The topic of this thesis is the Preparation of Dispute Proceedings. I am convinced, that particularly this part of proceedings is truly important, because everything else depends on it. If the proceedings is not perfectly prepared, subsequent proceedings is endangered with a risk of delay. Although, the preparation of the proceedings is fully in the hands of the judge, it must be taken seriously by all parties involved. After all, the proceedings may end at this stage, based on passivity of the parties, e.g. by judgment of acknowledgment. The ultimate instrument in preparation of proceedings is qualified summon, which I have paid the most attention to in terms of number of pages. However, all instruments entrusted to judge are mentioned in this thesis and evaluated in terms of their effectiveness. The thesis is divided into four chapters, introduction and conclusion not included. The first chapter focus on the key words definition and defining starting points of the work. Each of the following chapter is then devoted to one stage of the preparation of proceedings.

The drama of Senkatana by S.M. Mofokeng is analysed by applying principles provided by speech act theory, using as basis the explication of the theory by Bach and Harnish (1979). The socio-cultural context in the play has as its starting point the realm of myth and legend. From here all categories of relationships within the protagonist/antagonist encounter unfold, as do opposing sets of contextual beliefs characters rely on; these are primarily responsible for the growing conflict in the drama. Enhancing the mythical character of the play is the absorbing role played by the diboni, acting as seers, as prophets and as additional 'authorial voice'. Their and those of other characters' speech acts reflect this and more; they operate in a substantiated sign-system which provides a framework for evaluating each semiotic act from locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary dimensions of meaning. Chapter 1 comprises a historical survey of studies on speech act theory, and includes a brief summary of the position of the theory in the field of semiotics. The micro speech act analysis of the play is facilitated by the division of the text into smaller action units (summarised in Addendum 1). Chapter 2, containing the greater part of the exposition, commences the narration of the folktale and offers a clear rendering of the epic rise of the hero. Chapter 3 portrays the rise and progress of the antagonists challenging the hero, coupled with intensifying anxiety among the protagonists. Chapter 4 provides a vivid overview of how the values of the hero triumph over those of the antagonist despite the physical slaying of the hero. Chapter 5 offers a graphic outline of how the macro speech act is accomplished in the play. It is shown how an investigation of the speech act profiles of characters, coupled with the evaluation of illocutionary tactics and illocutionary/perlocutionary dynamics, communicates significant information pertaining to characterisation. A graph illustrating the rise and fall of micro speech acts within the larger macro speech act is provided in Addendum 2. Suggestions are made regarding future research in literary texts. / African Languages / D.Lit. et Phil. (African Languages)

Title: Who is the expert and on what? A qualitative study of the social workers response of the client. The purpose with this study is to obtain an insight in how the social workers reason around the interaction with the client and how they see the client as an expert on herself. The study is qualitative and is based on semi-structured interviews with nine informants from different parts of the social Service from municipalities. The qualitative study has an inductive and a deductive approach and a perspective that is constructivism.  These interviews were thematized and three themes emerged. The first theme was about the response of the client and how the social workers looks at their role as professional in relation to the clients they encounter. Another key part of the same theme was the meeting with the client. The second theme has the client as the expert as the central part. The key here was the profession's view of the client's own knowledge about themselves and how social workers handle the client's knowledge. The third and last theme was all about how the profession meets and treats the client on the basis of guidelines and manuals. Central to this theme was this how the social worker looks at the use of guidelines and manuals during the meeting with the client, which some see them as a help and some see that sometimes these become a hindrance. These three themes are on social workers perspective on the treatment of the client from different angles. / Titel: Vem är expert och på vad? En kvalitativ studie om socialsekreterarnas bemötande av klienten.   Syftet med denna studie är att få en inblick i hur socialsekreterarna resonerar kring bemötandet av klienten och hur de ser på klienten som expert på sig själv. Studien är kvalitativ och baserades på semistrukturerade intervjuer med nio informanter från olika delar inom socialtjänsten från olika kommuner. Den kvalitativa studien har en induktiv ansats med inslag av deduktiv ansats och utgår från det konstruktivistiska perspektivet. Intervjuerna har tematiserats varvid tre teman kommit fram. Första temat handlar om bemötandet av klienten och hur socialsekreterarna ser på sin roll som professionell i förhållande till de klienter de möter. Ytterligare en central del i samma tema är mötet med klienten. Det andra temat har klienten som expert som central del. Här är det professionens syn på klientens egna kunskaper om sig själva och hur socialsekreterarna hanterar klientens kunskap som är det centrala. Tredje och sista temat handlar om hur professionen möter och bemöter klienten utifrån riktlinjer och manualer. Det centrala i detta tema är här hur socialsekreterare ser på användandet av manualer i mötet med klienten, där en del ser dem som en hjälp och en del ser att emellanåt blir dessa ett hinder. Dessa tre teman handlar om socialsekreterares perspektiv på bemötande av klienten från olika infallsvinklar.

La construction identitaire du sujet relève du vaste champ sémantique de l'identité en général, et de l'identité personnelle en particulier. A l'heure de la modernité, c'est- à- dire de l'affirmation du sujet, le sens et la valeur du processus identitaire interrogent de manière transversale les sciences humaines et sociales. En littérature francophone, la construction identitaire du sujet romanesque africain, se complique des rémanences d'un environnement référentiel également en mutation socio- culturelle, A partir du corpus de quatre romans des auteurs gabonais Angèle Rawiri et, Jean Divassa Nyama, la présente étude s'intéresse au processus identitaire d'un sujet à la fois urbain et rural, qui en dépit de plusieurs stratégies développées, vérifie par son échec la thèse du « héros » problématique.Au regard des implications formelles, psycho- sociologiques et culturelles de notre objet d'étude, nous avons retenu une approche anthropologique, à savoir plurielle, pour mieux en cerner les nombreux contours.La première partie, descriptive, dresse le contexte socio- culturel auxquels s'alimentent les facteurs exogènes et endogènes de la crise identitaire du personnage. Celle – ci naît surtout du désir d'une nouvelle identification du personnage par rapport à soi et à son milieu, sous la pression d'une modernité exigeante. La diversité des situations du sujet débouche sur une stratégie d'affirmation identitaire multiforme, où dominent à la fois le goùt du pouvoir, le besoin de sécurité affective et l'enjeu culturel.Le deuxième axe voit le personnage- sujet lancer sa dynamique de quête, selon une configuration narrative et actantielle, articulée par une stratégie déterminante de modalités cognitives et pratiques.La dernière partie place le paradigme spatial au centre de la sémantique de la construction identitaire du sujet: cela débute par le cadre spatio- temporel africain en tant que structurant extérieur de l'aventure, auxquels s'ajoutent une intériorité et un imaginaire investis à la fois d'une valeur fonctionnelle et d'une forte symbolique. Enfin, l'importance accordé par le sujet au jeu relationnel sur son parcours identitaire contribue à notre sens à signifier l'importance de sa transformation intérieure. Il ressort en conséquence que l'émergence du sujet africain passe par l'enrichissement de son Être, à travers une vraie connaissance de soi et de ses valeurs culturelles, pour mieux exister au monde. / The identity shaping of the romantic subject owes to a large semantic field of identity in general, and of personal identity in particular. At the time of modernity, and more precisely, of the assertion of the subject, the sense and value of the identity process imply transversal clarification with the help of social and human sciences. As far as francophone African literature is concerned, the identity shaping of the romantic subject in the novel is facing the persistences of a referential environment which is submitted to sociocultural mutation.Applied to a corpus of four novels written by two gabonese authors, Angele Rawiri and Jean Divassa Nyama, the current study concerns the identity process of the romantic subject who is sharing rural as well as urban environment, and who, despite several strategies at stake, responds though his failure, to the concept of the problematic “hero”.Consequently, the emerging process of the African subject depends on the improvement of his being, through a real knowledge of himself and his cultural values. That is the best way for him to assert his existence in the world

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco J Castro.pdf: 1561390 bytes, checksum: 26d322500122d8a62d4f4380b9f66b0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-03 / This dissertation makes an analysis of the main causing factors of the variation of the Brazilian public debt between 1995 and 2005. Firstly, it is discoursed on the approaches of the new classics, Keynesians and the neo-classic synthesis about the public debt. It is presented, after that, the evolution of the privatizations, primary surplus, growth of the GDP, acknowledgment of debts and exchange depreciations. In the sequence, the result of each one of these factors is brought up to date by the IPCA until December of 2005 and by paid the average tax of interests on the public debt in each year. It is made a comparison of the interests paid on the public debt of Brazil with the interest rate Real practiced at the countries developed added of IPCA of Brazil resulting in a great difference, what is determined our public debt was remunerated with real interests same to the real interest rates of the developed countries would have paid of interests 68,55% than indeed we paid. It concludes that, in reason of the high average tax of interests for which the debt was remunerated in the period, the described factors above make influence more strongly than its results presented in current values. The main obstacle to the fall of the debt, in absolute terms, is the high taxes of interests for which it is remunerated / Esta dissertação faz uma análise dos principais fatores causadores da variação da dívida pública brasileira entre 1995 e 2005. Primeiramente, discorre-se sobre os enfoques dos novos clássicos, keynesianos e da síntese neoclássica a respeito da dívida pública. Apresenta-se, em seguida, a evolução das privatizações, superávit primário, crescimento do PIB, reconhecimento de dívidas e desvalorizações cambiais. Na seqüência, o resultado de cada um desses fatores é atualizado até dezembro de 2005 pelo IPCA e pela taxa média de juros paga sobre a dívida pública em cada ano. Faz-se uma comparação dos juros pagos sobre a dívida pública do Brasil com a taxa de juros reais praticadas nos países desenvolvidos acrescidas do IPCA do Brasil, resultando numa grande diferença, o que determina se a nossa dívida pública fosse remunerada com juros reais igual às taxas de juros reais dos países desenvolvidos teríamos pago de juros 68,55% do que efetivamente pagamos. Conclui-se que em razão da alta taxa de juros média pela qual a dívida foi remunerada no período, os fatores descritos acima se revelaram mais fortemente do que os seus resultados apresentados em valores correntes. O principal obstáculo à sua queda da dívida, em termos absolutos, são as altas taxas de juros pelas quais é remunerada

The drama of Senkatana by S.M. Mofokeng is analysed by applying principles provided by speech act theory, using as basis the explication of the theory by Bach and Harnish (1979). The socio-cultural context in the play has as its starting point the realm of myth and legend. From here all categories of relationships within the protagonist/antagonist encounter unfold, as do opposing sets of contextual beliefs characters rely on; these are primarily responsible for the growing conflict in the drama. Enhancing the mythical character of the play is the absorbing role played by the diboni, acting as seers, as prophets and as additional 'authorial voice'. Their and those of other characters' speech acts reflect this and more; they operate in a substantiated sign-system which provides a framework for evaluating each semiotic act from locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary dimensions of meaning. Chapter 1 comprises a historical survey of studies on speech act theory, and includes a brief summary of the position of the theory in the field of semiotics. The micro speech act analysis of the play is facilitated by the division of the text into smaller action units (summarised in Addendum 1). Chapter 2, containing the greater part of the exposition, commences the narration of the folktale and offers a clear rendering of the epic rise of the hero. Chapter 3 portrays the rise and progress of the antagonists challenging the hero, coupled with intensifying anxiety among the protagonists. Chapter 4 provides a vivid overview of how the values of the hero triumph over those of the antagonist despite the physical slaying of the hero. Chapter 5 offers a graphic outline of how the macro speech act is accomplished in the play. It is shown how an investigation of the speech act profiles of characters, coupled with the evaluation of illocutionary tactics and illocutionary/perlocutionary dynamics, communicates significant information pertaining to characterisation. A graph illustrating the rise and fall of micro speech acts within the larger macro speech act is provided in Addendum 2. Suggestions are made regarding future research in literary texts. / African Languages / D.Lit. et Phil. (African Languages)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abigail Silvestre Torres.pdf: 1663744 bytes, checksum: 881ec0334b137ef00551d2dd4260cfd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study is focused on investigating social life, as a socio-relational process, which has the possibility to increase the social protection of subjects, families, groups and segments of population. It departs from the assumption of social life as a programmatic action of social service policy in order to assure social security. Drawn upon theory of recognition and theory of social bonds, this study seeks to point out how relationships may promote protection and acknowledgment, although it also may create humiliation, undervaluation, and subordination. Due to these situations are harsh to be coped with by the subjects who suffer them, this study defends the crucial role of the State and specifically the social service policy to act upon these relationships. This requires strengthening social service policy towards a democratic mode which respects the autonomy of the subjects in taking decisions and offers opportunities to living the experience of social life as social protection. In order to strengthen social service policy it is necessary the production of knowledge on situations of suffering to take them as demanding social work attention and to overcome conservative practices which devalues the subject and consequently constitutes an expression of segregation rather than protection / O presente estudo se ocupou de investigar a convivência social, enquanto um processo sociorrelacional que contem possibilidade de ampliar a proteção social de sujeitos, famílias, grupos e segmentos populacionais, mais particularmente foi conduzido a partir da afirmativa da convivência social como ação programática da política de assistência social na garantia de uma segurança social. A partir da teoria do reconhecimento e da teoria dos vínculos, busca apontar como as relações podem produzir proteção e reconhecimento, mas também podem produzir humilhações, desqualificação e subalternização. Por se tratar de situações impossíveis de serem enfrentadas pelos sujeitos que as sofrem, defende o trabalho que a presença do Estado e mais especificamente da politica de assistência social para atuar nessas relações é imprescindível, o que requer um fortalecimento do trabalho social nesta política numa direção democrática que respeita a autonomia dos sujeitos na tomada de decisão e oferece oportunidades de viver a experiência de convívio social como proteção. Neste fortalecimento é necessário o desenvolvimento de conhecimentos sobre situações de sofrimento, para toma-las como demanda na atenção do trabalho e a superação de práticas conservadoras que ao desvalorizar o sujeito terminam por se constituir como expressão de segregação e não de proteçãonto. Vínculos Sociais.

En quarante ans, la Bretagne a subi en moyenne un naufrage de pétrolier tous les cinq ans. A chaque marée noire, le dommage écologique génère des mobilisations massives, des controverses sur la scène publique et la remise en cause des dispositifs de régulation. Malgré son évidence sensible, ni le régime international d'indemnisation (FIPOL) ni le Droit national n'intègrent l'atteinte environnementale comme motif supplémentaire de responsabilité financière pour les opérateurs. Les dommages de la pollution sont pris en compte à travers, d'un côté, les préjudices économiques et matériels et, de l'autre, les dommages purs à la biodiversité, sous la forme d'actions de restauration des milieux naturels. Les critiques pointent la faiblesse de la dissuasion : les coûts d'une marée noire pour les acteurs du transport maritime pétrolier sont considérés dérisoires au vu des profits et donc peu incitatifs à des comportements plus prudents. Elles réclament également la reconnaissance des dommages écologiques par le Droit, qui ouvrirait la possibilité de conséquences juridiques et économiques concrètes aux faits de pollutions et l'indemnisation des atteintes à l'environnement.Cette recherche s'intéresse aux processus de changement vers la reconnaissance des dommages écologiques des marées noires. Il ne s'agit pas de questionner l'efficacité de la prise en compte des dégradations environnementales par le dispositif de gestion ou les voies juridiques susceptibles de soutenir son intégration dans le Droit - déjà largement explorées - mais d'étudier les réalités du dommage écologique et d'analyser les actions de changement mises en oeuvre par des acteurs pour susciter leur reconnaissance. Cette analyse est conduite à partir de deux cas d'étude, la marée noire de l'Amoco Cadiz (1978) et celle de l'Erika (1999).Nous explorons une voie alternative et élargie de compréhension des atteintes de la marée noire, en considérant que la marée noire endommage aussi des relations plurielles entre hommes et environnement. Grâce à la sociologie pragmatique développée par Thévenot dans L'action au pluriel (2006) nous montrons les réalités plurielles du dommage écologique en termes d'attachements d’hommes à des non humains, que ni la description des écologues, ni celle des attachements de type marchand ne parviennent à saisir. Par ailleurs, à partir d'une analyse stratégique de la gestion de l'environnement (Mermet et al., 2005), nous étudions la manière dont les acteurs élaborent l'action de changement et comment celle-ci porte le dommage écologique. Nous nous intéressons tout particulièrement à la manière dont les enjeux de l'action induisent certains choix de qualification du dommage au tribunal.La recherche propose ainsi de nouvelles connaissances sur le dommage écologique, qui pourraient en renouveler la définition (intérêt théorique). Questionner les atteintes aux attachements pourrait également ouvrir une voie intéressante pour soutenir de nouvelles formes de justification sur la scène publique et favoriser la reconnaissance juridique des dommages écologiques (intérêt opérationnel). Enfin, elle articule deux cadres de pensée jusque-là disjoints en sciences humaines et qui se révèlent complémentaires. En donnant à voir les réalités plurielles, individuelles et collectives, des dynamiques environnementales, cette recherche propose d'enrichir la compréhension de la mise en oeuvre d'une action de changement au-delà des analyses de l'action collective (Cefaï, 2007). / Over the last forty years, an oil tanker has sunk off the Brittany coast of France every five years on average. Each time, the ecological damage from the oil slick has mobilised huge numbers of people to volunteer and demonstrate, and generated public controversy and criticism of regulatory procedures. Although oil spills provoke evident impacts, neither the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds) nor French Law recognise environmental detriment as a motif for financial compensation by the operators. The damages and pollution are taken into account firstly as economic and material losses, and secondly in terms of damage to biodiversity requiring habitat restoration actions. Critics highlight the feeble deterrent and the lack of incentive for maritime oil transporters to reduce risks: in relation to their profits the costs of an oil slick to them is regarded as derisory. These critics also call for recognition of ecological damages by the law. This would allow environmental pollution to incur economic and juridical responsibilities, and for environmental harm to require compensation.This research project looks at change processes leading to the recognition of ecological damage from oil slicks. We do not add to the existing substantial debate over the efficiency or interest of integrating environmental concerns into conduct rules and the legal system, nor evaluate different methods for doing do. Instead we study the realities of ecological damage, and analyse actions for change implemented by different actors to provoke their recognition. This analysis is based on two case studies: the oil slicks from the Amoco Cadiz (1978) and the Erika (1999).We explore an alternative and wider approach to understanding the harm caused by an oil slick, by considering that it damages multiple relationships between man and the environment. Using the concept of pragmatic sociology (Thévenot, “L’action au pluriel”, 2006) we reveal the multiple realities of ecological damage in terms of the relations between humans and nonhumans. These relations cannot be described in purely commercial nor ecological terms. Using a strategic analysis of environmental management (Mermet et al., 2005), we study how actors elaborate an action for change and how the action represents environmental damage. We look particularly at how the challenge of the action leads to certain choices when qualifying the damage to the courts.Thus, the study proposes new information on ecological damage, allowing the definition to be renewed (theoretical interest). By examining ecological damage in terms of harm to human – nonhuman relations, it provides an interesting support for new forms of justification in the public arena, and promotes legal recognition of ecological damage (operational interest). Finally, the study brings together, and shows to be complementary, two conceptual frameworks hereto unarticulated in human sciences. The study reveals the multiple individual and collective realities of environmental dynamics, and thus allows a richer understanding of the implementation of an action for change than a standard analysis of collective action (Cefai, 2007).

Submitted by Luís Felipe de Freitas Kietzmann (felipe.kietzmann@gmail.com) on 2016-02-24T18:03:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Provisionamento de Processos Judiciais F Kietzmann 22 02 16 v final.pdf: 904366 bytes, checksum: 7db9e2e608ffb321c33c77f98649f6ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-02-24T18:11:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Provisionamento de Processos Judiciais F Kietzmann 22 02 16 v final.pdf: 904366 bytes, checksum: 7db9e2e608ffb321c33c77f98649f6ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-25T15:04:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Provisionamento de Processos Judiciais F Kietzmann 22 02 16 v final.pdf: 904366 bytes, checksum: 7db9e2e608ffb321c33c77f98649f6ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-28 / This paper focuses on Brazilian standards concerning the provision and the disclosure of contingent liabilities specifically aiming at their use in legal and managerial proceedings, which are the kind of contingent liability that most significantly impacts the results of the majority of national companies in all segments. The description of the standards, therefore, is compared to the market reality and the specifications pertaining to legal and managerial proceedings. In addition to contextualizing the applicable rules and explaining how they work, in special Technical Standard number 25, created by the Committee of Accounting Standards, which became mandatory for publicly-held corporations by CVM Decision number 594, as of September 15, 2009, their critical analysis is also performed, with the identification of any omissions that might make it difficult to perform the provision activities by the appropriate professionals, which leads to a lack of uniformity of these records in the company's financial statements, as well as making it possible to manage results. Next, solutions are assessed and proposed for the problems found, in special the adoption of percentage values for risk classification criteria and the definition of contingency value measurement and contingent liability mensuration criteria organized as standards of good practices of provision and disclosure of contingent liabilities arising from legal and managerial proceedings. / O presente trabalho examina as normas brasileiras relativas ao provisionamento e à divulgação de passivos contingentes com vistas especificamente à sua aplicação para processos judiciais e administrativos, que representam o tipo de passivo contingente que mais impacta o resultado da maior parte das companhias nacionais, de todos os segmentos. O texto das normas, portanto, é confrontado com a realidade prática do mercado e as especificidades inerentes aos processos judiciais e administrativos. Além de contextualizar e explicar o funcionamento das regras aplicáveis, com destaque para o Pronunciamento Técnico nº. 25, do Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis, que se tornou obrigatório para as companhias abertas por meio da Deliberação CVM nº. 594, de 15 de setembro de 2009, é realizada sua análise crítica, identificando omissões que podem dificultar o desempenho das atividades de provisionamento de tais demandas pelos profissionais competentes, fomentando a falta de uniformidade desses registros entre as demonstrações financeiras das companhias, bem como possibilitando o gerenciamento de resultados. Em seguida, são avaliadas e propostas soluções para os problemas identificados, com destaque para o estabelecimento de valores percentuais aos critérios de classificação de risco e a definição de critérios para classificação de risco de perda e mensuração de valores de passivos contingentes, organizadas em forma de diretrizes de boas práticas de provisionamento e de divulgação de passivos contingentes decorrentes de processos judiciais e administrativos.

Dans le milieu professionnel artisanal et semi-industriel, la conception des objets techniques dans et pour les pays en développement d'Afrique de l'Ouest et notamment au Burkina Faso constitue un enjeu majeur. Cependant dans leur grande majorité, les technologies introduites n'ont pas répondu aux attentes des populations cibles. De nombreux échecs jalonnent l'histoire récente de ces tentatives. La problématique de cette impasse technologique est le plus souvent posée par les concepteurs et les développeurs en termes d'élaboration d'une méthode spécifique de conception destinée à ces pays en développement. Cette thèse attire plutôt l'attention sur le fait que la conception d'artefacts techniques dans cette région du monde ne peut faire l'économie d'une réflexion critique sur les modalités de mise en œuvre des processus de conception. Il ne s'agit plus uniquement d'aider à la conception de systèmes techniques par l'élaboration d'une méthode adaptée de conception mais d'aller au-delà, dans la mesure du possible, pour étendre le champ de connaissance et analyser l'ensemble des acteurs des réseaux sociotechniques impliqués, pour in fine, aider à la conception d'un nouveau système technique qui prenne en compte, dès l'amont, des questions comme celles des conditions de la collaboration, de la construction de la confiance et de la reconnaissance des concepteurs. / Within the handicraft and the semi-industrial environment, technical artifacts design in West African developing countries and particularly in Burkina Faso is a major challenge. However, the vast majority of technologies transferred have not met the target populations' expectations. For many failures mark the recent history of these attempts. This technological impasse is more often raised by designers and developers in terms of developing a specific design method for these developing countries. This thesis draws attention to the fact that technical artifacts design in this region cannot be done without a critical reflection on the design process implementation modalities. It is no longer only assisting the technical systems design by developing a suitable design method, but going beyond, as possible as, to extend the knowledge scope and to analyze all of the actors linked to the socio-technical networks involved, in order finally, to help designing a new technical system taking into account, as soon as the upstream, issues such as collaboration conditions, trust building and designers' acknowledgment and recognition.