Perçues jusqu’au XIXe siècle comme des masses gélatineuses aux propriétés urticantes, les méduses ont été classées dans le groupe des zoophytes, organismes intermédiaires entre les animaux et les végétaux. Les savants s’en sont alors servis pour démontrer la continuité entre les êtres vivants végétaux et animaux et elles sont devenues des arguments essentiels dans l’établissement de l’échelle des êtres. A partir du XIXe siècle, on découvre, en particulier grâce à la microscopie, la complexité de leur anatomie, ce qui permet enfin de les caractériser de manière positive. Au milieu du XIXe siècle, on met en évidence les différentes phases de leur cycle de vie et l’organisation en colonie de certaines méduses. Les méduses deviennent alors l’un des principaux centres d’intérêt des zoologistes et des embryologistes qui cherchent à trouver la signification évolutive des différentes étapes de leur développement. Le terme de méduse apparaît alors pour désigner un de leurs stades de vie. En parallèle de cette histoire conceptuelle, les différentes étapes de cette classification ont été marquées par des difficultés d’étude qui ont fait que les méduses constituaient un des rares groupes non définis par des caractères positifs à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. En effet, si les expéditions scientifiques ont permis de récupérer de nombreux échantillons, bien vite s’est posé le problème de leur conservation. Face aux difficultés de maintenir leur morphologie et leurs couleurs après leur prélèvement, les images naturalistes de méduses sont donc devenues des objets d’étude essentiels dans la connaissance et la classification de ces organismes. Ces images donnent un reflet de l’évolution conceptuelle et technique, qui a accompagnée la classification des méduses / Perceived until the 19th century as gelatinous masses with stinging properties, jellyfish were classified in the group of zoophytes, intermediate organisms between animals and plants. Scientists then used it to demonstrate continuity between plant and animal living beings and became essential arguments in establishing the scale of beings. From the nineteenth century, we discover, particularly through microscopy, the complexity of their anatomy, which finally allows to characterize them positively. In the mid-nineteenth century, we highlight the different phases of their life cycle and the colony organization of some jellyfish. Jellyfish become one of the main interests of zoologists and embryologists who seek to find the evolutionary significance of the different stages of their development. The term jellyfish then appears to designate one of their life stages. In parallel with this conceptual history, the various stages of this classification were marked by study difficulties which made jellyfish one of the few groups not defined by positive characters at the end of the eighteenth century. Indeed, if the scientific expeditions allowed to recover many samples, quickly the problem of their conservation was posed. Faced with the difficulties of maintaining their morphology and their colors after their collection, the naturalistic images of jellyfish have thus become essential objects of study in the knowledge and classification of these organisms. These images give a reflection of the conceptual and technical evolution, which accompanied the classification of jellyfish

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-01-16T11:04:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Maiza Gabrielle Ribeiro Pereira.pdf: 1027889 bytes, checksum: b3b63a440a6fc35f9a0001062c6b903a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T11:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Maiza Gabrielle Ribeiro Pereira.pdf: 1027889 bytes, checksum: b3b63a440a6fc35f9a0001062c6b903a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The reflection made in the research base of this dissertation deals with the issue of formation of subjects of rural areas through educational experiences that build the Rural Education. Precisely, this focuses on the Pedagogy of Alternation by CEFFA, training of young people and adults do Campo, it usually serves a pedagogical approach that emphasizes the link between education and work, preparing the subject to life. This reflection dialogues with local / rural development settings, pointing successful points of the Pedagogy of Alternation, public policy. also shows the socio-historical perspective, as a method of criticism of collective social imagination, which combines the countryside and those who live in it, as something underdeveloped and "late", which for better characterization, then we use the image of "Fabiano" book character "Vidas Secas" of Graciliano Ramos. To better understand the problem, the research is divided into two parts. The first raises a discussion of the relationship of the subjects that are established in the field of literary production in Brazil prior to the period of expansion and technification of agriculture to the present day, weaving social history under the influence of "racial theories" in the composition of class division, which subjugated and subdues the farmer as a class unprepared to live in a new society provided with a new social standard and reformulated in new technology bases. The second stage of the research, portrays the new experiences of promotion of Rural Education, highlighting the CEFFA as part of the field enhancement process in support of local / rural development. Thus describes and contextualizes these experiences and their educational practices of sociocultural relations originating from public investment policies, new ruralities and local / rural development of the North Capixaba. / A reflex?o feita na pesquisa, base desta disserta??o, trata sobre a problem?tica da forma??o de sujeitos do meio rural por meio de experi?ncias pedag?gicas que constroem a Educa??o do Campo. Precisamente, esta focaliza a Pedagogia da Altern?ncia pelo CEFFA, na forma??o de jovens e adultos do Campo, pois geralmente atende a uma proposta pedag?gica que prioriza a articula??o entre a escolariza??o e o trabalho, preparando o sujeito para a vida. Essa reflex?o dialoga com defini??es de desenvolvimento local/rural, apontando pontos exitosos da Pedagogia da Altern?ncia, pol?ticas p?blicas. Aponta ainda a perspectiva s?cio-hist?rica, como m?todo da cr?tica ao imagin?rio social coletivo, que associa o campo e quem nele vive, como algo subdesenvolvido e ?atrasado?, que para melhor caracteriza??o, ent?o, utiliza-se a imagem do ?Fabiano?, personagem do livro ?Vidas Secas? de Graciliano Ramos. Para melhor compreens?o da problem?tica, a pesquisa se divide em dois momentos. O primeiro levanta uma discuss?o das rela??es dos sujeitos que est?o estabelecidas no campo da produ??o liter?ria do Brasil, anterior ao per?odo de expans?o e tecnifica??o da agricultura at? os dias de hoje, tecendo a hist?ria social sob a influ?ncia das ?teorias raciais? na composi??o da divis?o de classes, que subjugou e subjuga o homem do campo como sendo uma classe despreparada, para viver em uma nova sociedade provida de um novo padr?o social e reformulada em bases de novas tecnologias. O segundo momento da pesquisa, retrata as novas experi?ncias de promo??o da Educa??o do Campo, evidenciando o CEFFA como parte do processo de valoriza??o do campo em prol do desenvolvimento local/rural. Dessa maneira descreve e contextualiza essas experi?ncias e suas pr?ticas educativas das rela?oes socioculturais origin?rias das pol?ticas p?blicas de investimentos, em novas ruralidades e desenvolvimento local/rural do norte Capixaba

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:41:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivonete_Plein.pdf: 1503154 bytes, checksum: c6e03d2e6e0d66dea0d832baa1f3d486 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-10 / With the purpose of creating strategies for strengthening and preservation of family farms, farmers southwestern Paraná, supported by local leaders, inspired by French initiatives, implemented the Rural Family Houses as a form of education possible to improve the quality of life in agriculture, offering their children a proper education, based on their reality and to come to meet their needs by providing their children the prospect of remaining in rural areas, fully exercising their citizenship and work with dignity. Understanding this model is important, since the Rural Family Houses have spread throughout Brazil as a strategy for rural development, keeping the bond with the land and local culture, while at the same time offering training for young farmers through their realities. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the possibilities and limitations of Teaching through the Pedagogy of Alternation in Rural Family Houses in Paraná (the Regional I ARCAFAR-SUL) in the current period. The research methods used were a literature review, secondary data analysis and field research (documents and questionnaires). As main conclusions highlight that: the Pedagogy of Alternation can be a major contribution to the integral formation, making an effort in the different situations that education somehow need to be more specific, where the local reality can be considered in their wisdom and life experiences exploited as subsidies for vocational training and human. In these places, like the communities of family farmers, the Pedagogy of Alternation makes a difference. Their specific methodological principles and foundations contribute to human development and the environment, thus achieving its two main objectives. However, it is not the solution to all problems of education everywhere. It is unique to specific places, as it has been to the Southwest of Paraná. / Com o propósito de criar estratégias de fortalecimento e preservação da agricultura familiar, agricultores do Sudoeste do Paraná, apoiados por lideranças locais, inspirados em iniciativas francesas, implementaram as Casas Familiares Rurais como uma forma de educação possível para melhorar a qualidade de vida na agricultura, oferecendo a seus filhos uma formação adequada, baseada em sua realidade e que viesse ao encontro de suas necessidades proporcionando a seus filhos perspectivas de permanecer no meio rural, exercendo plenamente sua cidadania com trabalho e dignidade. Entender esse modelo é fundamental, já que as Casas Familiares Rurais têm-se espalhado pelo Brasil como uma estratégia de desenvolvimento do espaço rural, mantendo o vínculo com a terra e a cultura local, e, ao mesmo tempo, oferecendo formação para os jovens agricultores através das suas realidades. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar as possibilidades e limitações do Ensino através da Pedagogia da Alternância nas Casas Familiares Rurais no Sudoeste do Paraná (Regional I da ARCAFAR-SUL) no período atual. Os métodos de investigação utilizados foram a pesquisa bibliográfica, análise de dados secundários e pesquisa de campo (documental e questionários). Como principais conclusões destaca-se que: a Pedagogia da Alternância pode ser um grande contributo para a formação integral, fazendo-se um esforço nas diferentes situações em que a educação de alguma forma precisa ser mais específica, onde a realidade local possa ser considerada em sua sabedoria e as experiências vivenciais aproveitadas como subsídios de formação profissional e humana. Nestes lugares, como nas comunidades de agricultores familiares, a Pedagogia da Alternância faz diferença. Suas especificidades metodológicas, seus princípios e fundamentos contribuem para o desenvolvimento humano e do meio, atingindo assim seus dois grandes objetivos. Porém, ela não é a solução para todos os problemas de educação em todos os lugares. Ela é singular, para lugares específicos, como tem sido para o Sudoeste do Paraná.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivonete_Plein.pdf: 1503154 bytes, checksum: c6e03d2e6e0d66dea0d832baa1f3d486 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-10 / With the purpose of creating strategies for strengthening and preservation of family farms, farmers southwestern Paraná, supported by local leaders, inspired by French initiatives, implemented the Rural Family Houses as a form of education possible to improve the quality of life in agriculture, offering their children a proper education, based on their reality and to come to meet their needs by providing their children the prospect of remaining in rural areas, fully exercising their citizenship and work with dignity. Understanding this model is important, since the Rural Family Houses have spread throughout Brazil as a strategy for rural development, keeping the bond with the land and local culture, while at the same time offering training for young farmers through their realities. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the possibilities and limitations of Teaching through the Pedagogy of Alternation in Rural Family Houses in Paraná (the Regional I ARCAFAR-SUL) in the current period. The research methods used were a literature review, secondary data analysis and field research (documents and questionnaires). As main conclusions highlight that: the Pedagogy of Alternation can be a major contribution to the integral formation, making an effort in the different situations that education somehow need to be more specific, where the local reality can be considered in their wisdom and life experiences exploited as subsidies for vocational training and human. In these places, like the communities of family farmers, the Pedagogy of Alternation makes a difference. Their specific methodological principles and foundations contribute to human development and the environment, thus achieving its two main objectives. However, it is not the solution to all problems of education everywhere. It is unique to specific places, as it has been to the Southwest of Paraná. / Com o propósito de criar estratégias de fortalecimento e preservação da agricultura familiar, agricultores do Sudoeste do Paraná, apoiados por lideranças locais, inspirados em iniciativas francesas, implementaram as Casas Familiares Rurais como uma forma de educação possível para melhorar a qualidade de vida na agricultura, oferecendo a seus filhos uma formação adequada, baseada em sua realidade e que viesse ao encontro de suas necessidades proporcionando a seus filhos perspectivas de permanecer no meio rural, exercendo plenamente sua cidadania com trabalho e dignidade. Entender esse modelo é fundamental, já que as Casas Familiares Rurais têm-se espalhado pelo Brasil como uma estratégia de desenvolvimento do espaço rural, mantendo o vínculo com a terra e a cultura local, e, ao mesmo tempo, oferecendo formação para os jovens agricultores através das suas realidades. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar as possibilidades e limitações do Ensino através da Pedagogia da Alternância nas Casas Familiares Rurais no Sudoeste do Paraná (Regional I da ARCAFAR-SUL) no período atual. Os métodos de investigação utilizados foram a pesquisa bibliográfica, análise de dados secundários e pesquisa de campo (documental e questionários). Como principais conclusões destaca-se que: a Pedagogia da Alternância pode ser um grande contributo para a formação integral, fazendo-se um esforço nas diferentes situações em que a educação de alguma forma precisa ser mais específica, onde a realidade local possa ser considerada em sua sabedoria e as experiências vivenciais aproveitadas como subsídios de formação profissional e humana. Nestes lugares, como nas comunidades de agricultores familiares, a Pedagogia da Alternância faz diferença. Suas especificidades metodológicas, seus princípios e fundamentos contribuem para o desenvolvimento humano e do meio, atingindo assim seus dois grandes objetivos. Porém, ela não é a solução para todos os problemas de educação em todos os lugares. Ela é singular, para lugares específicos, como tem sido para o Sudoeste do Paraná.

O objeto empírico desta tese é um subgrupo de verbos complexos do português brasileiro. Os dados estudados são formações sincronicamente transparentes e composicionais com prefixos a-, eN- e eS- e sufixos -ec-, -iz-, -e- e -ej-, incluindo os chamados verbos parassintéticos, e formações originalmente complexas, porém duvidosas quanto à complexidade atualmente. O corpus contém 380 verbos selecionados a partir de dicionário e organizados por critérios de frequência. O objetivo geral descritivo enfoca questões relativas às propriedades e ao comportamento dos afixos, das raízes e das vogais temáticas. A discussão é organizada em torno dos níveis de estrutura morfológica, morfofonológica, argumental e eventual. O objetivo geral teórico do trabalho consiste em discutir as propostas da Semântica Lexical, da Sintaxe Lexical e da Morfologia Distribuída. Como resultados, o estudo oferece uma primeira classificação em verbos parcialmente transparentes e totalmente transparentes. Aqueles são analisados como fruto de um processo de reanálise histórica comparado ao desaparecimento de preverbos. O estudo mostra que existe um continuum entre formações completamente fossilizadas, reanalisadas como simples, em processo de mudança e completamente transparentes e composicionais. Uma segunda classificação se refere a formações com significado composicional e não-composicional. Os dados não-composicionais são estruturalmente analisados através de uma releitura da restrição de localidade na interpretação das raízes e do uso da noção de polissemia das raízes. Os verbos totalmente transparentes e composicionais são descritivamente classificados em verbos de mudança de estado, de lugar (location), de posse concreta (locatum), de posse abstrata, de reconfiguração e verbos de modificação de v. A característica mais robusta dessa subclasse é a obrigatoriedade de um argumento interno interpretado como objeto afetado (tema ou experienciador, em menor escala) da mudança expressa pelo evento. A investigação aponta que esses prefixos podem ser a realização fonológica de um núcleo misto de natureza lexical e funcional que é responsável por introduzir o argumento interno na estrutura e relacioná-lo à semântica da raiz. Tal núcleo possui minimamente o traço [+r] (relacional) e, em poucos casos, apresenta especificação direcional [+dir]. Com isso, a ideia de que esses prefixos são morfemas direcionais é desmistificada, pois essa informação interna ao verbo complexo é residual e decadente. Em geral, os prefixos se comportam como alomorfes e não há fortes evidências de associação exclusiva de um prefixo a uma determinada estrutura argumental ou classe semântica. Os sufixos são analisados como realizações de núcleos funcionais de tipo v[+voice], v[-voice] e v[+voice, -télico] e também se observa que a ocorrência sufixal em tipos de eventos não se dá de modo tão sistemático como afirma a literatura prévia. A teoria de alomorfia prospota em Embick (2010), baseada em localidade e linearidade, se mostra efetiva para analisar a escolha dos alomorfes dos vi núcleos R (relacionador), v e Th (Vogal temática). O tipo semântico da raiz influencia o tipo de verbo formado, mas pode ser manipulado a fim de sofrer coerção por um processo metonímico ou estrutural. A principal conclusão a partir dos resultados obtidos é que a morfologia verbal do português brasileiro pode revelar tendências em relação à estrutura argumental e a estrutura de eventos, mas não reflete correlações suficientemente regulares ou consistentes. / The empirical object of this dissertation is a subgroup of complex verbs of Brazilian Portuguese. The dataset is composed by synchronically and compositional formations containing the prefixes a-, eN- e eS- and the suffixes -ec-, -iz-, -e- e -ej- and originally complex formations which are dubious in relation to its synchronic complexity. The corpus contains 380 verbs selected from a dictionary and organized by frequency criteria. The general descriptive goal encompasses topics on properties and behavior of affixes, roots and theme vowels and the discussion is guided by the levels of morphological, morphophonological, argument and event structure. The general theoretical goal of this dissertation is to discuss Lexical Semantics, Lexical Syntax and Distributed Morphology proposals. As empirical results, the study offers a primary classification in terms of partially and totally transparent verbs. Partially transparent verbs are treated as resulting from a historical reanalysis process compared to the well known process of disappearance of preverbs. It is assumed that there is a continuum from forms which are: 1) completely fossilized; 2) reanalyzed as simple; 3) forms in process of change; 4) completely compositional and transparent. A secondary classification refers to compositional and noncompositional formations. Non-compositional data are structurally analyzed by means of a new reading on the literature on locality restriction on the interpretation of roots and the use of the notion of root polysemy. Completely compositional and transparent verbs are empirically classified into change of state, change of location, change of abstract and concrete possession, reconfiguration and verbs of modification of v. The strongest characteristic of this subclass is the obligatory presence of an internal argument interpreted as an affected object (theme or experiencer, to a less extent) of the change denoted by the event. The investigation points out that the prefix may be considered as the phonological realization of a head with a mixed lexical functional nature, which is responsible for introducing the internal argument in the structure and relating it to the root semantics. This head has at least the feature [+r] and, in a few cases, it may present directional information [+dir]. Considering this, the assumption that these prefixes are directional morphemes is debunked since this kind of information within a complex verb is residual and decayed. In general, prefixes behave as allomorphs and there are not strong evidences of an exclusive association of a prefix and a certain kind of argument structure or semantic class. The suffixes are analyzed as realizations of three functional heads: v[+voice], v[-voice] and v[+voice, -telic] and it is observed that suffix occurrence in event type is not systematic as previous literature claims. The theory of allomorphy proposed in Embick (2010), which is based on locality and linearity, was efficient in accounting for selection of allomorphs of R, v and Th heads. Finally, semantic type shows influence on verb type but this information can be viii manipulated in order to derive structural or metonymical coercion. The main conclusion to be drawn from the results is the fact that Brazilian Portuguese verbal morphology may reveal certain tendencies in argument and event structure, but it does not reflect sufficiently regular or consistent correlations.

Dans les systèmes flexionnels, il arrive que des propriétés morphosyntaxiques soient exprimées différemment d’un lexème à l’autre. Pour décrire ces systèmes, il est usuel d’énumérer un petit nombre de classes flexionnelles formant une partition des lexèmes. Les systèmes flexionnels suivent cependant une organisation beaucoup plus complexe, et en raison d’un flou méthodologique, les travaux sont souvent en désaccord sur l’inventaire exact des classes.Cette thèse se place dans la perspective Mot et Paradigme et élabore des outils computationnels permettant d’observer précisément la structure de similarité des systèmes de classes flexionnelles en se fondant sur des lexiques de formes fléchies. Nous étudions les verbes de l’arabe, de l’anglais, du chatino de Zenzontepec, du chatino de Yaitepec, du français, du navajo, du portugais européen, ainsi que les noms du Russe.Dans une première partie, nous proposons de décrire le comportement flexionnel des lexèmes au moyen des alternances entre leur formes. Nous présentons un algorithme pour inférer automatiquement des patrons d’alternances reliant deux formes de surface d’un même lexème. Nous employons ces patrons pour quantifier le problème de remplissage des cases de paradigme. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous interrogeons sur la structure de similarité des systèmes flexionnels. Nous commençons par classer les lexèmes en microclasses, fondées sur l’identité du comportement flexionnel. Celles-ci sont nombreuses, et parfois très similaires entre elles. Nous proposons ensuite un algorithme fondé sur la longueur de description permettant de regrouper les microclasses en un petit nombre de macroclasses correspondant à la notion traditionnelle de classe flexionnelle. Enfin, nous montrons que le modèle le plus fidèle pour décrire les similarités au sein de ces systèmes est un treillis dont chaque nœud constitue une classe flexionnelle. Pour déduire cette hiérarchie à héritage multiple des patrons d’alternances, nous employons l’analyse de concepts formels / In some inflectional systems, the same morphosyntactic properties can be expressed differently across lexemes. These systems are usually described through the enumeration of a small number of inflection classes partitioning the inventory of lexemes. However, the actual structure of inflection class systems is much more complex, and methodological vagueness leads to contradictory accounts regarding inventories of inflection classes.This dissertation adopts the Word and Paradigm approach and elaborates computational tools to investigate precisely the similarity structure of inflection class systems based on inflectional lexicon. We study Arabic, Yaitepec Chatino, Zenzontepec Chatino, English, French, Navajo and European Portuguese verbs as well as Russian nouns.The first part defines the inflectional behavior of lexemes through the set of all surface alternations between their forms. We describe an algorithm to infer automatically alternation patterns between any two forms of a lexeme. We use alternation patterns to quantify the Paradigm Cell Filling Problem (PCFP). The second part investigates the similarity structure of inflectional systems. We start by classifying lexemes into microclasses, based on identity of inflectional behavior. These classes are numerous, and sometimes very similar. We then describe an algorithm based on minimal description length to gather microclasses into macroclasses which conform to the traditional notion of inflection class. Finally, we show that the most faithful model to describe similarities in inflectional systems is a lattice in which each node is an inflection class. To deduce this multiple inheritance hierarchy from alternation patterns, we use Formal Concept Analysis.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la conception et l’expérimentation d’un outil d’aide au transfert de connaissances enseignées pour la formation professionnelle en alternance de techniciens supérieurs. La formation étudiée s’adresse à des étudiants d’un Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie en Statistique et en Traitement Informatique de données (DUT-STID). Elle est dispensée au sein d’un Institut Universitaire de Technologie (IUT Lumière Lyon 2) qui présente la particularité de ne fonctionner qu’en alternance, avec un engagement important des professionnels dans tout le processus de la formation. La durée de cette formation est de deux ans dans une formule spécifique le « 1 + 1 » où les apprenants sont sous statut d’étudiants la première année et sous statut d’apprenti la seconde année. Pour étudier le transfert de connaissances enseignées en entreprise, nous nous sommes appuyé sur un cadre théorique basé sur la théorie de l’activité (Engeström, 1987 ; Tuomi-Grohn & Engeström, 2003). Du point de vue méthodologique, nous avons fait le choix d’une approche progressive et collaborative. Nous avons tout d’abord mené, à partir de plusieurs sources de données (documents ; enquête et entretiens ; archives des traces d’activités des apprentis en entreprise issues des livrets d’apprentissage) une analyse de l’organisation pédagogique de la formation en recherchant ce qui pouvait, au sein de celle-ci, favoriser les mises en lien de situations d’apprentissage et les transferts de connaissances. Les résultats de cette analyse ont montré que l’organisation existante était peu favorable aux transferts de connaissances enseignées en situation de travail, comme cela peut être le cas dans de nombreuses formations en alternance. Puis, nous avons conçu, en nous inspirant du concept d’objet-frontière, et en étroite collaboration avec les responsables de la formation et les enseignants connaissant le mieux le cursus et les missions des apprentis en entreprise, un nouvel outil permettant d’effectuer des rapprochements entre des types de tâches réalisées en entreprise et des types de connaissances enseignées à l’IUT. Ce nouvel outil a été testé et expérimenté sur plusieurs cas d’étudiants en apprentissage en entreprise au cours de différentes périodes. L’objectif était de varier les types de contexte et les profils de tuteur pour tester la capacité de l’outil à fonctionner dans différents types de systèmes d’activité, avec différents types d’acteurs. Sur la base des cas étudiés, les tests et expérimentations réalisés en situation réelle ont révélé que notre outil répondait indéniablement à un besoin et était très favorablement accueilli notamment par les maitres d’apprentissage, les apprentis et les tuteurs universitaires, principaux destinataires de cet objet-frontière. Dans les cas étudiés, il a permis d’enrichir les missions confiées, d’expliciter davantage les étapes et les ressources nécessaires au travail de l’apprenti et de favoriser des temps d’échange sur les connaissances et outils enseignés à l’IUT qui pourraient être pertinents pour la réalisation des activités en entreprise. L’expérimentation montre, cependant, que son utilisation est complexe et repose surtout sur la capacité des tuteurs universitaires à en expliciter le fonctionnement aux maitres d’apprentissage et à faire vivre l’outil en situation. La dernière partie de la thèse rend compte du travail réalisé pour intégrer cet outil d’aide au transfert dans l’organisation pédagogique de la formation. Depuis septembre 2012, il fait officiellement partie des outils de suivi et d’évaluation des apprentis en situation de travail. / This work of thesis concerns the conception and the experiment of a help tool for the transfer of knowledge taught for the vocational training in senior technicians' alternation. The studied training addresses students of a Two-year technical degree in Statistics and IT processing of data (DUT-STID). It takes place within a University Institute of Technology (IUT Lumière LYON 2) which has the peculiarity to work only in alternation, with a significant commitment of professionals throughout the training process. The duration of this training is of two years in a specific formula " 1 + 1 " where the learners are under students' status the first year and under the status of apprentice the second. To study the transfer of knowledge taught in company, we leaned on a theoretical framework based on the theory of the activity (Engeström, 1987; Tuomi-Grohn and Engeström, 2003). From the methodological point of view, we chose a progressive and collaborative approach. We first conducted from multiple data sources (documents; survey and interviews; archives of the tracks of activities of the apprentices in company stemming from notebooks of learning) an analysis of the educational organization seeking what could, within it, promote the linking of learning situations (apprenticeship) and the transfers of knowledge. The results of this analysis showed that the existing organization was not conductive to the transfers of knowledge taught in working situation as may be the case in many sandwich courses. Then, in close collaboration with the persons in charge of the training and the teachers knowing best the program and the missions of the apprentices in company, we developed, by basing ourselves on the concept of boundary-object, a new tool allowing to make links between types of tasks realized in company and types of knowledge taught at the IUT (UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY). This new tool was tested and experimented on several cases of students in apprenticeship in company during various periods. The aim was to vary the types of context and tutor profiles to test the ability of the tool to operate in different types of activity systems with different types of actors. On the basis of the studied cases, the tests and the experiments realized in real life situation revealed that our tool answered unmistakably a need and was warmly welcomed in particular by the apprenticeship masters, the apprentices and the academic tutors, the main beneficiaries of this boundary-object. In the cases studied, it allowed to enrich the entrusted mission, to further clarify the steps and resources needed for the apprentice’s work and to foster the exchange time on the knowledge and tools taught at UIT (UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY) that may be relevant to the achievement of the activities in a company.The experiment shows however, that its use is complex and based a lot on the ability of the academic tutors to clarify the functioning to the apprenticeship masters and to make use of the tool in situation. The last part of the thesis reports the work realized to integrate this support tool for the transfer into the educational organization of the training. Since September, 2012, it is officially part of the tools for monitoring and evaluation of the apprentices in working situation.

We investigate the expressive power of different fragments of higher-order logics over finite relational structures (or equivalently, relational databases) with special emphasis in higher-order logics of order greater than or equal three. Our main results concern the study of the effect on the expressive power of higher-order logics, of simultaneously bounding the arity of the higher-order variables and the alternation of quantifiers.

In geschichteten Reservoiren mit geringer Matrix-Permeabilität kontrollieren überwiegend Bruchsysteme den Fluidtransport. In Kalk-Mergel-Wechselfolgen sind allerdings die vertikale Kluftausbreitung sowie die Vernetzung der Kluftsysteme zwischen den unterschiedlichen Schichten sehr variabel, was schließlich die Permeabilität in diesen bruchkontrollierten Reservoiren erheblich beeinflusst. Innerhalb einer Schichtfolge führen diverse sedimentologische Merkmale (z.B. sedimentäre Schichtung und diagenetische Bankung) zu kontrastreichen Gesteinseigenschaften und wirken somit als Spannungsbarrieren. Spannungsbarrieren, wie beispielsweise lithologische Kontakte oder mächtige Mergellagen, können die Kluftausbreitung in geschichteten Gesteinen ebenfalls verhindern und erschweren zusätzlich die Vorhersage potentieller Fluidwege. Aufgrund dessen ist es entscheidend Schichten, die sich mechanisch einheitlich verhalten („mechanische Einheit“) zu finden. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist, den Einfluss von sedimentologischen und diagenetischen Merkmalen und petrophysikalischen Eigenschaften vertikaler Kluftausbreitung in Kalk-Mergel-Wechselfolgen der Jurassischen Blue Lias Formation (Bristol Channel Becken, Großbritannien) abzuschätzen, um verschiedenartige Spannungsbarrieren und mechanische Einheiten zu definieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden sechs Profile untersucht, welche sich durch unterschiedliche morphologische Variationen auszeichnen (d.h. von kalkdominiert zu mergeldominiert). Die Untersuchungen umfassen Kombinationen aus sedimentologischer (z.B. Geländeuntersuchungen, Dünnschliffpetrografie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie, CaCO3- and Corg-Messungen), quantitativ strukturgeologischer (z.B. Charakterisierung von Kluftsystemen) sowie petrophysikalischer Daten (z.B. Spaltzug- und Druckfestigkeits-, Rückprallhärte- und Porositäts-Messungen). Im Rahmen der quantitativen strukturgeologischen Untersuchungen wurden unter Verwendung einer modifizierten Scanline Methode (Durchführung einer flächengestützten Kluftanalyse) über 4000 schichtübergreifende Klüfte betrachtet. Generell wird angenommen, dass der Kluftabstand mit zunehmender Bankmächtigkeit zunimmt und die Kluftdichte dementsprechend abnimmt. Diese Studie zeigt jedoch, dass dieser Zusammenhang nur eingeschränkt auf Kalkbänke dieser Abfolgen anwendbar ist und nur auf Schichten mit lateral planaren Oberflächen (wohlgebankte Kalkbänke) übertragen werden kann. Bei Bänken gleicher Mächtigkeit mit allerdings irregulären Oberflächen (semiknollige Kalkbänke) variieren die Kluftabstände innerhalb dieser Bänke beträchtlich. Das bedeutet, die Kluftabstände sind in semiknolligen Kalkbänken eher unregelmäßig wohingegen die Abstände in wohlgebankten Bänken eher regelmäßig sind. Des Weiteren sind in wohlgebankten Kalken ein höherer prozentualer Anteil von schichtgebundenen Klüften (57 %) ausgebildet. Dagegen sind in semiknolligen Kalken ein höherer Anteil nicht-schichtgebundener Klüfte ausgebildet (67 %). Entscheidend für die Kluftausbreitung in geschichteten Gesteinen ist nicht nur die Kluftverteilung der einzelnen Bänke, sondern auch verschiedenartige Spannungsbarrieren, wie beispielsweise lithologische Kontakte, Mächtigkeiten und Heterogenitäten von Mergeln hemmen die Kluftausbreitung. Anhand der vertikalen Kluftstoppung an lithologischen Kontakten und vertikale Kluftausbreitung durch Schichten wurden Spannungsbarrieren identifiziert (schichtgebundene vs. nicht-schichtgebundene Klüfte). Da nicht alle lithologische Kontakte die Ausbreitung von Klüften in geschichteten Gesteinen verhindern, wurde in dieser Studie der Terminus für 50 % Kluftstoppung an diesen Kontakten verwendet („mechanische Grenzflächen“). Zusätzlich wurden bestimmte Mergellagen, die >0.20 m mächtig sind, durch mechanische Grenzflächen begrenzt sind und weniger als 50 % nicht-schichtgebundene Klüfte beinhalten, als „mechanische Puffer“ definiert. Die Charakterisierung des Kluftsystems wird neben der vorherrschenden stark heterogenen Kluftverteilung in der Blue Lias Formation, auch durch eine signifikante Variation des Diagenese-Einflusses von Abschnitt zu Abschnitt erschwert. Beispielsweise wurden in Wales drei Teilprofile genauestens untersucht, welche trotz ihrer räumlich nahen Lage und relativ zeitgleichen Entstehung unterschiedliche sedimentologische und diagenetische Merkmale in Meter- bis Mikrometer-Skalen aufweisen (von früh lithifiziert bis physikalisch kompaktierte Abfolgen). Darüber hinaus sind diese durch unterschiedliche Muster der Kluftstoppung an Kontakten und Kluftausbreitung innerhalb der Bänke charakterisiert. Lithologische Kontakte in diagenetisch beeinflussten Abfolgen sind tendenziell eher graduell und somit keine mechanischen Grenzflächen. Wenn zusätzlich der Unterschied zwischen den CaCO3-Konzentrationen zwischen Kalken und Mergeln niedrig ist, kann die Abfolge als eine mechanische Einheit definiert werden, welches die Kluftausbreitung begünstigen würde. Die Vorhersage der Konnektivität von Kluftnetzwerken ist in lithologisch heterogenen Kalk-Mergel-Wechselfolgen, wie die in der Blue Lias Formation, aufgrund unterschiedlicher Kluftverteilung innerhalb einzelner Bänke, unterschiedliche diagenetische Einfluss und verschiedenartiger Spannungsbarrieren schwierig. Das ist insbesondere für die Charakterisierung der Kluftnetzwerke und ihre Nutzung in Aufschluss-Analogstudien problematisch, welche für die Einschätzung des Fluidtransports in solchen Systemen verwendet wird. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sind zur Optimierung der Quantifizierung von Kluftverteilung und -ausbreitung in heterogenen Gesteinsabfolgen entscheidend und präzisieren die Definition mechanischer Einheiten. Diese Definition ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Vorhersage von Kluftpermeabilitäten und folglich entscheidend für Fluidtransportmodelle.

Hur ser ungdomar på framtiden? Vilka drömmar finns och hur ska de förverkligas? Med denna undersökning vill jag ta reda på vilka värderingar ungdomar har idag. För att finna svar har sextio ungdomar deltagit i en enkätundersökning. Av dessa ungdomar har jag valt att intervjua sex personer med olika värderingar. Ronald Ingleharts teori om materialism/postmaterialism har använts som analysinstrument. Jag har också jämfört mina slutsatser med liknande undersökningar. Huvudresultatet av denna studie är att ungdomar har en stark framtidstro när det gäller den egna personen. I större sammanhang är de mer pessimistiska. Ungdomar upplever att den individuella prestationen är helt avgörande för den egna framgången, de känner också oro över ett eventuellt misslyckande. Undersökningen visar också att det finns både materialistiska och postmaterialistiska värderingar i den unga generationen.