organization made it clear that we are in a pandemic. More and more organizations started with teleworking as a way of taking responsibility and trying to reduce the spread of infection in workplaces. It can be difficult for a company to motivate employees, especially in the current situation, work motivation and teleworking can affect both managers and employees' balance between work and private life. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate how work motivation is affected by telework and how workers who work remotely handle the balance between private life and work life. Method: The study is based on a quantitative method with a deductive approach. The method that was used was a web-based survey answered by 219 respondents who work remotely. Results: Teleworking has mostly a positive impact on the work motivation of managers and employees who have participated in this survey. The balance between work and private life has worked well for many of those who work remotely. The boundary between private life and working life can easily become blurred when managers and employees work from home. The majority considered that a variation between working in the workplace and away from home would be most optimal.