Les modèles du contrat FIDIC sont parmi les conditions de référence les plus couramment utilisées dans les projets internationaux. Le contrat FIDIC est calqué sur des conceptions juridiques enracinées dans le système de Common Law. Cependant, il y a une augmentation dans l’utilisation des modèles FIDIC dans les systèmes du code civil. Ainsi, les employeurs, les entrepreneurs, les organismes de financement internationaux, les ingénieurs, les avocats et les parties prenantes des projets, utilisant les modèles FIDIC dans les systèmes du code civil, doivent comprendre l'interprétation des dispositions FIDIC dans le contexte du droit civil. Dans cette recherche, l’application des provisions concernant le temps et le paiement supplémentaires sous l’auspice d’un contrat FIDIC (CONS) sera étudiée dans le contexte du droit civil, avec une attention particulière pour l’application spéciale de telles provisions sur le droit civil Egyptien. Les ressemblances et différences entre les provisions concernant le temps et le paiement supplémentaire sous l’auspice d’un contrat FIDIC (CONS) et le droit civil Egyptien seront identifiées. Des recommandations concernant les provisions concernées seront faites quant aux modifications à apporter soit au Code civil Egyptien soit au modèle FIDIC (CONS), selon le cas. Cette recherche vise à illuminer les employeurs, les ingénieurs et les entrepreneurs concluant des projets fondés sur le modèle FIDIC (CONS) et ayant élu le droit Egyptien en tant que loi applicable; gérer correctement les délais, retards et risques entraînant des paiements supplémentaires dans les contrats de construction. Cela devrait permettre de minimiser, autant que possible, les litiges associés aux retards et aux demandes de prorogation de délai et/ou du paiement supplémentaire. Étant donné que la plupart des systèmes juridiques du Moyen-Orient sont fondés sur les principes du droit civil et sont fortement influencés par le droit civil Egyptien, il est envisagé que cette recherche soutienne l'administration effective et efficace des contrats de construction dans la région. / The FIDIC forms of contract are one of the most commonly used standard conditions of contract in international projects. The FIDIC is based on legal concepts rooted in the Common Law system. However, there is an increase use of the FIDIC in Civil Law jurisdictions. Thus, employers, contractors, international financing organizations, engineers, lawyers and stakeholders of projects, using FIDIC in Civil Law jurisdictions, need to understand the interpretation of the FIDIC provisions against a Civil Law background. In this research, the application of time and additional payment provisions of the FIDIC (CONS) will be studied in the context of the Civil Law, with special application on the Egyptian Civil Law. Similarities and differences between the relevant provisions of time and additional payment under the FIDIC (CONS) and the Egyptian Civil Law will be recognised. Recommendations will be yielded as to amendments to be made either to the Egyptian Civil Code or to the FIDIC (CONS), as the case may be, in relation to the provisions at issue. It is envisaged that this research would help employers, engineers and contractors, entering into projects based on the FIDIC (CONS) and with the Egyptian Civil Law as the applicable law, properly manage time provisions, delays and risks leading to additional payment in the construction contracts. This should help minimize, as much as possible, disputes associated with and/or resulting from the delays and claims for extension of time and/or additional payment. Since most of the legal systems of the Middle East are founded upon Civil Law principles, and are most heavily influenced by the Egyptian Civil Law, it is envisaged that this research would support effective and efficient contract administration of construction projects among the region.

Magister Educationis - MEd / South Africa’s poor performance in local, regional and international benchmark literacy assessments is well documented and has implications for teachers. Both the Progress in International Reading and Literacy Studies (PIRLS) and the National Education Evaluation and Development Unit (NEEDU) reports and research argue that South African teachers lack both the content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge of their subjects. Although the studies refer to teachers, their voices are not heard in the studies and their opinions are not known. Investigation was required to examine teachers’ experiences of the literacy assessment and thus bring teachers’ voices into this hotly debated topic.

This thesis is based on questionnaire survey conducted with 223 respondents, whereof 120 are parents and 103 are children. The purpose of the study was to investigate these respondents’ point of view on inclusive education for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The first three research questions target the opinions of children with ADHD and their parents concerning inclusive education, and which aspects they consider the schools could develop in this area. The aim of the fourth and final research question was to investigate whether there are any differences regarding how the inclusive education is perceived depending on the geographic location of a school. The theory used in the study is Claes Nilholm’s four perspectives of inclusion, which are (1) placement, (2) inclusion of children in need of special support or functional disabilities, (3) inclusion of all children and (4) inclusion as feeling like you have a sense of belonging. The results show that only a few of the respondents perceive that the schools’ work reached the standards of the third and fourth perspectives on inclusive education. There were even some difficulties with identifying examples where the respondents perceived all the requirements for the second perspective to have been met. The experiences expressed by a small group of students did not even count as inclusion, in relation to the criteria of the first perspective. Most of the respondents were unhappy with the way inclusive education looked in their schools, especially in relation to the teachers’ competence regarding the diagnosis ADHD and how to work with children with this diagnosis. Also, the results show that there might be a slight correlation between the form of inclusive education and the geographic location of the school, in regards to benefits in form of economic resources being higher in the countryside, while other benefits in form of teacher competence being higher in schools in a larger city. The conclusions are that Swedish schools must work harder if to accomplish a more universal form of inclusive education, and that teachers need further education in how to work inclusively with children with an ADHD-diagnosis. In addition it becomes clear that the schools need to be given more financial support in order to be able to get the equipment needed for such a change.

Rapporten behandlar och utvärderar tre olika isolermaterial, Polyisocyanurat (PIR), grafitcellplast och mineralull, vid tilläggsisolering av miljonprogrammets byggnationer.  Stora delar av miljonprogrammet är nu i behov av upprustning. Samhällets skärpta krav gällande energiförbrukning gör att nya rationella metoder och material krävs för att tillgodose ställda krav. Att tilläggsisolera är en del i denna upprustning, och eftersom valet av isolermaterial ofta faller på gamla beprövade metoder och materialval, såsom mineralull, syftar denna rapport till att öka kunskapen om alternativa, mer högpresterande isolermaterial. Isolermaterialens egenskaper tas först upp och behandlas i en generell jämförelse där ekonomiska och tekniska aspekter beaktas. För att konkretisera och påvisa utfallet i ett specifikt fall genomförs en studie för ett referensprojekt, kvarteret Hundlokan, som ägs och förvaltas av Fastighets AB Förvaltaren. I studien undersöks tre olika alternativ för vart och ett av materialen vid tilläggsisolering utvändigt av Hundlokans fasader. Samtliga alternativ ställs sedan mot varandra och utvärderas med hjälp av: fukt-, U-värdes-, energi-, kostnads- och LCC-beräkningar (livscykelkostnad). Enklare fuktberäkningar som påvisar relativ fuktighet (RF), ånghalt och temperatur i väggens olika skikt genomförs. Resultatet visar att alla alternativ anses vara möjliga att tillämpa utan att fuktproblem ska behöva uppstå. Mer avancerade beräkningar bör genomföras vid projektering. Energiberäkningarna för de olika alternativen och även ursprungsfallet görs i ”VIP-energy” för att möjliggöra en realistisk jämförelse där skillnaderna i transmissionsförluster ställs mot varandra. I kostnadsberäkningarna påvisas skillnaderna i produktionskostnaderna för de olika alternativen. Dessa tillsammans med energibesparingen i form av minskade transmissionsförluster ligger sedan till grund för LCC-beräkningarna. Då stora ytor av fasaden i kv. Hundlokan upptas av fönster och indragna balkonger som skapar köldbryggor görs med ökad isolertjocklek ingen stor energibesparing i form av minskade transmissionsförluster. Initialkostnaderna för de tjockare isoleralternativen blir för höga för att möjliggöra återbetalning inom rimlig tidsram. Slutsatsen blir att tilläggsisolering med alternativa material till mineralull kan vara lönsamt och bör alltid undersökas i ombyggnadsprojekt. I det specifika fallet kvarteret Hundlokan är tilläggsisolering med 10 cm PIR det mest lönsamma alternativet. / This report treats and evaluates three different types of insulation materials: Polyisocyanurate (PIR), graphite foam and mineral wool, at additional insulation of houses from the Swedish “millionprogram”. Large parts of the houses from the millionprogram are now in need of restoration. The stricter rules laid down by the society regarding the use of energy, demands new, rational methods and materials to satisfy the regulations. Additional insulation is a step in meeting the energy regulatory requirements, and since the choice of insulation often is limited to traditional out tried methods and choices of materials, such as mineral wool, this report will explore the alternative, high-performance insulation materials. The insulation material’s qualities will be treated in a general comparisment where economical and technical aspects will be covered. In order to concretize and demonstrate the outcome in a specific case, a case study will be executed for the neighborhood Hundlokan owned and managed by Fastighets AB Förvaltaren. In the case study, three different alternatives will be examined, for each and every material at the additional insulation, outwardly at Hundlokan’s facades. All these alternatives are compared with each other and evaluated with regards to moister, u-value, energy, costs and LCC- calculations (Life cycle analysis). Simpler moisture calculations are implemented demonstrating the relative humidity (RF), steam level and temperature in the walls different layers. The results of the moisture calculations demonstrate that all alternatives seem possible to apply without the risk of the occurrence of any moisture problems. But more advanced moisture calculations are recommended to be carried out for restoration projects. Energy calculations regarding the different alternatives and the current state will be performed with “VIP-energy” in order to enable a realistic comparisment between the differences at transmission losses. Differences are shown within the cost’s calculations in production costs for the different alternatives. These along together with the energy savings in terms of less transmission losses are bases for the LCC-calculations. A large surface of the facade is covered by windows and recessed balconies which create thermal bridges, increased thickness of the isolation results in no larger energy savings in terms of decreased transmission losses.  The initial costs for the thicker isolation alternatives will be high in order to enable repayment within a reasonable time frame. The conclusion is that adding insulation with alternative materials than mineral wool can be profitable and should always be examined in reconstruction projects. For the specific case, Hundlokan additional insulation with 10 cm PIR is the most profitable option.

Kandidatuppgiften som vi blev tilldelade innefattade utmaningen att bygga en tillbyggnad till en mycket historisk byggnad i centrala Stockholm. Den existerande byggnaden, som står i behov av en tillbyggnad, huserar Nationalmuseum. Museet var från början en gest till folket att få ta del av den kungliga konstskatten. Idag fyller museet inte bara de kungliga samlingarna utan all form av nationell konst och design från långt bak i tiden fram till modern tid.  Dessutom innehåller byggnaden en administrativ avdelning med administrativ personal samt magasin och ateljéer. På grund av mängden konst och ökade krav på arbetsmiljö och säkerhet så behöver man nu bygga ut. Utmaningen var komplex då den innehöll svårigheter på programnivå men samtidigt så skulle detta komma att bli ett nytt inslag i Stockholms hjärta med utblick över från de flesta stadsdelar. Mitt förslag blev ett tillägg som med ett relativt fritt formspråk skapats utifrån stadens linjer och människornas användande. / The task we were assigned included the challenge of building an addition to a very historic building in central Stockholm. The existing building, which is in need of an addition, houses the National Museum. The museum was originally a gesture to the people to take part of the royal art treasure. Today there is not only the royal collections within the museum, but all form of national art and design from way back in time to the modern day. As well, the building houses the administrative department with administrative staff and warehouses and studios. Because of the amount of art and increased demands on health and safety, they need to now build out. The challenge was complex as it contained the problems at the programme level but at the same time, this would become a new element in the heart of Stockholm with a view over most neighborhoods. My suggestion was a supplement that with a relatively free-form language created from the city lines and human use.

Sweden is seen as a successful adopter of English as an additional language (EAL) and the country is a frontrunner in the globalization of the English language. Much of the success could be attributed to the large presence of English in Swedish society. Additionally, EAL learners are acquiring the English language out-of-school to a larger extent, often referred to as Extramural English (EE). Therefore, it is important to investigate how EE affects learners, teachers and discuss how it can change education. This has been done by evaluating the current state of research through a systematic literature review. It was found that learners engage in a variety of EE activities, with playing online games and watching movies being the activities with the most English exposure. Learners engage in these activities mostly out of their own interests or because of other socially driven motives. EE affects their opinion of English and could have negative effects on their attitude towards school English. Teachers are aware of the gap between EE and school English and try to integrate activities similar to EE activities in class. However, it is a challenge to find authentic material that fits a large number of learners’ interests. In conclusion, there is a need for more research that could point to a clear cause-and-effect relationship between EE and high proficiency in English. This thesis also calls on teachers, principals, and school leaders to prepare to change education if EE becomes a more widespread phenomenon.

Företaget AB Strängbetong har på senare tid noterat ett ökat antal ingjutna lyft i tillverkningen av håldäckselement vilket skapar merarbeten. För att kunna vara konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden krävs en billig och effektiv produkt som är enkel att tillverka. Det ökade antalet ingjutna lyft höjer priset på produkten samtidigt som tillverkningen kompliceras. Syftet med denna rapport ligger därför i att undersöka orsaken till den ökade mängden ingjutna lyft i håldäckselementen, men även vilka förbättringsmöjligheter som finns. För att ge svar på den ställda problemformuleringen har intervjuer genomförts med anställda på företaget AB Strängbetong som är en av de ledande stomentreprenörerna på den svenska marknaden. Metoden har kompletterats med en litteraturgenomgång av företagets standarder och arbetsmiljöverkets föreskrifter.Ökningen beror till stor del på ett ökat säkerhetsfokus kombinerat med mer komplexa konstruktioner. Anledningen till att håldäckselement i första hand ska förses med ingjutna lyft är då ingreppen i plattan blivit så omfattande att lyft med ordinarie lyftutrustning ej är möjliga, men även på grund av avsaknaden av materiella resurser vid mindre projekt. Det finns emellertid meningsskiljaktigheter angående ingjutna lyft där vissa av de anställda, med anknytning till montage, inte ser det ökade antalet som ett problem utan snarare som en vinst på grund av säkrare och effektivare montage.Slutsatsen är att inte se ingjutna lyft som den primära lösningen. I stället bör det ses över om det konstruktionsmässigt går att undvika ingrepp i de kritiska delarna av håldäckselementen. I kombination med fler resurser till mindre byggen samt lösningar i kringliggande konstruktionsdelar kan både tids- och kostnadsbesparingar göras. En effektivisering skulle i sin helhet troligen även minska klimatpåverkan. / The company AB Strängbetong has recently noted an increased number of molded lifts in the manufacture of hollow-core slabs, which generates additional work. To be market competitive requires a cheap and efficient product that is easy to manufacture. The increased number of molded lifts makes the product more expensive at the same time as the production becomes more complicated. The purpose of this report is therefore to investigate the cause of the increased number of molded lifts in the hollow-core slabs, and suggest how the process can be improved. To provide answers to the posed problem formulation, interviews were conducted with employees at the company AB Strängbetong, which is one of the leading frame contractors on the Swedish market. The method has been supplemented with a literature review of the company's standards and the Swedish Work Environment Authority's regulations.The increase is largely due to an increased safety focus combined with more complex constructions. The reason why hollow-core slabs should primarily be provided with molded lifts is not only for when the interventions in the element have become so extensive that lifting with ordinary lifting equipment is not possible, but also due to a lack of material resources for smaller projects. However, there are differences of opinion regarding molded lifts where some of the employees, who work with assembly, do not see the increased number of as a problem but rather as a gain due to safer and more efficient assembly procedures.The conclusion is to not see molded lifts as the primary solution. It should rather be considered whether it is structurally possible to avoid interference with the critical parts of the hollow-core slabs. In combination with more resources for smaller constructions as well as solutions in surrounding construction parts, both time and cost savings can be made. An increase in efficiency as a whole would probably also reduce the climate impact of the company.

The implication of South Africa’s multicultural and linguistic diversity is that many learners have a home language that is not their language of instruction. Research has indicated that children learn best in their home language (UNESCO, 2020). In South Africa, however, language is seen as one of the biggest barriers to teaching and learning. In the historical context of South Africa’s divided past, equal educational opportunities are still not afforded to every learner, with many learners learning in a language in which they are not yet proficient. In South Africa, there is also a preference for learning through the medium of English, due to its global status and common use by the workforce. This preference is not only shown by teachers and learners themselves but also by parents who prefer that their children learn through the medium of English. Due to globalisation, multilingualism in education has become a major point of discussion in relation to research in education. Translanguaging, which is how multilingual speakers use more than one language in their everyday communication with others, is questioning ‘monolingual practices and ideologies worldwide’ (Makalela, 2013). This study was conducted in two township primary schools in Eersterust, which is a Coloured township situated west of Mamelodi in the Tshwane South District. The study aimed to answer the following research questions: What are the perceptions of translanguaging amongst English teachers in township primary schools? And why do teachers perceive translanguaging in this way? The research participants included seven English-language teachers from Grades 4, 5, 6 and 7. All these participants were selected purposively, and their participation was voluntary. Data were collected qualitatively through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, classroom observations and documentation. The conclusion from the study is that teachers viewed translanguaging as an effective strategy within their Home and First Additional English-language classrooms. Teachers from both schools instinctively implemented translanguaging on a daily basis. Translanguaging within both schools did not occur only as a pedagogical practice but also as a sociolinguistic phenomenon. What was evident from the findings were the many acts of unplanned and spontaneous translanguaging which took place within the classrooms. These findings were generated through accounts that teachers gave during interviews, during classroom observations of their lessons and, through analysis of lesson plans. The unplanned acts of translanguaging confirmed that teachers were willing to implement translanguaging, which in turn influenced their perceptions of translanguaging. What was also evident was that many of the social circumstances, which teachers and learners within this community faced on a regular basis, influenced how translanguaging was implemented. / Dissertation (MEd (Curriculum and Instructional Design and Development))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Humanities Education / MEd (Curriculum and Instructional Design and Development) / Unrestricted

The purpose of the study is to investigate how school educators adapt teaching to meet students in theoretical difficulties. The aim is also to get an insight into the educators' experiences about these students and how they talk about these children in conversation with colleagues, parents and school management. This in order to compare and analyze if the language is different from the conversation with parents, colleagues and school management. To answer my purpose, I have used four questions. These questions have been used in interviews of educators who meet and teach students in theoretical difficulties every day in elementary school. These six educators, four women and two men have a long experience in working with children and young people. My study of the experiences of these six educators shows that educators adapt teaching based on the needs of each student. Sometimes the special education teacher/special pedagogue is also in the process of selecting the right adjustments. The adjustments are tested a number of weeks before they are followed up. The most common customizations are compensational tools such as computer, speech synthesis, spell checking, image support, clear instructions, limited tasks, custom material, and understanding. There is no diagnosis for students in theoretical difficulties, which is not required by the educators. This makes it difficult to talk with parents, colleagues and school leaders because the term "student in theoretical difficulties" is not used. The students are named based on their strengths and difficulties. This is done because the educators find it hard to speak of a low talent. From a special pedagogical perspective based on the results, educators need to be responsive to the student's feelings, thoughts and opinions about the school situation. Successful educators support students increase motivation for school work. Educators need to focus on the learning environment and regularly reflect on the students' school situation. They need to let students be active about decisions concerning the pupil's school day. Students lack understanding in their knowledge learning because they have difficulty analyzing, comparing and reflecting. This means that educators must work to make the knowledge understandable to the student.Working actively with relationships between student-student and student-educator gives positive results for student development. Educators need to try different solutions and stick to them so that it is possible to evaluate the actions. Based on the results of the evaluation, students' difficulties may decrease when the measures have worked. Pupils with learning difficulties can have motor difficulties. If the students receive continuous motor training, learning is affected positively. Their concentration and motor skills are increasing as more physical training. These positive effects affect rough, fine motor skills, reading, writing ability, speech, room’s perception and thinking skills.

In the most recent years, many deep learning models have been used to identify and classify diseases of plant leaves by inputting plant leaf images as input to the model. However, there is still a gap in research on how to improve the accuracy of the deep learning models of plant leaf diseases. This thesis is about investigating various techniques for improving the MobileNetV2 model's accuracy for plant disease detection in leaves and classification. These techniques involved adjusting the learning rate, adding additional layers, and various data-augmented operations. The results of this thesis have shown that these techniques can significantly improve the accuracy of the model, and the best results can be achieved by using random rotation and crop data augmentation. After adding random rotation and crop data augmentation to the model, it achieved an accuracy of 94%, a precision of 91%, a recall of 96%, and an F1-score of 95%. This shows that the proposed techniques can be used to improve the accuracy of plant leaf disease detection and classification models, which can help farmers identify and treat plant diseases.