The development of functional flexible electronics is essential to enable applications such as conformal medical imagers, wearable health monitoring systems, and flexible light-weight displays. Intensive research on thin-film transistors (TFTs) is being conducted with the goal of producing high-performance devices for improved backplane electronics. However, there are many challenges regarding the performance of devices fabricated at low temperatures that are compatible with flexible plastic substrates. Prior work has reported on the change in TFT characteristics due to mechanical strain, with especially extensive data on the effect of strain on field-effect mobility. This thesis investigates the effect of gate-bias stress and elastic strain on the long-term stability of flexible low-temperature hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) TFTs, as the topic has yet to be explored systematically. An emphasis was placed on bias-stress measurements over time in order to obtain information on the physical mechanisms of instability. Drain current was measured over various intervals of time to track the degradation of devices due to metastability, and results were then compared across devices of various sizes under tensile, compressive, and zero strain. Transfer characteristics of the TFTs were also measured under the different conditions, to allow for extraction of parameters that would provide insight into the instability mechanisms. In addition to parameter extraction, the degradation and recovery of TFT output current was quantitatively compared for various bias-stress times across the different levels of strain. Finally, the instability mechanisms are modelled with a Markov system to further examine the effect of strain on long-term TFT operation. From the analysis of results, it was found that shallow charge trapping in the dielectric is the main mechanism of instability for short bias stress times, and did not seem to be greatly affected by strain. For longer bias stress times of over 10000 seconds, defect creation in the a-Si:H becomes a more significant contributor to instability. Both tension and compression increased defect creation compared to TFTs with zero applied strain. Compression appeared to cause the greatest increase in the rate of defect formation, likely by weakening Si-Si bonds in the a-Si:H. Tension appeared to cause a less significant increase, possibly due to a strengthening of some proportion of the Si-Si bonds caused by the slight elongation of bond length or because the applied tension relieves intrinsic compressive stress in a-Si:H film. A longer conduction path and greater dielectric area appears to increase the bias-stress and strain-related effects. Therefore reducing device size should increase the reliability of flexible TFTs.

Compared to wafer based solar cells, thin film solar cells greatly reduce material cost and thermal budget due to low temperature process. Monolithically manufacturing allows large area fabrication and continuous processing. In this work, several photovoltaic thin films have been developed by rf-PECVD including a-Si:H and μc-Si, both intrinsic and doped on Corning 4 inch glass substrate at low temperature. The conductivity of n type and p type μc-Si at 180ºC was 17S/cm and 7.1E-2S/cm, respectively. B dopants either in a-Si:H or μc-Si films require higher plasma power to get active doping. The B2H6-to-SiH4 flow ratio for p type μc-Si lies from 0.01 to 0.025. Chamber conditions have critical effect on film quality. Repeatable and superior results require a well-established cleaning passivation procedure. Moreover, μc-Si films have been deposited from pure silane on glass substrate by modified rf-ICP-CVD. The deposition rate has been dramatically increased to 5Å/s due to little H2 dilution with crystalline fraction was around 69%, and 6.2Å/s with crystalline fraction 45%. Microstructure started to form at 150ºC with a thin incubation layer on the glass substrate, and became fully dense conical conglomerates around 300nm where conductivity and crystallinity saturated. Additionally, a-SiGe:H films have been developed by modified rf-ICP-CVD. The optical band gaps have been varied from 1.25 to 1.63eV by changing SiH4-to-GeH4 ratio. Also high temperature resulted in low bandgap. Cross-section TEM showed some microcrystllites appeared near interface region. Heterojunction solar cells on p type c-Si wafer have been fabricated using films developed in this thesis. Interference fringes in EQE disappeared on either textured substrate or cells with lift-off contacts. Maximum EQE was 87% around 700nm. I-V curves have also been studied where the interesting kink suggests a counter-diode has formed between emitter region and contacts.

In this study, silicon nanocrystals (NC) were synthesized in silicon dioxide matrix by ion implantation followed by high temperature annealing. Annealing temperature and duration were varied to study their effect on the nanocrystal formation and optical properties. Implantation of silicon ions was performed with different energy and dose depending on the oxide thickness on the silicon substrate. Before device fabrication, photoluminescence (PL) measurement was performed for each sample. From PL measurement it was observed that, PL emission depends on nanocrystal size determined by the parameters of implantation and annealing process. The peak position of PL emission was found to shifts toward higher wavelength when the dose of implanted Si increased. Two PL emission bands were observed in most cases. PL emission around 800 nm originated from Si NC in oxide matrix. Other emissions can be attributed to the luminescent defects in oxide or oxide/NC interface. In order to see electroluminescence properties Light Emitting Devices (LED) were fabricated by using metal oxide semiconductor structure, current-voltage (I-V) and electroluminescence (EL) measurements were conducted. I-V results revealed that, current passing through device depends on both implanted Si dose and annealing parameters. Current increases with increasing dose as one might expect due to the increased amount of defects in the matrix. The current however decreases with increasing annealing temperature and duration, which imply that, NC in oxide behave like a well controlled trap level for charge transport. From EL measurements, few differences were observed between EL and PL results. These differences can be attributed to the different excitation and emission mechanisms in PL and EL process. Upon comparision, EL emission was found to be inefficient due to the asymmetric charge injection from substrate and top contact. Peak position of EL emission was blue shifted with respect to PL one, and approached towards PL peak position as applied voltage increased. From the results of the EL measurements, EL emission mechanisms was attributed to tunneling of electron hole pairs from top contact and substrate to NC via oxide barrier.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:46:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RayssaHL_DISSERT.pdf: 1169638 bytes, checksum: aa667397d6455486347551ed4bb0f0d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / Tuberculosis is a serious disease with high incidence and prevalence, and in many countries a priority public health problem, with persisting high epidemiological significance. Seeing the person with tuberculosis it is important to observe his/her self care, as well as the difficulties intertwined in this process, since it can be directly impacting the health/disease process. The aim of this study was to analyze the self care of people with tuberculosis. Descriptive study with qualitative approach, conducted in West Sanitary District of the city of Natal, RN. Data collection occurred through a semi-structured interview guided by questions concerning sociodemographic and about the disease, treatment, and self care, between the months of July to September 2012 and met the ethical precepts of research with human beings. To analyze the results we used the technique of thematic content analysis of Laurence Bardin, through the prism of the theoretical-philosophical self care discussed by Michel Foucault. From the analysis emerged two categories, the first being, Meaning of tuberculosis, with subcategories: tuberculosis as sadness and unhappiness and tuberculosis as a normal issue, and the second, Beware yourself to tuberculosis, which had subcategories: self care as attention to the health care of oneself as satisfaction of basic needs and difficulties to self care. Tuberculosis represents for some people, something really sad, causing psychological suffering, however the other presents as normal. Self care of persons with tuberculosis in this study are related in great part to seek health care and the satisfaction of basic needs. About the difficulties related to the practice of self-care, it is observed that these are tied to food, time for rest, slowness of health services for scheduling appointments and tests, as well as related habits and dependencies in the lives of these people. This study contributed to a reflection of the users with tuberculosis and self care, revealing aspects that healthcare professionals should pay attention to watch these people, being able to see everyday on the run, the need for a space and time for oneself / A tuberculose ? uma doen?a grave, com incid?ncia e preval?ncia elevadas, sendo em muitos pa?ses um problema de sa?de p?blica priorit?rio, persistindo com alta import?ncia epidemiol?gica. Ao vislumbrar a pessoa com tuberculose ? importante observar o seu cuidado de si, bem como as dificuldades imbricadas neste processo, visto que o mesmo pode estar repercutindo diretamente no processo sa?de/doen?a. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o cuidado de si da pessoa com tuberculose. Estudo do tipo descritivo e abordagem qualitativa, realizado no Distrito Sanit?rio Oeste do munic?pio de Natal/RN. A coleta dos dados ocorreu por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada orientada por quest?es relativas aos aspectos sociodemogr?ficos e sobre a doen?a, tratamento e o cuidado de si, entre os meses de julho e setembro de 2012, e atendeu aos preceitos ?ticos de pesquisa com seres humanos. Para a an?lise dos resultados utilizou-se a t?cnica de an?lise de conte?do tem?tica de Laurence Bardin, sob o prisma do referencial te?rico-filos?fico do cuidado de si discutido por Michel Foucault. A partir da an?lise emergiram duas categorias, sendo a primeira, Significado da tuberculose, com as subcategorias: tuberculose como tristeza e infelicidade e tuberculose como algo normal; e a segunda, Cuidado de si com tuberculose, a qual teve as subcategorias: cuidado de si como aten??o para com a sa?de, cuidado de si como satisfa??o de necessidades b?sicas e dificuldades para o cuidado de si. A tuberculose representa, para alguns, algo deveras triste, causando sofrimentos psicol?gicos; entretanto a outros apresenta-se como normalidade. O cuidado de si das pessoas com tuberculose, nesse estudo, ? relativo, em grande parte, ? busca de cuidados com a sa?de e ? satisfa??o de necessidades b?sicas. Sobre as dificuldades relacionadas ? pr?tica do cuidado de si, observa-se que estas est?o atreladas ? alimenta??o, tempo para o descanso, morosidade dos servi?os de sa?de para agendamento de consultas e exames, bem como ligadas aos h?bitos e depend?ncias na vida destas pessoas. Este estudo contribuiu para uma reflex?o dos usu?rios com tuberculose sobre o cuidado de si, revelando aspectos que os profissionais de sa?de devem atentar ao assistir a estas pessoas, sendo poss?vel visualizar, na pressa cotidiana, a necessidade de um espa?o e tempo para si mesmo

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-13T20:36:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ADJEFFERSON VIEIRA ALVES DA SILVA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGH) 2014.pdf: 1189641 bytes, checksum: 932f8c5670ff52ea6adcaeba6e9a7d70 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T20:36:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADJEFFERSON VIEIRA ALVES DA SILVA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGH) 2014.pdf: 1189641 bytes, checksum: 932f8c5670ff52ea6adcaeba6e9a7d70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Capes / O presente trabalho dissertativo refletiu sobre a construção de subjetividades homoafetivas narradas em um diário online na rede social Orkut. Para tanto, analisamos um corpus documental constituído por mais de quatro mil postagens, cujo suporte de escrita é o ciberespaço – internet. Neste sentido, lançamos mão de um instrumental teórico capaz de nos ajudar a responder a problemática à qual nos propomos. Três conceitos base dirigiram nosso trabalho – ciberespaço, territorialidade e escrita de si. Estes conceitos foram utilizados a fim de contribuir com as análises da comunidade objeto de nossas reflexões, a saber: Contos Reais entre Amigos, especificamente o fórum Felipeººº Transando com os amigos no FdS, também chamado de FelipeºººRecomeço. Nosso recorte temporal cobre o período de postagens publicadas entre os meses de novembro de 2009 e dezembro de 2011. Utilizamos como base metodológica uma análise dos discursos produzidos no interior do diário, cotejando com as problematizações da bibliografia que deu suporte à pesquisa. Este trabalho foi dividido em três atos. No primeiro ato, evidenciamos o processo fabril de nosso objeto, assim como problematizamos a própria condição do ciberespaço e os registros nele inseridos, enquanto base primária, quando não exclusiva, para a investigação em História. No segundo ato, refletimos sobre a rede social Orkut e sua emergência no Brasil, enquanto espaço de sociabilidade, além de problematizarmos a condição diarista dos escritos de Felipe Cauzino e dos membros da comunidade atuantes no fórum. No terceiro ato, passamos a refletir sobre os processos de produção de subjetividades e a dimensão homoafetiva que prevalece nos escritos da comunidade. / Le présent travail dissertative reflété sur la construction de subjectivités homo-affective racontés dans un journal personnel online en réseau social Orkut. Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé un corpus documentaire constitué de plus de 4 mille postes dont support d‘écrire est le cyberespace - internet. Dans ce sens, nous avons utilisé une instrumental théorique capable de nous aider à répondre à la problématique qui nous proposons à couvrir. Trois concepts base ont dirige notre travail – cyberespace, territorialité, écriture de soi. Ces concepts ont été utilisés afin de contribuer dans les analyses de communauté objet de nos réflexions - Contes Réels entre des Amis, spécifiquement le forum Felipeººº Rapports sexuaels avec les amis en le FdS, aussi appelé de FelipeºººReprise. Notre découpage temporel couvre la période de postagens publiées entre Novembre de 2009 et Décembre de 2011. Nous avons utilisé comme base méthodologique une analise des discours produits dans l'intérieur du journal personnel confronter avec lês problématisation de la bibliographie a qu'a supporté au travail. Le travail a été divisé en trois actes. Dans le premier acte, nous avons observé le processus de fabrication de l'objet, ainsi que problématisent la condition même du cyberespace, et les enregistrements insérés dans le primaire, alors que les non-exclusif, pour la recherche de l'histoire. Dans le deuxième acte, nous avons réfléchi sur le réseau social Orkut et son émergence au Brésil et son émergence comme um espace sociabilité, plus de problématiser La la condition diariste des écrits de Felipe Cauzino et des membres de la communauté participants du forum. Dans troisième Acte, nous avons commencé à réfléchir sur les processus de production des subjectivités et la dimension homoaffective qui prévaut dans les écrits de la communauté.

Quem cuida de quem cuida? Essa pergunta/incômodo nutre esta pesquisa, que tem como tema central compreender as estratégias adotadas pelos trabalhadores da Atenção Básica para cuidarem de si. Para suprir os objetivos da pesquisa, que compreendem diversos mecanismos (políticos, históricos, sociais...) que podem existir em torno do cuidar, foram criados três capítulos conceituais para fundamentar teoricamente a proposta: Proposições para o profissional da saúde cuidar de si: A Política Nacional de Humanização do Sistema Único de Saúde; A saúde do trabalhador da saúde; O cuidado, o autocuidado e o cuidado de si (subdivido em: O cuidado, O autocuidado e o Cuidado de SI; e “_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _” Correndo Riscos: Fugindo dos riscos na esteira da medicalização). Esta é uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou como metodologia entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com profissionais da Atenção Básica da cidade de Porto Alegre, avaliadas pela análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (2011). Após a transcrição das entrevistas, as respostas foram distribuídas em cinco categorias: Cuidado: Acolhimento e escuta (categoria na qual revela-se a preocupação dos profissionais com as práticas de escuta e acolhimento nos serviços); Caminhando entre o vigilante autocuidado e a construção do cuidado de si (revelando as duas facetas do cuidar, sendo uma mais impositiva, ao passo que a outra pauta-se na construção conjunta com o usuário); Política/Gestão/Trabalhadores: três monólogos simultâneos (apontando a dificuldade de comunicação entre essas três estruturas); Fazendo milagres em condições precárias (indicando as más condições estruturais da Atenção Básica); O sujeito trabalhador tentando se cuidar e os “sumicídios diários” (que revela os caminhos do cuidado das trabalhadoras e a tentativa de sair do local de trabalho e esquecer o estresse e todas as lembranças do dia). Ao fim,realizou-se a “Devolutiva Cuidadora”, na qual os resultados foram apresentados a diversas pessoas e, ainda, onde ocorreram práticas de cuidado, como roda de conversa, danças circulares, práticas de respiração etc. Cuidar de si é também cuidar do outro, por isso é fundamental que o espaço do trabalho na saúde propicie esta reflexão, evitando que o dito popular, “Santo de casa não faz milagre”, que inspirou o título desta pesquisa, seja algo normalizado nos relatos dos profissionais de saúde. / Who looks after the ones that look after the others? This question/inconvenience nourished this research, which is focused on understanding the strategies adopted by the workers of Primary Care to look after themselves. To reach the research objectives, understanding the several (political, historical, social,…) mechanisms that may exist about caring, three conceptual chapters were created to support theoretically the hypothesis: Propositions for the health professionals look after themselves: The National Policy of Humanization of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS); The health of the person who works with health; The care, the self-care and the care for the self (subdivided in: The self, The self-care and the Care of the Self and “_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _”Taking Risks: Running away from risks on the heels of medicalization). This is a qualitative approach research which used semi structured interviews as methodology, which were performed with Primary Care professionals from Porto Alegre, evaluated by the content analysis proposed by Bardin (2011). After the interviews were transcribed, the answers were organized into five categories: Care: Shelter and listening (which reveals the worry professionals have with the listening and sheltering practices in the services); Walking between the self-care vigilant and the construction of the care of the self (revealing the two aspects of the care, when one is more imposing and the other is ruled by the shared construction with the user); Politics/Management/Workers: three simultaneous monologues (which shows the communication difficulty among these three structures); Making miracles in precarious conditions (which shows the poor structural conditions of the Primary Care); A worker trying to care for himself and the “daily suicides” (which reveals the ways workers care and the attempt to leave the workplace and forget the stress and all the day memories).At the end, it was also held the “Caring Feedback”, when the results were presented to many people and, besides, when there were care practices, like round of conversation, circular dances, breathing techniques etc. Looking after the self is also looking after the other, that is why it is essential that the workplace in health fosters this reflection, avoiding that the popular saying “No one is a prophet in their own land”, which inspired the title of this study, becomes something common in the reports of health professionals.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-25T18:04:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA ALINE SOUZA GUEDES – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGH) 2018.pdf: 4237655 bytes, checksum: bb336ae67b1d4110a5a97841d98e8950 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T18:04:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA ALINE SOUZA GUEDES – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGH) 2018.pdf: 4237655 bytes, checksum: bb336ae67b1d4110a5a97841d98e8950 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03 / Esta dissertação é um estudo sobre a trajetória de Maria Elenita de Vasconcelos (1944-1984), professora e cientista social, natural de Pedra Lavrada-PB. O eixo norteador desta escrita será o de discutir as suas memórias construídas, a partir de seus familiares, amigos e habitantes da cidade. No primeiro momento, apresentaremos uma discussão sobre as amizades que ela teve na cidade e percebemos que as relações afetivas foram uma marca de destaque em sua vida, principalmente nas lembranças de ações que demonstraram ser ela uma mulher que tentava viver com seus amigos uma relação de carinho e companheirismo. No segundo momento problematizamos a memória dela enquanto mãe e esposa e percebemos a importância de Iêdo teve na construção desta e por ter sido uma das principais pessoas que tentou preservar o papel dela enquanto esposa e mãe. No terceiro e último capítulo, analisaremos os últimos acontecimentos na vida de Elenita, principalmente a partir da descoberta da terceira gravidez e do diagnóstico câncer. Procuramos também, refletir os seus desejos pós-morte e compreendemos a partir da leitura das fontes que a professora fez dos seus últimos acontecimentos na terra, um espetáculo final se apropriando do seu poder simbólico afetivo de forma consciente ou não para que seus desejos fossem cumpridos. Como fontes, utilizamos fotografias da educadora e de alguns locais que fizeram parte da sua história, entrevistas com parentes e amigos, um cartão postal escrito pela própria alguns meses antes do seu falecimento e uma carta testamento endereçada aos lavradenses, alguns parentes e amigos. Para fundamentar nossas discussões, foram utilizadas as contribuições de Foucault (1981) através dos seus estudos sobre estética da existência, como um relacionamento que conduz o sujeito à transformação de si, a partir da relação e existência do outro. As obras de Pinsky (2014), Louro (1997) e Perrot (2017) sobre o ideário construído em torno da mulher nos “Anos dourados”, período do qual este trabalho está inserido, também nos foram fundamentais, assim como Halbwachs (2006) e Delgado (2010), através dos quais discutimos a memória e a sua relação com a história. Para compreendermos a relação entre a pesquisa histórica e a biografia, foi analisada a obra de Dosse (2009) que discute a tensão existente entre este gênero e a abordagem moderna que tem como parâmetro o relativismo e as leituras historiográficas, enriquecidas pelas contribuições de outras áreas do conhecimento como a psicanálise e sociologia. / This dissertation is a study about the trajectory of Maria Elenita de Vasconcelos (1944-1984), teacher and social scientist, born in Pedra Lavrada-PB. The guiding axis of this writing will be to discuss their memories built, from their relatives, friends and residents of the city. In the first moment, we will present a discussion about the friendships that she had in the city and we noticed that the affective relations were a mark of prominence in her life, mainly in the memories of actions that demonstrated to be a woman that tried to live with its friends a relation of affection and companionship. In the second moment we problematized the memory of Elenita as mother and wife and we realized the importance of Ido had in the construction of this one and for having been one of the main people who tried to preserve the paper of her as wife and mother. In the third and final chapter, we will look at recent events in Elenita's life, mainly from the discovery of the third pregnancy and the diagnosis of cancer. We also seek to reflect upon her wishes after death and we understand from the reading of the sources that the teacher made of her last events on earth, a final spectacle appropriating her affective symbolic power consciously or not so that her wishes were fulfilled . As sources, we used photographs of the educator and some places that were part of her story, interviews with relatives and friends, a postcard written by her own a few months before her death and a letter testament addressed to Lavradenses, some relatives and friends. In order to base our discussions, the contributions of Foucault (1981) were used through his studies on the aesthetics of existence, as a relationship that leads the subject to the transformation of self, from the relation and existence of the other. The works of Pinsky (2014), Louro (1997) and Perrot (2017) on the ideals built around women in the "Golden Years", period of which this work is inserted, were also fundamental to us, as Halbwachs (2006) and Delgado (2010), through which we discuss memory and its relation to history. In order to understand the relationship between historical research and biography, we analyzed the work of Dosse (2009) that discusses the tension between this genre and the modern approach that has as a parameter relativism and historiographical readings, enriched by the contributions of other areas of knowledge such as psychoanalysis and sociology.

This work deals with the analysis of selected works by the famous Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzler. For the purpose of zeitgeist illustration the dramas Anatole and Reigen were used. The analysis of the works is preceded by theoretical section with a closer description of the socio-historical situation in Vienna at the turn of the 19th and 20 century. A part of the main section is a short treatise on the importance of one-act plays cycle in the development of the author´s works, dramas analysis and characterization of the characters, on the basis of which the conclusions are drawn about the image of Victorian society, which the author deals with in his works . The last part concludes the analysis and provides an outline description of the image and the zeitgeist as it can be deduced on the basis of both Schnitzler´s dramas compared to socio-historical knowledge of that time.

Este estudo tem como tema os movimentos sociais contemporâneos, em especial aqueles que utilizam a ocupação dos espaços públicos como estratégia de resistência. A partir de 2011, novas formas de insurgência tomaram as ruas em diferentes países e continentes. Guardadas as diferenças locais que marcaram estes encontros populares, tem-se a estratégia de ocupação do espaço público como linha que transversaliza essas expressões. A ocupação, nestes moldes, toma visibilidade e importância diferenciadas, configurando-se como uma expressão própria deste tempo. No acompanhamento de coletivos que se organizam pela ocupação do espaço público na cidade de Porto Alegre, foram mapeados as formas de subjetivação que estão envolvidas nesta nova modalidade de articulação política. Ao perguntar-me se este é um modo de resistência às formas subjetivantes hegemônicas, atento para as práticas que dão um caráter singular a estes fenômenos urbanos, analisando quais potências de invenção estão em jogo nestes processos. A noção de “ética do cuidado de si”, proposta por Michel Foucault, é um interessante articulador do pensamento para pensar sobre estas possibilidades éticas e políticas. No campo dos movimentos sociais e da atitude crítica coletiva torna-se pertinente a problematização do poder e da liberdade, temas sobre os quais Foucault também olha de maneira muito especial. Tomo como ponto de partida uma contextualização dos movimentos de ocupação dos espaços públicos e suas condições de possibilidade, em âmbito internacional e na cidade de Porto Alegre, para apresentar as duas linhas que, ao enredarem-se, compõem os modos de politizar-se que pretendo colocar em análise: a linha da ocupação do público e os modos de ocupação de si. A experiência de pesquisar se deu a partir do lugar de militante e, a partir dela, foram mapeados alguns efeitos destes novos encontros, na cidade e para os sujeitos que ocupam, atentando para as possibilidades de constituir uma militância ligada a modos de fazer éticos. / The present study is about the contemporary social movements; mainly, the ones that take the occupation of public spaces as a strategy of resistance. Since 2011, new ways of insurgency have taken the streets in different countries and continents. Taking apart the local differences, a typical characteristic of these popular meetings, the occupation of public spaces arises as a tendency that cuts across these expressions. The occupation, by these means, takes different visibility and importance, becoming a singular expression of our period. Following the works of collectives that support the idea of the occupation of public spaces in the city of Porto Alegre, were established the ways of subjectification related to this new way of political articulation. Wondering if this is a way of resistance against the subjecting hegemonic ways, I attend to the practices that give a singular aspect to these urban phenomenons, analysing its possibilities of invention. The idea of an ethics of the care of the self, proposed by Michel Foucault, is an interesting tool to promote the investigation about these ethical and political possibilities. In the present field – the social movements and the collective and critical attitude – it is important to analyse the institutions of power and freedom, subjects specially examined by Foucault. As a starting point, the investigation of the occupation movements for public spaces; later on, its conditions of possibility, internationally and in Porto Alegre, to present two lines that, by merging, compose the ways of politicization that are here put in analysis. These are: the occupation of something public and the ways of occupying the self. This experience of research is produced from a militant position. Also by this position, were established some outcomes of these new ways of meeting, in the aspects of the city and the subjects that occupy, thinking about the possibilities of creating a militancy linked to ethical ways of acting.

Les réarrangements d'ADN à grande échelle, tels que inversions, amplifications, duplications, délétions, insertions et transposition des éléments génétiques mobiles, sont des acteurs essentiels de l'évolution. Ils ont une forte incidence sur l'organisation et l'expression des chromosomes, ce qui affecte le phénotype des organismes. Toutefois, la dynamique de ces réarrangements au cours de l'évolution et leurs effets sur l'adaptation des organismes sont souvent inconnus. Nous avons abordé ces questions en utilisant la plus longue expérience d'évolution en cours. A partir d'un ancêtre commun d'Escherichia coli, douze populations indépendantes sont cultivées dans un milieu limité en glucose depuis plus de 60 000 générations, soit 26 ans. La plupart des études antérieures ont porté sur les mutations ponctuelles et les petites insertions et délétions (InDels). En utilisant des clones isolés au cours du temps dans ces 12 populations, nous avons caractérisé les réarrangements d'ADN à grande échelle à la fois par l'analyse des séquences de génomes et par cartographie optique. A 40 000 générations, nous avons identifié 110 réarrangements parmi lesquelles 82 délétions, 19 inversions et 9 duplications. Plusieurs régions du chromosome ont été touchées à plusieurs reprises par le même type de réarrangements dans des populations indépendantes. Dans une des populations au moins, les réarrangements se sont produits au début de l'expérience d'évolution, au moment où l'augmentation de la valeur sélective est la plus élevée. Par conséquent, certains de ces réarrangements pourraient être bénéfiques dans ces conditions. Même dans le cas contraire, nous avons montré que ces réarrangements affectaient fortement la structure du chromosome au cours de l'expérience d'évolution.Au niveau moléculaire, nous avons montré que ~ 70% des réarrangements se produisent par recombinaison entre séquences d'insertion (IS), ce qui illustre l'importance de ces dernières dans la plasticité du génome. Nous avons donc caractérisé la distribution et la dynamique de ces petits éléments génétiques mobiles dans l'ensemble des 12 populations. Nous avons montré que les éléments IS ont fortement contribué à l'ensemble des mutations après 40 000 générations. Dans une population, les IS représentent même la moitié des mutations, et un des types d'IS, IS150, présente une forte prolifération avec 6 fois plus de copies à 40 000 générations, intervenant dans la plupart des réarrangements détectés dans cette population. Nous avons montré une forte dynamique temporelle d'IS150, avec une forte expansion suivie d'une domestication par l'hôte. En testant trois scenarii évolutifs, nous avons démontré que l'expansion d'IS150 était liée à une forte augmentation de la valeur sélective conférée par les événements initiaux de transposition ayant eu lieu avant 2000 générations. Plus tard, entre 20 000 et 40 000 générations, nous avons mesuré une diminution de la fréquence de transposition, probablement en raison d'une régulation négative de la transposition imposée par l'hôte. Enfin, et pour la première fois, nous avons développé un modèle d'évolution de la dynamique des IS, qui confirme que leur expansion est liée à un nombre seuil d'insertions bénéfiques initiales. Ces résultats montrent que les réarrangements chromosomiques à grande échelle et les éléments IS ont joué un rôle actif dans la trajectoire évolutive au cours de 40 000 générations d'évolution bactérienne. / Large-scale DNA rearrangements, including inversions, amplifications, duplications, deletions, insertions, and transposition of mobile genetic elements, are major drivers of evolution and strongly impact on chromosome organization and expression, thereby altering organismal phenotypes. However, their long-term evolutionary dynamics and effects on organismal fitness are often unknown. We addressed these questions by using the longest-running evolution experiment, during which twelve independent populations are propagated from a common E. coli ancestor in a glucose-limited environment for now over 60,000 generations (26 years). Most past studies have focused on point mutations and small InDels. Using evolved clones sampled over time in all 12 populations, we characterized all large-scale DNA rearrangements by using whole genome sequences and Whole Genome MappingTM (i.e optical mapping). After 40,000 generations, we identified a total of 110 rearrangements including 82 deletions, 19 inversions and 9 duplications. Many chromosomal regions were repeatedly affected by similar rearrangements and, at least in one population, they occurred early in evolution when fitness increase was strong. Therefore, many rearrangements may be under positive selection. At the very least, these rearrangements strongly affected the structure of the chromosome during evolution.At the molecular level, we showed that ~ 70% of all rearrangements occurred by recombination between Insertion Sequence (IS) elements, illustrating their importance in mediating genome plasticity. We therefore investigated the distribution and temporal dynamics of these small mobile genetic elements in all 12 populations. We showed that IS elements were strong contributors of the total mutations after 40,000 generations. In one population, they even represented about half of the total mutations and one IS type, IS150, revealed a strong 6-fold increase in copy number, accounting for the production of most of the rearrangements detected in this population. We showed that IS150 revealed a dynamic temporal behavior with a strong expansion followed by domestication by the host. By testing three evolutionary scenarios, we demonstrated that the IS150 expansion was related to a strong fitness increase conferred by the initial transposition events that occurred before 2000 generations. Later, between 20,000 and 40,000 generations, we measured a decreased transposition frequency, likely owing to a down regulation imposed by the host. Finally, and for the first time, we developed an evolution model of IS dynamics confirming that the IS expansion was related to a threshold number of initial IS beneficial insertions. All of our data showed that large-scale chromosomal rearrangements and IS elements have played an active role in the evolutionary outcomes after 40,000 generations of bacterial evolution.