Orientador: Leandro Karnal / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T12:56:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatsch_FlaviaGalli_D.pdf: 40321222 bytes, checksum: cb66576be2b3a95a377510525367def0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este estudo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a construção da imagem visual da América nos séculos XV e XVI. O reconhecimento do potencial cognitivo da gravura como documento e a percepção do conjunto de relações que perpassam cada uma delas foram fatores importantes ao longo da pesquisa. Procurava-se entender de que forma as estampas eram o resultado de aspectos discursivos, da absorção das informações etnográficas e das operações de tradução e lugar de enunciação do Outro. Para isto, dividimos esta tese em três capítulos. O primeiro se ocupa da reflexão sobre a diversidade das imagens e das perguntas que podem ser feitas a elas, assim como a contribuição de alguns autores para essa discussão. O segundo capítulo trata das xilogravuras impressas para acompanhar as cartas sobre de Cristóvão Colombo e Américo Vespúcio. Entremeadas à escrita, não necessariamente pretendiam representar a realidade americana, mas traduzi-la em ilustrações compreensíveis ao público. O terceiro capítulo analisa dois momentos específicos: a construção de uma imagem a partir de estereótipos aliados à representação de objetos descontextualizados de seu uso original; e a personificação da América em alegorias. A conclusão diz respeito às sucessivas camadas que moldaram gradualmente a imagem visual da América e os significados diversos que dela emanavam / Abstract: This study presents a reflection on the construction of the visual image of America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The recognition of the cognitive potential of images as documents and the perception of the set of relationships that permeate each one of them were important factors during the research. The aim was to understand in which way the prints became the result of discursive aspects of the absorption of ethnographic reports and operations of translation and loci of enunciation of the Other. To accmplish this, we divide this, this thesis was divided into three chapters. The first one addresses reflections about the diversity of the images and questionings that could arise to them, as well as the contributions of several authors to this discussion. The second chapter deals with the woodcuts that accompany the printed letters by Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci. Interspersed in the writing, they did not necessarily intend to represent the American reality, but translate it into illustrations understandable to the public. The third chapter discusses two specific moments: the construction of an image from stereotypes associated with the representation of objects detached from their original context of use, and the personification of America in allegories. The conclusion refers to the successive layers that gradually shaped the visual image of America and the different meanings thereby conveyed / Doutorado / Historia Cultural / Doutor em História

Orientador: Laan Mendes de Barros / Resumo: Esta tese tem por objetivo discutir a contribuição da experiência estética aos estudos da comunicação midiatizada a partir do fenômeno de interpretação da imagem de Aylan Kurdi, pequeno refugiado sírio morto numa praia da Turquia. Toma-se com ponto de partida a imagem na perspectiva da cultura e tratada como um objeto estético que se oferece à percepção estética, que se dá na experiência sensível. A experiência estética é compreendida no seu aspecto relacional, enquanto percepção ativa do espectador diante do objetivo estético midiatizado. Por sua vez, a comunicação é tomada em uma dimensão estética com a participação dos espectadores nas dinâmicas de produção e partilha de sentidos e de afetos. Com as possibilidades de reelaborações e compartilhamentos, as experiências estéticas se desdobram em experiências poéticas, conectadas com possibilidades dialógicas e dialéticas entre os sujeitos, em relações de reconhecimento e de alteridade. A tese fundamenta-se na pesquisa bibliográfica e na análise da imagem e suas releituras, com a elaboração de seis categorias temáticas e três eixos analíticos: temporalidades, territorialidades e mediações. O estudo identificou que alguns temas foram mais recorrentes nas criações dos espectadores de acordo com os elementos formais utilizados, associando a cena com circunstâncias religiosas, políticas e relativas à cotidianidade da criança. As releituras também tiveram aspectos que expandiram a interpretação da cena para manifestações de rua, pe... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This is the objective of discussing the contribution of aesthetic experience to studies of mediatized communication, based on the phenomenon of image interpretation of Aylan Kurdi, a small Syrian refugee who died on a beach in Turkey. It is taken as a starting point in the image in perspective of culture and treated as an aesthetic object that offers aesthetic perception, that offers a sensitive experience. The aesthetic experience is understood in its relational aspect, while the spectator's active perception is facing the mediatized aesthetic objective. In turn, communication is taken on an aesthetic scale with the participation of viewers in the dynamics of production and sharing of meanings and affections. With possibilities for re-elaborations and sharing, as aesthetic experiences unfold in poetic experiences, connected with dialogical and dialectical possibilities between the subjects, in relationships of recognition and change. This is a bibliographic and image analysis study and its reinterpretations,with an elaboration of six thematic categories and three analytical axes: temporalities, territorialities and mediations. The study identified that some themes were more recurrent in the spectators' creations according to the formed elements used, associating a scene with religious, political circumstancesandthe child's usual use. The reinterpretations also had aspects that expanded the interpretation of the scene to street demonstrations, performances, graffiti and monum... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The master thesis addresses the alteration of Roma discourse and changes of relational patterns between Roma and the wider society during the 1930s and 1940s (more precisely 1927-1950). It focuses on the features attributed to the notion of "a Gypsy" by majority group members. Subsequently, it also attempts to reconstruct, using various levels of discursive practice, the position of Roma in the Slovak society. The main emphasis was laid on the wartime period, which was framed by the interwar and postwar context. In close connection with this anchoring, it tries to trace possible roots of wartime discursive and physical violence. It inquires various continuities and discontinuities of particular policies observing the individuals fulfilling these features attributed to the notion of a "Gypsy" or "an antisocial person" and their limits of agency. Apart from that it scrutinizes different means of categorization and their influence on attitude towards Roma.

[pt] A presente tese investiga uma forma nova de diálogo entre monges, o diálogo de experiência, focalizando o processo psicossocial de identidadealteridade religiosa. A pesquisa baseou-se em documentos e testemunho do Diálogo Inter-religioso Monástico (DIM), órgão ligado ao Conselho Pontifício para o Diálogo Inter-religioso (CPDI) do Vaticano, que reúne monges de mosteiros católicos do mundo inteiro, participando de comissões de diálogo com monges de outras tradições religiosas. Embora recente este tipo de diálogo indica uma tendência inovadora na relação entre as religiões ocidentais e orientais; e é fruto não apenas do esforço pessoal de alguns pioneiros, mas também das transformações religiosas e sociais que se aceleraram na atual etapa de mundialização. Assim sendo, após apresentar os fundamentos do monaquismo, tendo salientando as diferenças entre suas principais tendências e a referência a uma base comum, situo o desenvolvimento deste tipo de diálogo na perspectiva da história monástica cristã, do atual contexto de pluralismo religioso e de elaboração católica sobre o tema. A importância deste tipo de diálogo para o campo de estudo da religião reside em sua ênfase na experiência, em sua associação entre diálogo e contemplação (ou meditação), e no compartilhamento de práticas monásticas por membros de diferentes tradições religiosas. Ao mesmo tempo, como as experiências relatadas pelos monges estão enraizadas em uma vida religiosa tanto pessoal como comunitária e foram orientadas para o testemunho, elas permitiram um enfoque das representações históricas que relaciona estas representações às práticas religiosas, às experiências espirituais, e às histórias de vida dos monges e comunidades monásticas. A convergência da reflexão vinda de vários campos do conhecimento em direção à experiência transformou esta última em um ponto nodal de referência, em torno do qual foi possível integrar estes campos e estabelecer uma articulação com o testemunho, a narração e o processo psicossocial. Baseada na fenomenologia hermenêutica de Ricoeur e na concepção da consciência religiosa de Nabert, e tendo colocado em evidência a contribuição da psicologia social para esclarecer a dinâmica de identidade-alteridade entre o ego e o alter, a tese analisa o sentido, a formação e a consolidação de uma nova dinâmica desenvolvida no contexto do diálogo intermonástico, estudando-a do ponto de vista da comunidade monástica católica e de sua experiência viva e histórica de diálogo e contemplação. Esta rompe com a visão de subjetividades separadas e com a negação e exclusão da alteridade religiosa, chegando a uma perspectiva de unidade na pluralidade e a um novo tipo de identidade e espiritualidade dialogal. Tendo verificado a importância central desta dinâmica e seu sentido religioso para o desenvolvimento do diálogo entre contemplativos, a tese destaca não apenas a dimensão psicossocial desta dinâmica, mas seu enraizamento no mais profundo centro do ser, sublinhando a relação estabelecida pelos monges católicos entre o diálogo inter-religioso e seu diálogo com Deus. A concepção cristã da alteridade de Deus e do próximo foi determinante para a formulação e prática dialogal de reconhecimento mútuo e para as experiências monásticas de paz e harmonia entre os monges de diferentes religiões. É possível, portanto, distinguir a dinâmica de reconhecimento mútuo da dinâmica de autoafirmação e recusa do outro, relacionada à experiência de negação da diferença, de guerra e eliminação da alteridade. A dinâmica de reconhecimento mútuo é favorecida pela ruptura social da vida monástica, pelas práticas contemplativas e pelo profundo processo de reformulação da identidade- alteridade pela qual passam os monges em sua caminhada para o Absoluto. Atualmente, o reconhecimento da identidade cristã e da alteridade religiosa está sendo considerado por estes monges como central para seu diálogo inter-religioso e está lhes permitindo rever sua relação com a própria identidade, ultrapassando, ao mesmo tempo, as representações históricas negativas sobre as outras religiões e promovendo a abertura para outros seres, culturas e religiões. Estes monges consideram que sua tradição monástica católica está sendo renovada pela esperança espiritual e pela pesquisa de outras tradições e que o diálogo os está ajudando a aprofundar sua própria identidade cristã. A tese descreve suas profundas transformações pessoais e comunitárias, as resistências e avanços, assim como as mudanças nas representações históricas dos monges católicos em relação com a experiência da alteridade e do aprofundamento da identidade cristã, que provocaram uma revisão crítica da postura católica sobre as outras religiões. A análise de todas estas mudanças em relação com o contexto da Babel contemporânea pôs em relevo a contribuição monástica para uma nova perspectiva dialogal sobre a unidade na diversidade de linguagens e seres, permitindo distinguir a visão de pluralidade no reconhecimento da identidadealteridade de outras perspectivas de unidade e pluralidade baseadas apenas na identidade. / [en] The present thesis investigates a new form of dialogue among monks, the dialogue of experience, bringing into focus the psychosocial process of religious identity-alterity. The research is based on documents and testimonies of the Monastic Inter-religious Dialogue (MID), organism attached to the Vatican s Pontifical Council for Inter-religious Dialogue (PCID), that gathers monks from Catholic s monasteries of all the world participating at dialogue s commissions with monks of others religious traditions. Although recent, this type of dialogue indicates a renewable tendency in the occidental and oriental religions relationship; and it is fruit not only of the personal efforts of some pioneers, but also of religious and social transformations, that are accelerating in the actual world-wideness stage. Then, after presenting the monachism s foundations, having presented the differences among their main tendencies and the references to a common base, I situate the dialogue s development in the perspective of Christian monastic history, of the current context of religious pluralism and of Catholic s elaboration about this subject. The importance of this type of dialogue to the religious study s field lies in its experience s emphasis, in its association between dialogue and contemplation (or meditation) and in the sharing of monastic practices by the different religious traditions members. At the same time, as the monk s experience accounts are rooted in their personal and communitarian religious life and are orientated to testimony, they allowed an approach of historical representations that relates these representations to religious practices, to spiritual experiences and to life s histories of monks and monastic communities. The convergence of reflections coming from various fields toward experience has transform this one in a central point of reference around which it was possible to integrate these fields and establish the articulation of experience to testimony, narration and psychosocial process. Based on Ricoeur s hermeneutical phenomenology and on Nabert`s conception of religious consciousness, and having put in evidence the social psychology s contribution to clarify identityalterity s dynamic between the ego and the alter, this thesis analysis the sense, the formation and the consolidation of a new dynamic developed in the inter-monastic dialogue s context, studying it from the point of view of the catholic s monastic community and of their living and historical dialogue and contemplation s experience. This one breaks off with the separated subjectivities vision and with the negation and exclusion s of religious alterity, arriving to a unity in plurality s inter-subjectivity perspective and to a new type of catholic dialogical identity and spirituality. Having verified the central importance of this dynamic and its religious sense to the dialogue s development among contemplatives, the thesis stands out not only this dynamic s psychosocial dimension, but also its rooting in the deepest center of being, underlying relation established by catholic monks between the inter-religious dialogue and their dialogue with God. The Christian conception of God and fellow s alterity has been determinant to the dialogical mutual recognition and to the peace and harmony s monastic experiences among monks from different religions. The study of this conception and of its application on inter-monastic dialogue conducts to the distinction between this dialogical dynamics from the one established in terms of auto- affirmation and other s deny, that is related to the differences negation, to war, and to several kinds of alterity s elimination. The mutual recognition was favored for the monastic social rupture, for the contemplative practices and for the profound process of identityalterity s reformulation the monks go through in their path toward the Absolute. Nowadays, the recognition of Christian identity and religious alterity is being considered by these monks as central to their inter-religious dialogue, and is allowing them to revise their own identity going, at the same time, beyond negative historical representations about other religions and promoting an opening to other beings, cultures and religions. These monks consider that their catholic monastic tradition has been renewed by the spiritual hope and research of other traditions, and that dialogue is helping them to go deeper in their own Christian identity. The thesis describes their profound personal and communitarian transformations, the resistances and progress, as well as the changes in historical representations and spiritual experiences, provoking a great reformulation of catholic posture about others religions. The analyses of all this changes in relation with the contemporary Babel context put in relief the monastic contribution to a new dialogical perspective about unity in diversity of languages and beings, allowing distinguishing the vision of plurality in the recognition of identityalterity from others perspectives of unity and plurality based only on identity.

[pt] Friedrich Nietzsche, ao longo de sua obra e, em especial, em sua crítica ao valor dos valores morais ocidentais para a vida, em que elabora a tipologia da moral nobre e moral dos escravos, associa a criação de valores a diferentes fisiologias humanas (homem ativo e homem reativo, homem como ave de rapina e homem como ovelha), compreendendo a moral como não desligada da vida orgânica e se colocando contra valores e práticas de homogeneização e nivelamento. Decorre daí uma visão que valora a alteridade – o que é outro, diferente, alheio – como de valor à vida, enquanto característica fisiologicamente inerente aos homens e que alimenta a força plástica humana. Oswald de Andrade, leitor confesso de Nietzsche, em especial em seus manifestos e ensaios filosóficos, resgata e reelabora a noção de antropofagia, enquanto visão de mundo e postura filosófica em que o outro é alimento de transformação de si, orgânica e moralmente (isto é, enquanto alimento ao corpo, no caso do ritual em sua origem, e também enquanto alimento à criação de novos valores); e que, portanto, também valora a alteridade como de valor à vida. Oswald elabora a sua própria tipologia, a do homem messiânico e homem antropofágico (patriarcado e matriarcado), e a sua análise do valor dos valores morais ocidentais para a vida, em que a sua crítica à moral do sacerdócio em muito se aproxima à crítica de Nietzsche feita a essa que, para o filósofo alemão, foi a mais forte das morais de escravo e de rebanho que o homem ocidental desenvolveu. Dentre aproximações e diferenciações, ambos os pensadores nos indicam a reflexão sobre a alteridade enquanto elemento de valor à plasticidade humana e, assim, à vida, apesar das tendências homogeneizadoras que possamos identificar ao longo da história e, ainda, do momento presente. / [en] Friedrich Nietzsche, throughout his work and, in particular, in his critique of the value of western moral values for life, in which he elaborates a typology of the master morality and slave morality, associates the creation of values to different human physiologies (active man and reactive man, man as bird of prey and man as sheep), comprehending the morality as not excluded from organic life and being against values and practices of homogenization and leveling. It follows from this a view that values alterity – what is other, different, unrelated – as a value to life, as a physiologically inherent characteristic of men and that feeds human plasticity force. Oswald de Andrade, a self-confessed reader of Nietzsche, especially in his manifestos and philosophical essays, rescues and re-elaborates the notion of anthropophagy, world view and philosophical posture in which the other feeds the transformation of the self, organically and morally (that is, as nutrition for the body, in the case of ritual in its origin, and also for the creation of new values), in which, therefore, he also values alterity as a value to life. Oswald developed his own typology, that of messianic man and anthropophagic man (patriarchy and matriarchy), proposing his analysis of the value of Western moral values for life, in which his critique of priesthood morality is very close to Nietzsche s critique of that. That one, for The German philosopher, is the strongest slave and herd morality that was developed by the western man. Among the approximations and differences, the thinkers indicate paths to think about alterity as a valuable element to human plasticity and, thus, to life, although homogenization tendencies we can identify along the History and still in the present.

[pt] Esta pesquisa examina cenas de alteridade radical entre crianças e adultos nos escritos maduros de Wittgenstein. Demonstra-se como tais cenas ajudam a construir uma visão da linguagem como forma de vida, capaz de recusar tanto o universalismo como o relativismo, em benefício de uma compreensão perspectivista. Os escritos de Ludwig Wittgenstein posteriores ao Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, obra escrita ainda nos seus anos de juventude, são mais frequentemente compreendidos como um pensamento que tende ao relativismo, opondo-se, portanto, frontalmente ao trabalho inicial do filósofo. Esta pesquisa aponta para uma filosofia única, nos termos da interpretação que lhe dá o filósofo e pesquisador brasileiro Bento Prado Jr., para quem o télos da filosofia wittgensteiniana jamais se modificou. Assim, nem universalismo, nem relativismo seriam contemplados pelo pensamento de Wittgenstein, havendo, isto sim, uma filosofia perspectiva, aproximável, sob certos aspectos, daquelas que encontramos, por exemplo, em Nietzsche e Deleuze. Para melhor entendimento do perspectivismo na filosofia de Wittgenstein, e, em consonância com o projeto de pesquisa a que nos vinculamos, procedeu-se à análise do que se pode chamar de cenas de alteridade radical nos escritos wittgensteinianos – experimentos de pensamento que comparecem com muita frequência nos últimos escritos do filósofo. Trata-se de cenas imaginárias que figuram encontros, perplexidades e incompreensões entre selvagens e civilizados, loucos e sãos, orientais e ocidentais, crianças e adultos, e assim por diante. Nesses experimentos, manifesta-se o rigor do trabalho crítico de Wittgenstein sobre a linguagem e o significado, sempre concomitante à sua crítica da metafísica. Este trabalho se concentrou na identificação e análise de cenas relacionadas à alteridade adulto vs. criança, assumindo que o conceito de infância pode ser alargado em relação ao período cronológico a que frequentemente está vinculado, como propõe o filósofo italiano Giorgio Agamben. Averiguou-se, a partir do exame dessas cenas, em que medida essa alteridade funciona como índice de perspectivismo nos escritos da fase mais madura de Wittgenstein e em que medida as cenas de alteridade deixam entrever a ideia wittgensteiniana de forma de vida. Para compreender a elusiva noção de forma de vida em Wittgenstein, não nos esquivamos também de um encontro com a antropologia – área cujas preocupações centrais estão reconhecidamente presentes nos escritos do filósofo vienense. Privilegiamos, nesse encontro, o trabalho etnofilosófico do antropólogo Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. A análise do Corpus wittgensteiniano em contágio com a etnofilosofia de Viveiros de Castro indica pontos de convergência entre o pensamento de Wittgenstein – e o das filosofias perspectivistas em geral – e a cosmologia ameríndia tal como apresentada por Viveiros de Castro. A pesquisa empreendida dá a ver uma modalidade wittgensteiniana de perspectivismo, as formas singulares com que o filósofo permite acolher uma multiplicidade de mundos na recusa básica da ideia de visão do mundo, na implosão da partição sujeito/objeto, no laço entre filosofia e poesia. / [en] This research focuses specifically on the examination of scenes of extreme alterity between children and adults, with the aim of demonstrating the way in which these scenes help to construct a vision of language as a form of life, managing to reject universalism as well as relativism, favouring instead a perspectivist understanding. Ludwig Wittgenstein s writings post-Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, a work he completed in his younger years, are more often than not interpreted with a way of thinking which tends towards relativism and which directly contradicts the first work of the philosopher, most commonly interpreted as a work that tends towards universalism. This research points towards a singular philosophy, in terms of the interpretation put forward by Brazilian researcher and philosopher Bento Prado Jr., according to whom the telos of Wittgensteinian philosophy has never wavered. Thereby, neither universalism nor relativism are contemplated in the Wittgensteinian thinking, rather a perspective philosophy, comparable in certain aspects to the philosophy of, for example, Nietzsche and Deleuze. For a better understanding of perspectivism in Wittgenstein s philosophy, in harmony with the research project that we have adhered to, an analysis of what can be called scenes of radical alterity in Wittgenstinian writing has been undertaken – a type of thought experiment that occurs with great frequency in the late work of the philosopher. This appears in the form of imaginary scenes which depict encounters, perplexities and misunderstandings between savage and civilised individuals, crazy and sane individuals, easterners and westerners, children and adults, and so on. In these experiments, the rigour of Wittgenstein s critical work on language and meaning manifests itself, ever concomitant to his criticism of metaphysics. This work has been centered on the identification and analysis of scenes relating to adult versus child alterity, by assuming that the concept of childhood may be extended in relation to the chronological period with which it is frequently associated, as Italian philospher Giorgio Agamben proposes. The examination of such scenes has allowed the investigation into the extent to which this alterity works as an indication of perspectivism in the late writings of Wittgenstein and the extent to which the scenes of alterity illustrate the Wittgensteinian idea of the form of life. In order to understand the elusive notion of form of life according to Wittgenstein, we also must not avoid the ties to anthropology – the central questions of which are demonstrably present in the writings of the Viennese philosopher. In doing this, we give privilege to the ethnophilosophical work of anthropologist Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. The analysis of the Wittgensteinian corpus, coupled with the ethnophilosophy of Viveiros de Castro, indicates points of convergence between Wittgensteinian thought – and that of perspectivist philosophers in general – and Amerindian cosmology such as that presented by Viveiros de Castro. The research carried out sheds light on a Wittgensteinian form of perspectivism, the singular forms with which the philosopher allows the existance multiple worlds in the basic rejection of the idea of a world vision, in the implosion of the subject/object partition, in the ties between philosophy and poetry.

[pt] A construção do mouro, em sua multiplicidade composta de vários rostos e histórias, objetivamente, mostra como esses personagens míticos guardam, entre si e com os demais, semelhanças evidentes e diferenças decisivas. Essa constituição híbrida foi encontrada na pesquisa de campo nos festejos tradicionais brasileiros, no Maranhão, da Encantaria da Ilha dos Lençóis e de Cururupu, e em Sergipe, da Chegança de Laranjeiras; e a participação dos mouros míticos bem como a estrutura ritual festiva brasileira e espanhola foram comparadas às festas de Moros y Cristianos, das regiões do Levante e de Andaluzia. Essas matrizes, estudadas em suas manifestações performáticas cíclicas, foram consideradas como narrativas de proveniência enunciativa variada. A pesquisa bibliográfica paralela foi estendida à cultura popular e aos estudos árabes, à religião, à filosofia, à antropologia e à história. O personagem mouro alimentou a investigação com sua capacidade subversiva ante as narrativas oficiais, inclusive as de fundamentação historiográfica, e devida às características contextuais de maleabilidade, resistência, insubordinação e insistente autorecriação contextual. Nos relatos e ritos, o mouro mítico se nega ao desempenho dos papéis do outro e do representante do mal, tradicionalmente impostos através dos séculos. A leitura crítica das performances e narrativas integradas por esse operador semântico-político trabalhou com outros discursos, manifestações coletivas e contextos particulares, em que foram descobertas equivalências e relações, diretas ou indiretas, em traços de atividades culturais brasileiras, em contínuas transformações e redefinições de sentidos, forças e valores de nossa ordem social. / [en] The aim of this piece is to study the construction of the Moor character, presenting it in all its plurality, made up of varied faces and stories. These characters share – among themselves and also with other mythical characters -, both clear similarities and decisive differences. In their hybrid constitution, they stand out as important figures in some traditional Brazilian celebrations collected in field research in the state of Maranhão (the Encantaria of the Lençóis Island and Cururupu) and in the state of Sergipe (the Chegança de Laranjeiras). Its participation in such festivities, as well as their ritual structure, was confronted with equivalent events observed in several regions of Spain (festivals of Moros y Cristianos of the Levant and Andalusia regions). Besides theses patterns, studied in their cyclic performative manifestations, the research examined narratives stemming from different enunciative sources on the theme. A parallel development between field and bibliographical research was carried out, the latter extending into the areas of popular culture, Arab studies, religion, philosophy, anthropology and history. The critical reading here carried out of the performances and narratives incorporated by this semantic-political operator had as main goal to open room for the discussion of other discourses, collective manifestations and contexts, each highlighted by their own characteristics, when correspondences and direct or indirect relations with the Moor characters may be discovered. Such an opening of an analytical-critical space contributes to shed light over aspects still not well known of Brazilian cultural activities, that have crossed seas and centuries and in their continuous transformations, renew themselves defining the meanings, the force and the values of our social order.

Ce mémoire propose une analyse de la souffrance dans le dernier ouvrage majeur d’Emmanuel Levinas, Autrement qu’être (1974). Notre recherche vise à exposer le rôle déterminant de la souffrance dans l’ouverture à une signification qui transcende l’être et à démontrer la pertinence d’une conception de la responsabilité enracinée dans une interprétation intersubjective de la souffrance. Le premier chapitre examine le double rôle de la souffrance comme affect préréflexif du corps et comme modalité par laquelle cette dimension affective se refuse à la thématisation. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous considérons le rôle de la souffrance au sein d’une herméneutique du sujet en détaillant l’influence de la tradition hébraïque sur la pensée de Levinas. En portant une attention particulière à la notion de substitution, pièce centrale de l’oeuvre, nous verrons que la souffrance constitue une orientation éthique de la subjectivité. Finalement, dans le troisième chapitre, nous interrogeons la portée d’une éthique constituée à partir de l’intersubjectivité de la souffrance. En discutant de sa conception du témoignage et du messianisme, nous démontrons que chez Levinas la souffrance est mobilisée pour ancrer la responsabilité éthique dans un sujet matériellement impliqué dans sa rencontre avec l’autre. / This dissertation offers an analysis of suffering in Emmanuel Levinas's last major work, Otherwise than Being (1974). Our research aims to expose the critical role of suffering in opening a meaning that transcends being and to demonstrate the relevance of a conception of responsibility rooted in an intersubjective interpretation of suffering. The first chapter examines the dual role of suffering as a pre-reflective affect of the body and as a modality through which this affective dimension refuses to be thematized. In the second chapter, we consider the role of suffering within a hermeneutics of the subject by detailing the influence of the Hebrew tradition on Levinas's thought. By paying particular attention to the notion of substitution, the central piece of the work, we will see that suffering constitutes an ethical orientation of subjectivity. Finally, in the third chapter, we question the scope of an ethics constituted from the intersubjectivity of suffering. By discussing his conception of testimony and messianism, we demonstrate that for Levinas suffering is mobilized to anchor ethical responsibility in a subject materially involved in his encounter with the other.

Thesis (MA (Modern Foreign Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation investigates the different forms of otherness and alterity (“Fremde”) in Bulgarian born German author, Ilija Trojanow’s novel, Der Weltensammler (2006). In this novel, alterity, as portrayed by Trojanow, is read as threatening and uncanny (“unheimlich”), on the one hand, and fascinating on the other. The novel, Der Weltensammler, translated by William Hobson and published under the title The Collector of Worlds (2008), narrates the life of the historical figure Sir Richard Francis Burton. Burton, a colonist, traveller and explorer, undertakes a journey across continents: British-India, Arabia and East Africa. As one of the first Europeans to do so, Burton - disguised and converted to Islam - undertakes a pilgrimage to Mecca. Like the title of the novel suggests, Burton is a contradictory man who not only collects worlds, but also obsessively adopts the cultures of the colonised. However, this British officer’s bizarre lifestyle and unusual ability to adapt to and adopt the foreign world raises certain questions regarding the relationship between coloniser and colonised. More importantly, he grapples with the portrayal of otherness. Throughout the novel both the narrator and a writer (the Lahiya) try to put together the pieces of Burton’s life. As the narrator warns in the preface of his novel, Burton remains an enigma. His antipodes are another historical figure, the former slave Sidi Mubarak Bombay and his servant Naukaram. Unlike in Burton’s and Stanley’s travel diaries where Bombay takes a marginalised position, he comes to the fore in Der Weltensammler. Though Burton appears to become part of the foreign world, it is the change of narrative perspectives between coloniser and colonised that puts their relation into question, thereby dissolving binary opposites. This thesis begins with a general discussion of the novel and its significance within German post-colonial literature. The study moves on to a discussion of the discourses surrounding the concept of alterity, identifying one key form of alterity, namely mimicry, a term borrowed from the theorist Homi K. Bhabha. The greater part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of the novel. The first part deals with the analysis of alterity and otherness by focussing attention on the portrayal of otherness as threatening and fascinating, the concept of mimicry, and finally, Burton’s transformation. The second part investigates the process of re-writing that takes place and the manner in which alterity is portrayed in the novel paying particular attention to the relation between author, writer and narrator. Following this analysis of alterity and its rewriting, this thesis moves to the more general question of how Ilija Trojanow’s novel, Der Weltensammler, functions as a refutation (Gegenschrift/Kampfabsage) of Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Relying on the words of Stephen Slemon, this study finally questions whether this novel can be read as another “scramble for post-colonialism”. Based on the theoretical framework developed on the concept of culture by Homi K. Bhabha on the one hand and the insights on cultures by Polish journalist Ryszard Kapuscinski on the other, this study demonstrates how it is through the processes of revision and re-writing of literary borrowings, e.g. Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (1899), that the concept of alterity is redefined and the novel in itself gains a post-colonial voice. Furthermore, this thesis shows how otherness is deconstructed to such an extent that it is not difference that is highlighted, but instead a literary model for the co-existence of cultures. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is ‘n studie van die verskillende fasette van vreemde, die onbekende en alteriteit (“Fremde”) in die Duits-Bulgaarse skrywer, Ilija Trojanow se roman Der Weltensammler (2006). In hierdie roman word alteriteit, soos deur Trojanow uitgebeeld, gelees as bedreigend en unheimlich, en gelyktydig as fassinerend. Die Roman, Der Weltensammler, deur William Hobson vertaal as The Collector of Worlds (2008), beskryf die lewe van die historiese figuur Sir Richard Francis Burton. Hy onderneem as kolonis en ontdekkingsreisiger ‘n reis regoor verskeie kontinente: Brits-Indië, Arabië en Oos-Afrika. Vermom en bekeer tot Islam, onderneem hy as een van die eerste Europeërs ‘n pelgrimstog na Mekka. Soos deur die titel van die roman gesuggereer word, is Burton op sigself ’n ambivalente karakter wat nie net wêrelde nie, maar ook die kulture van die gekoloniseerdes approprieer. Dit is juis hierdie Britse offisier se vreemde leefstyl en buitengewone vermoë om die vreemde toe te eien, wat sekere vrae ten opsigte van die verhouding tussen die kolonisator en die gekoloniseerde laat ontstaan. Van grootste belang vir hierdie analise is veral die uitbeelding van die vreemde. Deurgaans poog die verteller en ‘n skribent (die Lahiya) om uitsluitsel oor Burton se lewe te kry. Soos die verteller alreeds in die voorwoord van sy roman waarsku, bly Burton egter ‘n enigma. Sy teenpole is die ander minder bekende historiese figuur, die gemarginaliseerde en voormalige slaaf Sidi Mubarak Bombay en sy bediende Naukaram. Anders as in onder andere Burton en Stanley se reisbeskrywings waar Bombay slegs ‘n randverskynsel is, kry hy nuwe betekenis in Trojanow se roman. Ofskoon Burton deel van die vreemde blyk te word, word die verhouding tussen die kolonisator en die gekoloniseerde veral bevraagteken deur die verandering van narratiewe perspektiewe. Terselfdertyd word binêre opposisies gedekonstrueer. Die tesis word ingelei deur ‘n algemene oorsig van die roman en sy betekenis binne die konteks van Duitse postkoloniale literatuur. Na afloop van die oorsig, volg ‘n bespreking van die diskoerse rondom die konsep alteriteit. Die klem val hier veral op een spesifieke vorm van alteriteit, naamlik mimiek, ‘n term ontleen aan die teoretikus Homi K. Bhabha. Die grootste deel van die tesis word gewy aan die analise van die roman. In die eerste deel van die analise word die konsep alteriteit onder die loep geneem. Die klem val hier veral op die uitbeelding van die vreemde as bedreigend en fassinerend, mimiek and laastens Burton se gedaanteverwisseling. Die tweede deel van die analise fokus deurentyd op die verhouding tussen die skrywer, skribent en verteller en bestudeer veral die herskrywingsproses (re-writing) wat plaasvind en die wyse waarop alteriteit beskryf word. Deur die loop van die studie volg die meer algemene vraagstuk van hoe Ilija Trojanow se roman Der Weltensammler beskou kan word as ‘n weerlegging (Gegenschrift/Kampfabsage) van Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Laastens word op Stephen Slemon se algemene vraagstuk gesteun of die roman beskou kan word as ‘n “scramble for postcolonialism”. Hierdie analise word volgens die teoretiese raamwerke van twee outeurs nl. Homi K. Bhabha en die Poolse verslaggewer Ryszard Kapuscinski ondersoek. Dit is veral deur die proses revisie en die herskrywing van literêre ontlenings, bv. Joseph Conrad se Heart of Darkness (1899), dat die begrip alteriteit geherdefinieer word en die roman op sigself ‘n postkoloniale perspektief inneem.Vervolgens word die begrippe vreemde en alteriteit tot so ‘n mate gedekonstrueer deurdat die aandag nie op ongelykheid val nie, maar ‘n literêre model vir die naasbestaan van kulture ontskep word.

La thèse propose une lecture postcoloniale des romans de Margaret Atwood s'articulant sur le thème du mensonge. A travers l'étude de six aspets communs aux romans (l'intertextualité, le mensonge, le réalisme magique, le "trickster", l'hybridité et la quête), la thèse démontre l'importance du motif du mensonge dans une lecture postcoloniale de l'auteur. The thesis produces a postcolonial reading of Margaret Atwood's novels, based on the concept of deception. Articulated on six major elements of analysis (intertextual parody, deception, magic realism, trickster figures, hybridity, and quest pattern, the thesis shows how Margaret Atwood's novels can be read from a postcolonial point of view, within which the motif of deception plays a central role.