The main objective of this dissertation was to evaluate long-term fluctuations in the distribution and abundance of Engraulis anchoita eggs and larvae in the Southeastern Brazilian Bight (SBB). Engraulis anchoita is a fish species that is ecologically and economically important. We analyzed samples and abiotic data from eighteen oceanographic cruises conducted during austral late spring and early summer from 1974 to 2010. Two different stocks were detected in the SBB based on egg size, with the predominant stock in the area having smaller eggs than the stock in the region further south. Using indicative kriging, we identified occasional (e.g. Florianópolis - 27°S and off Santos Bay) and avoided (e.g. off São Sebastião Island and off Cananéia-Iguape Coastal System) spawning sites. Through zero-inflated models, spatial factors (different areas and the local depth) were related to the probability of sampling false zeros and temporal and oceanographic conditions (different years and temperature) with egg and larvae abundance. We also described faster and more accurate methodology to identify E. anchoita eggs, and compared the mesh-size efficiency to sample eggs and analyzed how egg size varied seasonally. Our results may support future studies and may assist a future fishery management of E. anchoita, a species not yet exploited in the SBB. / O principal objetivo dessa tese foi analisar as flutuações de longo-prazo na distribuição e abundância de ovos e larvas de Engraulias anchoita, uma espécie de peixe de importância econômica e ecológica, na Plataforma Continental Sudeste do Brasil (PCSE). Nós analisamos amostras e dados abióticos de dezoito cruzeiros oceanográficos realizados durante o fim da primavera e o começo do verão de 1974 a 2010. Dois estoques distintos foram identificados com base no tamanho dos ovos, um predominante e com menor tamanho e outro de maior tamanho ao sul da PCSE. Através de \"krigagem\" indicativa, foram identificadas áreas de desova ocasional (como ao norte de Florianópolis e a área ao largo da baía de Santos) e áreas em que a desova foi evitada (como em frente à Ilha de São Sebastião e ao Sistema Costeiro Cananéia-Iguape). Usando modelos inflacionados de zeros, os fatores espaciais (diferentes áreas e profundidades amostradas) foram relacionados com a probabilidade de se amostrar falso zero, enquanto os fatores temporais e oceanográficos (diferentes anos e temperatura) foram relacionados com a abundância de ovos e larvas. Apresentamos também uma metodologia mais rápida e mais eficiente para identificar os ovos de E. anchoita, comparamos as amostragens realizadas com duas malhagens diferentes e analisamos variações sazonais do tamanho dos ovos capturados. Assim, nossos resultados poderão auxiliar estudos futuros e também no manejo pesqueiro da espécie em questão, ainda não explorada comercialmente na área de estudo.

The main objective of this dissertation was to evaluate long-term fluctuations in the distribution and abundance of Engraulis anchoita eggs and larvae in the Southeastern Brazilian Bight (SBB). Engraulis anchoita is a fish species that is ecologically and economically important. We analyzed samples and abiotic data from eighteen oceanographic cruises conducted during austral late spring and early summer from 1974 to 2010. Two different stocks were detected in the SBB based on egg size, with the predominant stock in the area having smaller eggs than the stock in the region further south. Using indicative kriging, we identified occasional (e.g. Florianópolis - 27°S and off Santos Bay) and avoided (e.g. off São Sebastião Island and off Cananéia-Iguape Coastal System) spawning sites. Through zero-inflated models, spatial factors (different areas and the local depth) were related to the probability of sampling false zeros and temporal and oceanographic conditions (different years and temperature) with egg and larvae abundance. We also described faster and more accurate methodology to identify E. anchoita eggs, and compared the mesh-size efficiency to sample eggs and analyzed how egg size varied seasonally. Our results may support future studies and may assist a future fishery management of E. anchoita, a species not yet exploited in the SBB. / O principal objetivo dessa tese foi analisar as flutuações de longo-prazo na distribuição e abundância de ovos e larvas de Engraulias anchoita, uma espécie de peixe de importância econômica e ecológica, na Plataforma Continental Sudeste do Brasil (PCSE). Nós analisamos amostras e dados abióticos de dezoito cruzeiros oceanográficos realizados durante o fim da primavera e o começo do verão de 1974 a 2010. Dois estoques distintos foram identificados com base no tamanho dos ovos, um predominante e com menor tamanho e outro de maior tamanho ao sul da PCSE. Através de \"krigagem\" indicativa, foram identificadas áreas de desova ocasional (como ao norte de Florianópolis e a área ao largo da baía de Santos) e áreas em que a desova foi evitada (como em frente à Ilha de São Sebastião e ao Sistema Costeiro Cananéia-Iguape). Usando modelos inflacionados de zeros, os fatores espaciais (diferentes áreas e profundidades amostradas) foram relacionados com a probabilidade de se amostrar falso zero, enquanto os fatores temporais e oceanográficos (diferentes anos e temperatura) foram relacionados com a abundância de ovos e larvas. Apresentamos também uma metodologia mais rápida e mais eficiente para identificar os ovos de E. anchoita, comparamos as amostragens realizadas com duas malhagens diferentes e analisamos variações sazonais do tamanho dos ovos capturados. Assim, nossos resultados poderão auxiliar estudos futuros e também no manejo pesqueiro da espécie em questão, ainda não explorada comercialmente na área de estudo.

The ability to fight is, according to Swedish Armed Forces Doctrine (MilitärstrategiskDoktrin), depending upon the physical component, the conceptual component and themoral component.The purpose of this thesis is to examine in what way the Swedish doctrine is based onthe theories on war and war fighting by Sun Zi, Carl von Clausewitz, Antoine Henri deJomini and Mao Tse-tung.I have found that the Swedish doctrine is based on those theories.However, the Swedish doctrine needs to be developed in order to better explain therelation between the three components. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 03-05

No description available.

本研究探討小資女的微整型風潮，主要由兩大部分構成全文。第一部分是藉由台灣美容歷史的梳理，凸顯1990年代後由醫學主導的美容場域所塑造出的自然美神話。這神話使得選擇微整型實作的個人從自我認同到人際互動，多少都承載著自然美的價值去展演、觀看。透過訪談，本文進而揭示以微整型為日常保養的小資女，當她們在職場中從面試到工作與團體相處時，是如何發揮那隱而不見的「針」功夫，又如何以各種互動和對話技巧規避他人對自我外貌變化的猜疑。此外，本文也指出小資女身處在美容資訊隨處可見、選擇看似無窮的環境中，其個人決定如何在社會凝視下擺盪。應用Goffman的戲劇互動論，本文指出她們在職場上的儀式行為，尤其探問到在不同職場文化中的自我如何已經成為可以彈性形塑並要求改變的符號-物，甚至連同服裝及儀容也必須轉換為應當的儀式表達。 　　第二部分則是從自然美神話裡的矛盾元素去探究醫療細微化的科技視野下所呈現的當代生活。透過訪談，本文初步揭示女性在神話結構當中對於自然美的渴求，並且藉由微整型實作完成神話的矛盾要素。應用Baudrillard的消費社會觀，本文指出當女性在尋求差異以強調自我獨特性時，卻正相反地在迎合社會的共同性價值。此處除了小資女的自我敘述之外，本文也結合理論文獻及二手資料進階探究自然美形塑過程的三大面向，亦即物質技術、廣告消費和數位微整型。首先，我們基於物質、技術與醫師經驗等三個判準，將當前四大微整型技術劃出一條自然光譜。其次，我們從醫美診所的廣告文宣，梳理其中針對微整形技術的自然主張，了解業者的自然宣稱及消費者的自然認知。第三，我們還探討了電腦技術下的數位修圖以便凸顯出微整形的自然美意涵。從數位攝影的普及到網路平台的展演，我們在數位自拍與修圖等虛擬真實的媒介實作中探索自然美神話的疆界。 / This research comprised of two parts studies the emerging trend of cosmetic surgery practiced by young working females in Taiwan. In the first part, a short history of cosmetic practices is outlined to mark the formation of a myth of natural beauty since medical science and technology dominated the traditional field of cosmetic practices in the late 1990s. The myth makes the individual who has gone through cosmetic surgery carry the value of natural beauty while regarding one’s self-identity and performing in social interactions. Through in-depth interviews, the study shows that these young working females who have made cosmetic surgery an integral part of their daily beauty maintenance tend to exercise subtle strategies (art or kung-fu) of simulation, acting and interacting as if their beauty were all natural and real beyond suspicion at work-related situations. In addition, our study finds that personal decisions struggle constantly with the injunction of the social value (of natural beauty) as these young females are exposed to an excessive array of beauty information and surgery options. With resort to Goffman's theory of dramaturgical interaction, this study reveals some interaction rituals performed in different workplaces by these young working females. As a result, the individual self has itself become a sign-object malleable to change along with proper ways of clothing and grooming. The second part proceeds to explore contemporary living under the miniaturized purview of medical technology through the contradictory elements embodied in the myth of natural beauty. Once again drawing on in-depth interviews, the study reveals the female desire of natural beauty derived from the mythical structure, as well as their practices of cosmetic surgery which further realizes those contradictory elements in reproducing the myth. By applying Baudrillard’s theory of the consumer society, this study indicates that the more women intend to stress on their unique selves by marking out individual differences, the more they unintentionally cater to the common value of our society. In this regard, our study, apart from the self reports of interviewees, also combines theoretical discourses and secondary data to further explore the natural beauty process in its three main aspects, which might be termed as the cosmetic surgery of the material (technique), the representational (advertising) and the digital (social media). First, we delineate a spectrum of naturalism for the four major techniques of cosmetic surgery based on substance, technology and experience of the physician. Second, we examine the clinical claims and the consumer perceptions of nature shaped by advertising images and slogans circulated in the beauty industry. Third, we observe the trend of digital retouching with computer technology to sharpen the meaning of natural beauty in the practice of cosmetic surgery. From the relay of digital photography to the display of internet platform, we explore the mythical frontier of natural beauty by witnessing the digital retouching of selfies as a mediatory practice of virtual reality.

Die Lokalisierung von mobilen Nutzern (MU) in sehr dichten Netzen erfordert häufig die Synchronisierung der Access Points (APs) untereinander. Erstens konzentriert sich diese Arbeit auf die Lösung des Problems der Zeitsynchronisation in 5G-Netzwerken, indem ein hybrider Bayesischer Ansatz für die Schätzung des Taktversatzes und des Versatzes verwendet wird. Wir untersuchen und demonstrieren den beträchtlichen Nutzen der Belief Propagation (BP), die auf factor graphs läuft, um eine präzise netzwerkweite Synchronisation zu erreichen. Darüber hinaus nutzen wir die Vorteile der Bayesischen Rekursiven Filterung (BRF), um den Zeitstempel-Fehler bei der paarweisen Synchronisierung zu verringern. Schließlich zeigen wir die Vorzüge der hybriden Synchronisation auf, indem wir ein großes Netzwerk in gemeinsame und lokale Synchronisationsdomänen unterteilen und so den am besten geeigneten Synchronisationsalgorithmus (BP- oder BRF-basiert) auf jede Domäne anwenden können. Zweitens schlagen wir einen Deep Neural Network (DNN)-gestützten Particle Filter-basierten (DePF)-Ansatz vor, um das gemeinsame MU-Sync&loc-Problem zu lösen. Insbesondere setzt DePF einen asymmetrischen Zeitstempel-Austauschmechanismus zwischen den MUs und den APs ein, der Informationen über den Taktversatz, die Zeitverschiebung der MUs, und die AP-MU Abstand liefert. Zur Schätzung des Ankunftswinkels des empfangenen Synchronisierungspakets nutzt DePF den multiple signal classification Algorithmus, der durch die Channel Impulse Response (CIR) der Synchronisierungspakete gespeist wird. Die CIR wird auch genutzt, um den Verbindungszustand zu bestimmen, d. h. Line-of-Sight (LoS) oder Non-LoS (NLoS). Schließlich nutzt DePF particle Gaussian mixtures, die eine hybride partikelbasierte und parametrische BRF-Fusion der vorgenannten Informationen ermöglichen und die Position und die Taktparameter der MUs gemeinsam schätzen. / Mobile User (MU) localization in ultra dense networks often requires, on one hand, the Access Points (APs) to be synchronized among each other, and, on the other hand, the MU-AP synchronization. In this work, we firstly address the former, which eventually provides a basis for the latter, i.e., for the joint MU synchronization and localization (sync&loc). In particular, firstly, this work focuses on tackling the time synchronization problem in 5G networks by adopting a hybrid Bayesian approach for clock offset and skew estimation. Specifically, we investigate and demonstrate the substantial benefit of Belief Propagation (BP) running on Factor Graphs (FGs) in achieving precise network-wide synchronization. Moreover, we take advantage of Bayesian Recursive Filtering (BRF) to mitigate the time-stamping error in pairwise synchronization. Finally, we reveal the merit of hybrid synchronization by dividing a large-scale network into common and local synchronization domains, thereby being able to apply the most suitable synchronization algorithm (BP- or BRF-based) on each domain. Secondly, we propose a Deep Neural Network (DNN)-assisted Particle Filter-based (DePF) approach to address the MU joint sync&loc problem. In particular, DePF deploys an asymmetric time-stamp exchange mechanism between the MUs and the APs, which provides information about the MUs' clock offset, skew, and AP-MU distance. In addition, to estimate the Angle of Arrival (AoA) of the received synchronization packet, DePF draws on the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm that is fed by the Channel Impulse Response (CIR) experienced by the sync packets. The CIR is also leveraged on to determine the link condition, i.e. Line-of-Sight (LoS) or Non-LoS (NLoS). Finally DePF capitalizes on particle Gaussian mixtures which allow for a hybrid particle-based and parametric BRF fusion of the aforementioned pieces of information and jointly estimate the position and clock parameters of the MUs.

Kemisk krigföring i form av luftburna gifter har förekommit i många historiska kontexter. Trots att luftburna gifter, som till exempel giftig rök och gas är likartade företeelser, har inte forskare kunnat enas om äldre former av denna krigföring är jämförbar med den moderna. Huvudorsaken är att deras analyser saknar teoretiska perspektiv som belyser hur respektive   kontexts kemiska förutsättningar påverkar krigföringen. Syftet med den här undersökningen är att jämföra ett modernt nyttjande av luftburna gifter, tyskarnas första klorutsläpp vid Ypres 1915 med ett forntida exempel, den moistiska skolans användande av brandrök som gift under århundradena f. Kr. i Kina. För att kringgå tidigare forsknings problem anläggs ett teoretiskt perspektiv. En teori som belyser dynamiken   mellan kemisk krigföring och respektive kulturs föreställningar om och förhållande till miljön. Undersökningen visar att det är relevant att jämföra det moderna användandet av luftburna gifter med användandet i andra historiska kontexter eftersom det sker i liknande taktiska sammanhang och kräver mycket naturkunskap. Samtidigt belyser analysen att kontexten ger krigföringen en viss karaktär. Moisterna försökte nå framgång genom att samordna och   förbättra den process som gjorde det luftburna giftet effektivt samtidigt som de förlitade sig på generalistkunskap. Tyskarna, däremot förlitade sig på ett så effektivt  kemiskt ämne (agens) som möjligt. För denna typ av krigföring nyttjades utpräglade specialister.   Dessutom var relationen till själva giftet annorlunda i de två kontexterna. Moisterna utsatte sig för röken medan tyskarna avskärmade sig helt från klorgasen. Dessa skillnader går att förstå genom att se hur människorna i respektive kontext utnyttjade den för krigföringen relevanta kemin i icke-militära sammanhang. Den tidigare forskningens problem med att diskutera kemisk krigföring blir också tydligt i undersökningen. Problemet beror på att den vetenskapliga disciplinen kemi medför institutioner och begrepp som begränsar synen på användandet av luftburna gifter. Denna insikt tillsammans med undersökningens övriga resultat belyser något som har relevans för dagens hotbild. Luftburna gifter, kan i rätt sammanhang och genom rätt   prioriteringar göras effektiv utan tillgång till modern vetenskap och industri. Detta bör beaktas när hotbilden från aktörer utan egen militärindustri analyseras. / Airborne poison, as a type of chemical warfare, has been used in many historical contexts. Although airborne poison such as toxic smoke and gas are similar phenomena, researchers have not been able to agree if older forms of warfare are comparable to modern. One reason for this is that their respective analysis lacks theoretical perspectives that account for contextual chemical conditions. The purpose of this study is to compare a modern example of the use of airborne poison, the Germans' first chlorine emissions at Ypres in 1915 with an ancient one, the Mohists use of smoke as a poison in ancient China. A theoretical perspective is applied to circumvent the problems of earlier research. This theory focuses on the dynamics between decision-making in chemical warfare and a particular culture's perception of and relationship to the environment. The study shows that it is relevant to compare the modern use of airborne poison with its use in other historical contexts because the weapon occurs in a similar tactical context. Also this type of warfare requires a lot of knowledge of the natural world. At the same time the analysis illustrates that a specific context gives the warfare a certain character. The Mohists tried to achieve success by coordinating and improving the process by which the airborne poison was made effective. Furthermore they relied on generalist knowledge. The Germans, however, relied on having an efficient chemical substance (agent). For this type of warfare they utilized specialists. The human-poison relationship also differed. The Mohist exposed himself to smoke while the German soldier shut himself off completely from the chlorine gas. These differences can be understood by studying how people exploited similar chemistry in a non-military way  in their respective context. The problems that previous research has had in discussing chemical warfare is also made evident. These problems occur because chemistry as a scientific discipline creates institutions and concepts that limit the view of airborne poison as a weapon. This realization, along with results of the survey in general, illustrates something which has relevance in today’s world. Airborne poison can, in the right place and with the right priorities be effective without modern industrial and scientific resources. This should be considered when analyzing political actors lacking a modern military industry.

一、韓非是戰國時代有名的攻治思想家，集先秦法家之大成，其學有足述者。韓非子 一書乃我國古代政治學名著。本文討論韓非政治學說：共分七章，約八萬餘言。第一 章至第三章為韓非行狀、時代背、景思想淵源及其學說之基礎，第四章至七章為韓非 學說之主要內容，最後附以結論，以簡單說明其學說對後代政治之影響。 二、第一章分為兩節。第一節敘述韓子之身世行並附兩點討論，以說明其為法術之士 而泰使件秦之目的及其人格。思想乃環境之產品，而政治思想必有其時代使命，故第 二節由戰國大勢、韓國的處境與政情及當時流行的思想，以說明其學說之時代背景。 三、第二章討論韓非思想之淵。源戰國是我國學術思想上之黃金時代，諸子並起，百 家爭鳴，而以儒墨道法四大學派最有勢力。在此千巖競秀、萬壑爭流的奔放時代，思 想界相互激盪，勢所難免。法家學說較晚出，韓非集法家之大成，其思想之精神與內 容，總不免含有其他學派的影響。本章第一節討論韓子學說之人物淵源，分為從政之 法家與學理之法家二目；第二節為學派淵源，分為儒道墨三家，以說明其學說淵源由 自。 四、第三章討論韓非學說之基礎，分為歷史哲學與人性論兩節。其歷史哲學的精義， 只是『論世之事，因為之傋』八個字。其目的在攻擊儒墨復古守舊的主張，而提倡變 古維新。他的人性論在說明人性之『好利惡害』，以建立其用刑賞的法治主義。 五、第四章勢論。韓子學說中的勢，乃是近代政治學中的主權。韓非主張法治，勢乃 行法的混籍，在其學說中佔有非常重要的地位。不過他主張主權在君，這種主張發揮 到極端，便造成了君主專制。 六、第五章法論，乃韓非學說之中心。共分六節，第一節至第五節討論法之意義、作 用、立法原則、行法之態度與方法及法治之目的。第六節兩點討論，在指出韓非法治 學說中立法權不能獨立與缺乏監督之力量的兩缺點。 七、第六章術論在說明韓非所言的各種治術。術乃行法之手段。全章分為六節，第一 節至第五節敘述術之內容，第六節為結論，討論術治之得失。 八、第七章刑賞與農戰，乃韓非法治主義之兩項具體政策依韓非的主張、推行法治有 賴刑賞，富國強兵有賴農戰。刑賞是手段，富強是目的。 九、結論旨在簡單說明韓非學說對於後代政治之影響。本文所曾指陳者，約有二端： 第一為集權專制，第二為漢代宰相制度。前者包括君主之至尊無上與思想上之排他獨 占兩點，後者著重於宰相之簡選。最後並說明法家思想，尤其是韓非學說盛極而衰， 在秦漢以後失去顯學之地位，不能與儒家相抗衡之原因。

本研究針對中國城市教會信徒年輕化的現象，以北京一三自教會為個案分析，了解「八零後」的中國基督徒如何理解和實踐基督信仰，並探討這個群體的崛起如何改造城市基督教的面貌。八零後的中國基督徒在信徒身份建構上所強調的是理性學習及積極入世的。他們在對信仰的理解和實踐的過程中塑造了一種中產價值。這種中產價值不單體現在「高學歷」、「城市」、「創新」等文化資本上，更重視回歸到傳統的家庭價值和對社會的正面價值。本文也反映了基督教與國家權力之間的互動，指出兩者相互依存和調適，但教會仍受制於政府主導的宗教政策。教會在限制中調動信徒的力量發掘空間，實踐他們的信仰理念。 / Christianity in China has been traditionally attracted socially disadvantaged groups; however, this has recently changed with the rising number of young and educated worshipers in China’s urban churches, especially in metropolitan cities. This study examines a group of Post-80s Chinese Christians at a Three-Self church in Beijing by looking at (1) How these young followers understand and practice religion in their everyday lives? (2) And how their everyday practice and understanding of religion shape and change the image of urban Christianity? The Post-80s Chinese Christians place the importance of rational study and social engagement in constructing religious identity. The ways they interpret their faith reflect the middle class values by emphasizing family values and favoring economic and political stability. The study also shows that the state-church relation is mutually dependent and adaptive but the religious matters are still largely controlled by the political authority. Subject to the limitations imposed by the government, the church has managed to find room by making use of the creativity of the Christians to actualize their faith. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 陳丹. / Parallel title from English abstract. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-139). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Chen Dan.

朱峰. / "2001年3月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (leaves 150-159) / 附中英文摘要. / "2001 nian 3 yue" / Zhu Feng. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 150-159) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 論文提要 --- p.I / 目錄 --- p.IV / 序言 --- p.VI / Chapter 第一章 --- 導言 --- p.1 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 槪念澄淸 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 研究回顧 / Chapter 第二章 --- 華南女子文理學院的歷史回溯 --- p.12 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 佈道家辦學…程呂底亞時期(1908-1925) / Chapter 二´Ø --- 教育家辦學…盧愛德時期(1925-1927) / Chapter 三´Ø --- 華人治校……王世靜時期(1928-1951) / Chapter 第三章 --- 社會角色的變遷：服務教會與服務社會的互動 --- p.50 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 直接服務教會(1908-1927) / Chapter 二´Ø --- 從服務教會到服務社會(1927´ؤ1949) / Chapter 三´Ø --- “爲人民服務´ح的嘗試(1949一1951) / Chapter 第四章 --- 教育角色的實踐：基督教女子高等教育的特點 --- p.77 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 宗教教育與愛國主義 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 女權辯論與家政專業 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 校友統計與個案分析 / Chapter 第五章 --- 性別角色的追尋：與福建協和大學的合倂爭論 --- p.114 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 合倂爭論的困擾 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 合倂爭論的分析 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 合倂爭論的意義 / 結語 --- p.133 / 參考書目 / 附錄一 ：2000年度問卷調˘¬表和基本數據 / 附錄二：華南女子文理學院學生畢業論文題目(部分） / 附錄三：華南女子文理學院教職員工履歷表 / 附錄四：金陵女院與華南女院各項統計數字比照(1934年） / 附錄五：華南女子文理學院財政收入比例變化表 / 附錄五：中外人名漢/英對照表