This essay discusses the relationship between the employees at Swedish municipalities working at labor market units and their participants. The aim is to understand how their big room for action affects how they see their role and what this does to the help they are able to give the participants. The aim is also to give insight into how other organizations play a role in the creation of trust between the participants and the employees. This is done by breaking down the aim in two different questions: Question 1: How do the employees in labor market interventions view their service based on their room for action within the business and how does this affect their relationship with the client? Question 2: How do the employees use their room for action to help the participants orient themselves in the authority landscape? The data has been collected using a qualitative method and interviews with ten employees at four municipalities have been conducted. The theories used are aspects from the following theories: emotion sociology, professionalism and grassroots bureaucrats. The main findings are that the employees use their own personal life and personalities to make connections with the participants. They go outside of the realm of their job if they think it will help the participants and every employee makes a distinction in where to draw the line regarding what is part of their job.

This qualitative study aims to analyze how social workers who work with social assistance view young adults who are unemployed and receiving financial support, as well as how the social workers describe their work with this target group. This was examined through interviews with six different social workers. The interview material was analyzed using Van Oorschot and Halman's (2000) analytical framework on explanations for poverty. The analytical framework addressed two dimensions in the form of social and individual, as well as blame and fate. Based on these dimensions, following explanatory models were created: individual blame, individual fate, social blame and social fate. The results show that all four explanatory models appear in the social workers' reasoning about the target group although, some models occured more frequently. In the social workers' reasoning about how they described the target group, a pattern of the social dimension and especially social blame emerged, while the reasoning about how the social workers work with the target group showed the individual dimension with a focus on individual blame. The conclusion is that the social workers view young adults who are unemployed and receiving social assistance differently from how they work with the target group.

The environmentally unsafe by-products (CO2, H2S, NOx and SO2 for example) of using carbon-based fuels for energy generation have paved the way for research on cleaner, renewable and possibly cheaper alternative energy production methods. Hydrogen gas, which is considered as an energy carrier, can be applied in a fuel cell setup for the production of electrical energy. Although various methods of hydrogen production are available, sulphur-based thermochemical processes (such as the Hybrid Sulfur Process (HyS)) are favoured as alternative options for large scale application. The SO2 electrolyser is applied in producing H2 gas and H2SO4 by electrochemically converting SO2 gas and water. This study focused firstly on the evaluation of the performance of the SO2 electrolyser for the production of hydrogen and sulphuric acid, using commercially available PFSA (perfluorosulfonic acid) (Nafion®) as benchmark by evaluating i) various operating parameters (such as cell temperature and membrane thickness), ii) the influence of MEA (membrane electrode assembly) manufacturing parameters (hot pressing time and pressure) and iii) the effect of H2S as a contaminant. Subsequently, the suitability of novel PBI polyaromatic blend membranes was evaluated for application in an SO2 electrolyser. The parametric study revealed that, depending on the desired operating voltage and acid concentration, the optimisation of the operating conditions was critical. An increased cell temperature promoted both cell voltage and acid concentration while the use of thin membranes resulted in a reduced voltage and acid concentration. While an increased catalyst loading resulted in increased cell efficiency, such increase would result in an increase in manufacturing costs. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at the optimised operating conditions, the MEA manufacturing process was optimised with respect to hot press pressure and time, while the effect of selected operating conditions was used to evaluate the charge transfer resistance, ohmic resistance and mass transport limitations. Results showed that the optimal hot pressing conditions were 125 kg.cm-2 and 50 kg.cm-2 for 5 minutes when using 25 and 10 cm2 active areas, respectively. The charge transfer resistance and mass transport were mostly influenced by the hot pressing procedure, while the ohmic resistance varied most with temperature. Applying the SO2 electrolyser in an alternative environment to the HyS thermochemical cycle, the effect of H2S on the SO2 electrolyser anode was investigated for the possible use of SO2 electrolysis to remove SO2 from mining off-gas which could contain H2S. Polarisation curves, EIS and CO stripping were used to evaluate the transient voltage response of various H2S levels (ppm) on cell efficiency. EIS confirmed that the charge transfer resistance increased as the H2S competed with the SO2 for active catalyst sites. Mass transport limitations were observed at high H2S levels (80 ppm) while the ECSA (electrochemical surface area obtained by CO stripping) showed a significant reduction of active catalyst sites due to the presence of H2S. Pure SO2 reduced the effective active area by 89% (which is desired in this case) while the presence of 80 ppm H2S reduced the active catalyst area to 85%. The suitability of PBI-based blend membranes in the SO2 electrolyser was evaluated by using chemical stability tests and electrochemical MEA characterisation. F6PBI was used as the PBI-containing base excess polymer which was blended with either partially fluorinated aromatic polyether (sFS001), poly(2,6-dimethylbromide-1,4-phenylene oxide (PPOBr) or poly(tetrafluorostyrene-4-phosphonic acid) (PWN) in various ratios. Some of the blend membranes also contained a cross-linking agent which was specifically added in an attempt to reduce swelling and promote cross-linking within the polymer matrix. The chemical stability of the blended membranes was confirmed by using weight and swelling changes, TGA-FTIR and TGA-MS. All membranes tested showed low to no chemical degradation when exposed to 80 wt% H2SO4 at 80°C for 120 h. Once the MEA doping procedure had been optimised, electrochemical characterisation of the PBI MEAs, including polarisation curves, voltage stepping and long term operation (> 24 h) was used to evaluate the MEAs. Although performance degradation was observed for the PBI membranes during voltage stepping, it was shown that this characterisation technique could be applied with relative ease, producing valuable insights into MEA stability. Since it is expected that the SO2 electrolyser will be operated under static conditions (cell temperature, pressure and current density) in an industrial setting (HyS cycle or for SO2 removal), a long term study was included. Operating the SO2 electrolyser under constant current density of 0.1 A cm-2 confirmed that PBI-based polyaromatic membranes were suitable, if not preferred, for the SO2 environment, showing stable performance for 170 hours. This work evaluated the performance of commercial materials while further adding insights into both characterisation techniques for chemical stability of polymer materials and electrochemical methods for MEA evaluation to current published literature. In addition to the characterisation techniques this study also provides ample support for the use of PBI-based materials in the SO2 electrolyser. / PhD (Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The environmentally unsafe by-products (CO2, H2S, NOx and SO2 for example) of using carbon-based fuels for energy generation have paved the way for research on cleaner, renewable and possibly cheaper alternative energy production methods. Hydrogen gas, which is considered as an energy carrier, can be applied in a fuel cell setup for the production of electrical energy. Although various methods of hydrogen production are available, sulphur-based thermochemical processes (such as the Hybrid Sulfur Process (HyS)) are favoured as alternative options for large scale application. The SO2 electrolyser is applied in producing H2 gas and H2SO4 by electrochemically converting SO2 gas and water. This study focused firstly on the evaluation of the performance of the SO2 electrolyser for the production of hydrogen and sulphuric acid, using commercially available PFSA (perfluorosulfonic acid) (Nafion®) as benchmark by evaluating i) various operating parameters (such as cell temperature and membrane thickness), ii) the influence of MEA (membrane electrode assembly) manufacturing parameters (hot pressing time and pressure) and iii) the effect of H2S as a contaminant. Subsequently, the suitability of novel PBI polyaromatic blend membranes was evaluated for application in an SO2 electrolyser. The parametric study revealed that, depending on the desired operating voltage and acid concentration, the optimisation of the operating conditions was critical. An increased cell temperature promoted both cell voltage and acid concentration while the use of thin membranes resulted in a reduced voltage and acid concentration. While an increased catalyst loading resulted in increased cell efficiency, such increase would result in an increase in manufacturing costs. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at the optimised operating conditions, the MEA manufacturing process was optimised with respect to hot press pressure and time, while the effect of selected operating conditions was used to evaluate the charge transfer resistance, ohmic resistance and mass transport limitations. Results showed that the optimal hot pressing conditions were 125 kg.cm-2 and 50 kg.cm-2 for 5 minutes when using 25 and 10 cm2 active areas, respectively. The charge transfer resistance and mass transport were mostly influenced by the hot pressing procedure, while the ohmic resistance varied most with temperature. Applying the SO2 electrolyser in an alternative environment to the HyS thermochemical cycle, the effect of H2S on the SO2 electrolyser anode was investigated for the possible use of SO2 electrolysis to remove SO2 from mining off-gas which could contain H2S. Polarisation curves, EIS and CO stripping were used to evaluate the transient voltage response of various H2S levels (ppm) on cell efficiency. EIS confirmed that the charge transfer resistance increased as the H2S competed with the SO2 for active catalyst sites. Mass transport limitations were observed at high H2S levels (80 ppm) while the ECSA (electrochemical surface area obtained by CO stripping) showed a significant reduction of active catalyst sites due to the presence of H2S. Pure SO2 reduced the effective active area by 89% (which is desired in this case) while the presence of 80 ppm H2S reduced the active catalyst area to 85%. The suitability of PBI-based blend membranes in the SO2 electrolyser was evaluated by using chemical stability tests and electrochemical MEA characterisation. F6PBI was used as the PBI-containing base excess polymer which was blended with either partially fluorinated aromatic polyether (sFS001), poly(2,6-dimethylbromide-1,4-phenylene oxide (PPOBr) or poly(tetrafluorostyrene-4-phosphonic acid) (PWN) in various ratios. Some of the blend membranes also contained a cross-linking agent which was specifically added in an attempt to reduce swelling and promote cross-linking within the polymer matrix. The chemical stability of the blended membranes was confirmed by using weight and swelling changes, TGA-FTIR and TGA-MS. All membranes tested showed low to no chemical degradation when exposed to 80 wt% H2SO4 at 80°C for 120 h. Once the MEA doping procedure had been optimised, electrochemical characterisation of the PBI MEAs, including polarisation curves, voltage stepping and long term operation (> 24 h) was used to evaluate the MEAs. Although performance degradation was observed for the PBI membranes during voltage stepping, it was shown that this characterisation technique could be applied with relative ease, producing valuable insights into MEA stability. Since it is expected that the SO2 electrolyser will be operated under static conditions (cell temperature, pressure and current density) in an industrial setting (HyS cycle or for SO2 removal), a long term study was included. Operating the SO2 electrolyser under constant current density of 0.1 A cm-2 confirmed that PBI-based polyaromatic membranes were suitable, if not preferred, for the SO2 environment, showing stable performance for 170 hours. This work evaluated the performance of commercial materials while further adding insights into both characterisation techniques for chemical stability of polymer materials and electrochemical methods for MEA evaluation to current published literature. In addition to the characterisation techniques this study also provides ample support for the use of PBI-based materials in the SO2 electrolyser. / PhD (Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This dissertation examines how perceptions of competence affect the care of older persons, and the values ​​and vocational conceptions of care work and care recipients that are tied to the perceptions of what skills that are needed and why. Competence is defined by three parts with relevance for the content of care work: what knowledge the care workers should have, what tasks they should perform and how they should respond to care recipients. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse how the care managers' and care workers' perceptions of competence form the direction of the care work and how that direction relates to the care recipients’ perceptions of and expectations on the care work.   The care work is characterised by what is analysed as an activation of the recipients - that the recipients themselves should perform as much of the care work as possible. The activation aims at managing the decay of the aging body and is motivated by a vocational conception of the care recipients as different from others, with designations as grateful and passive. This conception is analysed as generation character based on an idea among the care managers and care workers that the society in which the recipients grew up gave them certain cognitive prerequisites that have to be managed in the practical care work.   The care recipients in the study have opposing conceptions and perceptions of care work compared with the care managers and care workers. The recipients’ central objective with the care work is to prevent what has been interpreted as the disrepair of the home. The care recipients’ position in the organisation raises the problem of loyalty towards the care workers and in some sense the care managers. Their loyalty reduces their ability to complain and to influence their situation to the better.   Keywords: care of older persons, care needs, care work, care relationship, care receivers, care workers, care managers, competence, technologies, activation, generation character

Research on nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications has become increasingly popular in recent years. N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) is a cationic polymer that can enhance absorption across mucosal surfaces. It has been explored as a nanoparticulate drug delivery system for the delivery of vaccines, vitamins, insulin and cancer medication. It has special interest for intravenous use, as it is soluble over a wide range of pH values. However, polycationic nanoparticles run a great risk for intravenous toxicity, as the positive surface charge allows easy electrostatic interactions with negatively charged blood components, such as red blood cells and plasma proteins. Additionally, the small size of the nanoparticles permits the binding of more proteins per mass, than larger particles do. These interactions can lead to extensive hemolysis, cell aggregation, complement activation, inflammation and fast clearance of the particles from the circulation. A decrease in the surface charge density can ameliorate these toxic interactions. Such a decrease is achieved by adding poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) to the particle’s formulation. PEG creates a steric shield around the particles, preventing a certain extent of interaction between the particles and the blood components. To be able to use TMC nanoparticles as a successful drug delivery system, the hemocompatibility must first be determined, which was the aim of this study. The influence of particle size, concentration and the addition of PEG were also examined. The extent of hemolysis and cell aggregation caused by the experimental groups (20% and 60% concentration small TMC nanoparticles, 20% larger TMC nanoparticles and 20% cross-linked PEGTMC nanoparticles) were determined by incubating the groups with whole blood and/or blood components. Complement activation was determined with a Complement C3 Human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and plasma protein interactions were quantified through rapid equilibrium dialysis and a colorimetric assay. It was determined that 60% concentration small TMC nanoparticles caused 49.08 ± 2.538% hemolysis at the end of a 12-hour incubation period, significantly more than any other experimental group. This group had also caused mild aggregation of the white blood cells and platelets. This was the greatest extent of cell aggregation seen in any of the groups. No significant complement activation was seen by any of the experimental groups. Because of the cationic nature of the particles, all groups had more than 50% of the initial particles in the sample bound to plasma proteins after a 4-hour incubation period. However, at 90.68 ± 0.828%, the 60% small TMC nanoparticles had had significantly more interaction with the plasma proteins than the other groups. Through the experimental measurements it was revealed that TMC nanoparticles had hemotoxic effects at high concentrations. The addition of PEG to the particle formulation stabilized the particles and decreased their zeta potential , but had no significant effect on improving hemocompatibility. It was concluded that although further tests are needed, TMC nanoparticles seem to have potential as a successful intravenous carrier for high molecular weight active pharmaceutical ingredients. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Research on nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications has become increasingly popular in recent years. N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) is a cationic polymer that can enhance absorption across mucosal surfaces. It has been explored as a nanoparticulate drug delivery system for the delivery of vaccines, vitamins, insulin and cancer medication. It has special interest for intravenous use, as it is soluble over a wide range of pH values. However, polycationic nanoparticles run a great risk for intravenous toxicity, as the positive surface charge allows easy electrostatic interactions with negatively charged blood components, such as red blood cells and plasma proteins. Additionally, the small size of the nanoparticles permits the binding of more proteins per mass, than larger particles do. These interactions can lead to extensive hemolysis, cell aggregation, complement activation, inflammation and fast clearance of the particles from the circulation. A decrease in the surface charge density can ameliorate these toxic interactions. Such a decrease is achieved by adding poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) to the particle’s formulation. PEG creates a steric shield around the particles, preventing a certain extent of interaction between the particles and the blood components. To be able to use TMC nanoparticles as a successful drug delivery system, the hemocompatibility must first be determined, which was the aim of this study. The influence of particle size, concentration and the addition of PEG were also examined. The extent of hemolysis and cell aggregation caused by the experimental groups (20% and 60% concentration small TMC nanoparticles, 20% larger TMC nanoparticles and 20% cross-linked PEGTMC nanoparticles) were determined by incubating the groups with whole blood and/or blood components. Complement activation was determined with a Complement C3 Human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and plasma protein interactions were quantified through rapid equilibrium dialysis and a colorimetric assay. It was determined that 60% concentration small TMC nanoparticles caused 49.08 ± 2.538% hemolysis at the end of a 12-hour incubation period, significantly more than any other experimental group. This group had also caused mild aggregation of the white blood cells and platelets. This was the greatest extent of cell aggregation seen in any of the groups. No significant complement activation was seen by any of the experimental groups. Because of the cationic nature of the particles, all groups had more than 50% of the initial particles in the sample bound to plasma proteins after a 4-hour incubation period. However, at 90.68 ± 0.828%, the 60% small TMC nanoparticles had had significantly more interaction with the plasma proteins than the other groups. Through the experimental measurements it was revealed that TMC nanoparticles had hemotoxic effects at high concentrations. The addition of PEG to the particle formulation stabilized the particles and decreased their zeta potential , but had no significant effect on improving hemocompatibility. It was concluded that although further tests are needed, TMC nanoparticles seem to have potential as a successful intravenous carrier for high molecular weight active pharmaceutical ingredients. / MSc (Pharmaceutics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Examensarbetets syfte var att belysa och bidra till kunskaper om hur elva kommuner i en delregion förhåller sig till nya förutsättningar med en förändrad nationell arbetsmarknadspolitik efter Arbetsförmedlingens reformering 2019. Arbetet bidrar till att ge insikter kring kommunernas strategier för organisering och samverkan, samt konsekvenser för kommunala aktiviteter för deltagarna. Empirin är inhämtad med kvalitativ metod genom att djupintervjua elva kommunala chefer, med ansvar inom arbetsmarknadsområdet i sin kommun, på en strategisk eller strategisk/operativ nivå. Arbetsförmedlingens reformering har till exempel inneburit nedstängning av många lokala kontor och att insatser som tidigare ofta utfördes av kommunerna på uppdrag av Arbetsförmedlingen nu utförs av fristående aktörer. Som en följd av de statliga förändringarna har det påverkat den lokala arbetsmarknadspolitiken som kommunerna utför, med anpassning av kommunernas organisationer och vilka aktiviteter som kan erbjudas deltagarna i målgruppen. Arbetsförmedlingens reformering innebar till en början omfattande konsekvenser för den lokala samverkan och individsamverkan, vilket har fått en betydelse för utförandet av arbetsmarknadspolitiken i praktiken för kommunerna och kommunernas invånare. Examensarbetets teoretiska referensram beskriver att Arbetsförmedlingen har svårigheter i att kunna erbjuda flera av målgrupperna tillräckliga insatser, vanligen de deltagare som står längst ifrån arbetsmarknaden till exempel ungdomar, utrikesfödda och långtidsarbetslösa, grupper som ofta kan ha ett kommunalt ekonomiskt bistånd. Det medför att det kan finnas förväntningar att kommunerna ska utföra insatser för de som står längst ifrån arbetsmarknaden. Målgruppen utgör ofta en kostnad för kommuner och även om arbetsmarknadspolitiken i grunden är ett statligt ansvar agerar kommunerna med insatser för att reducera de egna kostnaderna för ekonomiskt bistånd. Det empiriska materialet i examensarbetet har analyserats tematiskt. För att synliggöra strukturen kontra individernas handlingars betydelse för förändringsprocesserna har analysen utgått från Giddens Struktureringsteori. Slutsatserna är att kommunerna har påverkats med omfattande anpassningar efter Arbetsförmedlingens reformering. Det har krävts olika individuella lokala strategiska beslut för att anpassa organiseringen, ofta med nedskärningar, och samverkan till de nya förutsättningarna. Kommunerna har även valt olika strategier vid anpassning av de aktiviteter som erbjuds olika grupper av deltagare och vilka målgrupper som kommunerna erbjuder aktiviteter. / The aim of the thesis was to shed light and contribute to knowledge about how eleven municipalities in a region are responding to new conditions with a changed national labour market policy after the reform of the Swedish Public Employment Service in 2019. The work contributes to insights into the municipalities' strategies for organization and cooperation, as well as consequences for municipal activities for participants. The empirical data was collected using qualitative method by conducting in-depth interviews with eleven municipal managers, responsible for the labour market area in their municipality, at a strategic or strategic/operational level. For example, the reform of the Swedish Public Employment Service has resulted in the closure of many local offices and that services that were previously often carried out by the municipalities on behalf of the Public Employment Service are now carried out by independent actors. As a result of the government changes, it has affected the local labour market policy that the municipalities carry out, with adaptation of the municipalities' organizations and which activities can be offered to the participants in the target group. The reform of the employment agency initially had extensive consequences for local and individual collaboration, which has been important for the implementation of labour market policy in practice for the municipalities and their residents. The thesis' theoretical framework describes that the Public Employment Service has difficulties in being able to offer several of the target groups sufficient activities, usually the participants who are the furthest from the labour market, such as young people, foreign-born and the long-term unemployed, groups that often can receive municipal economic support. This means that there may be expectations that the municipalities will carry out activities for those who are furthest from the labour market. The target groups represent a cost for the municipalities and even if labour market policy is fundamentally a state responsibility, the municipalities act with activities to reduce their own costs for economic support. The empirical material in the thesis has been analysed thematically. To make visible the structure versus the significance of individuals' actions for the change processes, the analysis has been based on Gidden's Structuration Theory. The conclusions are that the municipalities have been affected by extensive adaptations after the reform of the Swedish Public Employment Service. Various individual local strategic decisions have been required to adapt the organization, often with cuts, and collaboration to the new conditions. The municipalities have also chosen different strategies when adapting the activities offered to different groups of participants and which target groups the municipalities offer activities to.

Sustainable development is today a matter of course in national and municipal strategic management and is based on three dimensions; social sustainability, environmental sustainability and economic sustainability. In recent years, the concept has developed and there is now more focus on all dimensions of sustainability. Where previously the focus was mainly on the development of environmental technology to meet environmental targets, government authorities are now increasingly focusing on social and cultural perspectives. However, social sustainability is difficult to measure in parallel to new measuring methods being in demand as well as a need for national governance and regulation. According to the Swedish Plan- och Bygglagen (PBL), municipalities are obliged to carry out environmental impact assessments where an assessment is made of the impact an urban development project will have. However, there is no legal requirement for corresponding social impact analysis or to analyze sustainability from a more holistic perspective. It is up to each individual municipality to work for sustainable urban and community planning and development using local targets, goals and guidelines.     In traditional urban planning processes it is during the consultation phase that the voice of the citizen is captured, where the focus is on creating input for decisions and enabling transparency and allowing for their influence. Despite this, many citizens are not aware of their influential possibilities, and where the value and result of citizen participation will depend on the availability and competence of resources engaged in the excercise. Critics argue that the voice of the citizen is often captured too late in the process, making it difficult to integrate new insights and manage different opinions. A change to the process is called for to challenge existing power structures and create a more inclusive and fair urban planning, but its feasibility is in question.      Placemaking is a method used in urban planning that claims to promote social sustainability in urban planning. The method focuses, among other things, on improving and maximizing values in public places through early activation of the place, temporary design, iterative citizen participation and collaboration between stakeholders.     The purpose of this study is to investigate whether, through the method of placemaking with early activation, temporary design and iterative citizen participation in the design of new city districts, sustainability can be increased from a holistic perspective while affirming the residents’ right to the city. The study also aims to map key factors that the design process should include when designing new city districts.      The study takes a qualitative approach and is based on the method of triangulation where analysis of objects and questions are studied from more than one perspective. The study is based on case studies consisting of document research, interviews and observations. The research and analysis of documents has been used to summarize Malmö municipality’s standard procedure for urban design processes, researching theory and to gauge the current level of knowledge on the subject of sustainability. These are supplemented with qualitative interviews and observations providing empirical data from the field and serves to examine the subject from a different point of view, creating a more comprehensive picture of the subject. The study’s results argue that when designing new city districts there can be great benefits from using the placemaking method to increase all three dimensions of sustainability. The results from interviews, case study subjects and own observations also show that placemaking is used to an ever greater extent in the design of urban environments and that there are currently good examples of successful urban development projects that have adopted the method and that can pave the way for the method’s use in more courageous municipalities and among private actors. The aim of the study is to highlight the advantages of the placemaking method when designing new city districts. The study’s discussion therefore presents an example of a project and communication plan that can be used when applying placemaking with its various components as a method in an urban development project. A finding while working on the study is that more research is still needed on the subject to give the method more impact at both local and national level, as measurable goals for how to achieve social sustainability have not yet been agreed upon while the method’s tools can be further developed, but the study aims to urge that more dare to be brave and invest in a holistic approach to sustainability and attack all three dimensions in future urban development projects already now. / Hållbar utveckling är idag en självklarhet i nationell och kommunal strategisk styrning och bygger på tre dimensioner; social hållbarhet, miljömässig hållbarhet och ekonomisk hållbarhet. De senaste åren har begreppet utvecklats och det fokuseras nu mer på alla dimensioner av hållbarhet. Där man förut fokuserat främst på utveckling av miljöteknik fokuserar man nu på regeringsnivå allt mer på sociala och kulturella perspektiv. Den sociala hållbarheten är dock svår att mäta och samtidigt som nya mätmetoder efterfrågas uttalas också ett behov av nationell styrning och reglering. Enligt Plan- och bygglagen (PBL) är kommuner skyldiga att utföra miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar där en bedömning görs av vilken påverkan på miljön som en plans genomförande kan få. Däremot finns inget lagligt krav på motsvarande sociala konsekvensanalyser eller att analysera hållbarhet i ett mer holistiskt perspektiv. Där är det upp till varje enskild kommun att arbeta för hållbar stads- och samhällsplanering genom lokala mål och riktlinjer.  Samrådsfasen i traditionella planprocesser är den vanliga formen av medborgarinflytande, där fokus ligger på att skapa beslutsunderlag och möjliggöra insyn och påverkan. Trots detta är många medborgare inte medvetna om sina påverkningsmöjligheter, och ökat medborgarinflytande kan vara beroende av tillgängliga resurser. Kritiker hävdar att medborgarinflytande ofta kommer för sent i processen, vilket försvårar integrering av nya insikter och hantering av åsikter. En förändring av processen efterfrågas för att utmana befintliga maktstrukturer och skapa en mer inkluderande och rättvis stadsplanering, men dess genomförbarhet är ifrågasatt.  Placemaking är en metod inom stadsplanering som påstås främja social hållbarhet inom stadsplanering. Metoden fokuserar bland annat på att förbättra och maximera värden på offentliga platser genom tidig aktivering av platsen, temporär gestaltning, iterativt medborgardeltagande och samarbete mellan intressenter.  Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om man genom metoden placemaking med tidig platsaktivering, temporär gestaltning och iterativt medborgardeltagande vid gestaltning av nya stadsdelar kan öka hållbarheten samtidigt som invånarnas rätt till staden bejakas. Studien syftar också till att kartlägga nyckelfaktorer som gestaltningsprocessen bör innehålla vid gestaltning av nya stadsdelar.  Studien är av kvalitativ ansats och utgår från metoden triangulering där analysobjekt och frågeställningar studeras från mer än en synvinkel. Studien utgår från fallstudier bestående av dokumentstudier, intervjuer och observationer. Dokumentstudier har använts för att sammanställa Malmö stads standardförfarande vid gestaltningsprocesser, teoridelen samt kunskapsläget kring hållbarhet. Dessa kompletteras med kvalitativa intervjuer och observationer för sammanställning av mer praktisk information inom området och analys av våra fallstudieobjekt för att undersöka ämnet från olika synvinklar och att skapa en bättre helhet.  Studien visar resultat som argumenterar för att man vid gestaltning av nya stadsdelar kan ha stora fördelar av att använda sig av metoden placemaking för att öka alla tre dimensioner av hållbarheten. Resultaten från intervjuer, fallstudieobjekt och egna observationer visar också på att placemaking används i allt större utsträckning vid gestaltning av urbana miljöer och att det i dagsläget nu finns bra exempel av lyckade stadsutvecklingsprojekt som anammat metoden och som kan bana väg för metodens användning i fler modiga kommuner och bland privata aktörer. Studien har som avsikt att lyfta metoden placemaking vid just gestaltning av nya stadsdelar. I studiens diskussion presenteras därför ett exempel på en projekt- och kommunikationsplan som kan användas vid tillämpning av placemaking med dess olika beståndsdelar som metod i ett stadsutvecklingsprojekt.  Det framgår i studien att det fortfarande behövs mer forskning i ämnet för att ge metoden mer genomslagskraft på både lokal- och nationell nivå bland annat då man ännu inte landat i mätbara mål för hur man uppnår social hållbarhet och metodens verktyg kan utvecklas, men studien vill ändå uppmana att fler vågar vara modiga och satsa på ett holistiskt förhållningssätt till hållbarhet och angripa alla tre dimensioner i framtida stadsutvecklingsprojekt redan nu.

Sportfiskarna söker ständigt efter nyheter inom branschen. Konkurrensen är tuff bland företag inom branschen och det gäller att ständigt kunna erbjuda det senaste. En innovativ produkt som kan skapa uppmärksamhet hos fisken är en eftertraktad nyhet. Examensarbetets genomförande sker med en projektplan innehållande en tidplan, riskhantering, organisation och filhantering. Projektets faser består av planering, förstudie, produktspecificering, konceptgenerering, konceptval, konstruktion, formgivning, prototyp samt en patentansökan. Med hänsyn taget till en kravspecifikation, som upprättades under förstudien där brukarens behov och önskemål samt krav från samarbetspartnern definieras, genererades det slutgiltiga konceptet. Förstudien fokus har främst legat på brukaren, för att definiera vad han eller hon vill ha. Förstudien visar att brukaren i första hand vill ha något innovativt och enkelt.  Vid idégenerering användes verktyg som 6-3-5, skissande av hela koncept samt brainstorming. Dessa verktyg användes vid konceptgenerering, men även under arbetet med patentansökan. Den förstnämnda användes för att generera olika möjligheter för hur och vad som konceptet ska lösa. Den andra användes för att identifiera vad experter inom sportfiskebranschen anser vara ett lyckat fiskedrag. Det tredje verktyget användes för att finna potentiella lösningar vid en specifik frågeställning. Efter sortering av konceptet kvarstod nio unika kombinationer. Det slutgiltiga konceptet består av ett fiskedragshuvud (jigghuvud) med implementerad modul som blinkar vid kontakt med vatten. Detta slutgiltiga val beslutades tillsammans med samarbetspartnern. En patentansökan fick projektplanen och rapporten korrigeras till version 2.0.  Genom projektet har skisser använts frekvent för att testa idéer och kombinationer. Prototyper av det valda konceptet gjordes för att erhålla ytterligare information om konstruktion och funktion. / The fishermen are constantly looking for something new. As a company, specialized in this profession, it is necessary to be able to offer the newest thing within fishing. A new kind of fishing lure that creates attention among the fish is an innovative new and welcomed product among fishermen’s. The thesis work is carried out as a project with a project plan containing a time chart, risk management, organization and file management. The phases of the project consist of planning, research, product specification, concept generation, evaluation, construction, design and patent application. The concept was developed with a product specification in mind. This specification is a list of the users needs and preferences, as well as requirements from the cooperation partner. The research focused on the users need, to determine what the customer really wants. The result from the research was that the user wants something innovative and easy to use. Idea generation utilized tools like 6-3-5, generating entire concepts as well as brainstorming. These tools were used in concept generation, but also during the work with the patent applications. The first mentioned tool was used to generate possibilities for how and what the product will do. The second mentioned tool was used to identify what those within this profession think would be a successful fishing lure. The third tool was used to find potential solutions for a specific issue. Evaluation of the ideas resulted in nine different kinds of concepts. The final concept consists of a fishing lure head (jig head) with implemented module that illuminates when in contact with water. This final decision was made after presentation and discussion with the partner. With a patent application, the project plan and the report were corrected to version 2.0. Sketches were frequently used to through the project to test ideas and combinations. Prototypes of the chosen concept were made to obtain additional information on design and function.