Phénomène tabou et peu étudié en droit pénal, le crime d'honneur au Moyen-Orient et dans le monde arabe ne cesse d'alimenter les unes de la presse dans le monde et de relever les antagonismes existant entre les juridictions occidentales et orientales. Souvent qualifié d'inhumain ou relevant de pratiques d'un autre âge, le phénomène du crime d'honneur figure en Jordanie parmi les crimes qui retiennent le plus l'attention publique. On estime qu'un homicide sur quatre est assimilable à ce crime, dans ce pays où l'honneur familial est considéré comme la clé de voûte de l'équilibre social. Toute menace à cet équilibre serait donc le signe d'une décadence à punir afin de rétablir l'ordre originel. Les circonstances du meurtre sont autant d’éléments qui génèrent condamnation ou indulgence de l’opinion publique et de la justice. La position délicate du législateur face au traitement des affaires de crimes d'honneur mérite des éclaircissements historico-culturels et un examen précis des résolutions et des recommandations internationales rendues à l'intention des juridictions jordaniennes. / As a taboo subject that has not been researched enough in the Criminal Law field, crime of honour in the Middle East and in Arab world continues to feed international press headlines and to raise up differences in views between Eastern and Western jurisdictions. Often described as inhuman or as a practice from another age, the phenomenon of honour killings appears among the crimes that attract the most public attention. In Jordan - where family honour is considered as the cornerstone of social balance - studies showed that one of four crimes is a crime of honour. Any threat to this social balance would be a sign of decadence to be punished in order to restore the original balance. The circumstances of honour murders are among elements that generate either conviction or indulgence from public and justice. The delicate legislature position to face up honour crime cases deserves cultural and historical clarifications and an accurate review of international resolutions and recommendations towards Jordan jurisdiction.

This thesis is empirically grounded in New Zealand's restructuring of unemployment and taxation policy in the 1980s and 1990s. Theoretically it is inspired by a post-Marxist discourse analytical approach that focuses on discourses as political strategies. This approach has made it possible, through an analysis of changing citizenship discourses, to understand how the neoliberalisation of New Zealand's citizenship regime proceeded via debate and struggle over unemployment and taxation policy. Debates over unemployment and taxation in New Zealand during the 1980s and 1990s reconfigured the targets of policy and re-ordered social antagonism, establishing a neoliberal citizenship regime and centring political problematic. This construction of a neoliberal citizenship regime involved re-specifying the targets of public policy as consumers and taxpayers. In exploring the hegemonic discourse strategies of the Fourth Labour Government and the subsequent National-led governments of the 1990s, this thesis traces the process of reconfiguring citizen subjectivity initially as 'social consumers' and participants in a coalition of minorities, and subsequently as universal taxpayers in antagonistic relation to unemployed beneficiaries. These changes are related back to key discursive events in New Zealand's recent social policy history as well as to shifts in the discourses of politicians that address the nature of the public interest and the targets of social policy. I argue that this neoliberalisation of New Zealand's citizenship regime was the outcome of the hegemonic articulatory discourse strategies of governing parties in the 1980s and 1990s. Struggles between government administrations and citizen-based social movement groups were articulated to the neoliberal project. I also argue that in the late 1990s, discursive struggle between the dominant parties to define themselves in difference from each other reveals both the 'de'contestation of a set of neoliberal policy prescriptions, underscoring the neoliberal political problematic, and the privileging of a contributing taxpayer identity as the source of political legitimacy. This study shows that the dynamics of discursive struggle matter and demonstrates how the outcomes of discursive struggle direct policy change. In particular, it establishes how neoliberal discourse strategies evolved from political discourses in competition with other discourses to become the hegemonic political problematic underscoring institutional practice and policy development.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser. Även tryckt utgåva.

權力概念不僅在日常生活中被廣泛使用，更是政治學科的基本概念。然而，對我們如此重要的權力概念卻始終缺乏一個所有人認同的內涵，即便有眾多學者前仆後繼地投入權力研究中，在人言言殊的情況下，我們對於權力概念的理解反而更加模糊。為了解決權力概念的困境，本文在檢視當前對於權力概念的主要論述後，將之大致分成三種權力觀點：權力行使觀、權力能力觀、權力界線觀。本文認為：雖然這三種權力觀點皆無法憑一己之力描繪出完整的權力概念，但他們卻各自指出權力概念的不同部份，因而彼此之間有互補關係。為了完整理解權力概念，本文乃將此三種觀點進一步整合成「三位一體權力整合觀」，並闡明三位一體權力整合觀優於個別權力觀點之處。最後，為了彰顯本文提出的權力整合觀不僅僅是純粹抽象的理論建構，同時也能進行實際的操作，論文最後除了以實際的例子來說明權力整合觀比個別權力觀點還能辨識出完整的權力現象外，也試圖指出權力整合觀更能「有意義地」提出衡量權力大小的指標。

Orientador: Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa / Resumo: Alguns contaminantes encontrados no ambiente costeiro incluem os princípios ativos de tintas anti-incrustantes, entre os quais se destaca o Irgarol. O Irgarol pode interagir com outros contaminantes comuns em áreas litorâneas antropizadas, tais como a amônia e os surfactantes, sendo que os efeitos dessas combinações são desconhecidos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade de misturas binárias do biocida Irgarol com amônia e surfactante Alquil. Benzeno Sulfonado Linear - LAS, além das toxicidades dessas substâncias isoladas. Essa avaliação foi realizada em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, náuplios de Artemia sp., copépodo Nitocra sp. e embriões de ouriço do mar Echinometra lucunter, foram expostos às concentrações isoladas de Irgarol, amônia e LAS, para definição dos níveis tóxicos dessas substâncias às espécies testadas. Na segunda etapa, náuplios de Artemia sp. foram expostos a uma mistura binária de contaminantes (i.é. Irgarol + amônia; ou Irgarol + LAS) a fim de se avaliar se as toxicidades das misturas seguem o padrão aditivo, sinérgico ou antagônico. Os dados obtidos da primeira etapa dos testes realizados com náuplios de Artemia sp. expostos à amônia, LAS e Irgarol apresentaram CL50-48h 122,85 mg/L, 21,21 mg/L, e 1,81 mg/L, respectivamente, e CEO de 100 mg/L, 81 mg/L e 10 mg/L, respectivamente. Para os testes realizados com os copépodos Nitocra sp., as respectivas CI50-7d foram estimadas em 27,89 mg/L, 4,61 mg/L, e 0,13 mg/L, enquanto as CEO foram 100 ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Contaminants found in the coastal environment include antifouling biocides, such as the Irgarol, ammonia and surfactants, among others. Since they can occur together in the environment, they can interact with each other and the resulting toxicities of their combinations are unknown. The aim this work was to evaluate the toxicity of binary mixtures of Irgarol with ammonia and the surfactant Linear Alkyl-Benzene Sulfonate - LAS, as well as the toxicity these single substances. This investigation was made in two steps. In the first step, nauplii of Artemia sp., the marine organisms Nitocra sp. (Copepoda), and embryos of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter, were exposed to concentrations of Irgarol, ammonia and LAS, in order to define the toxic levels of each chemical to marine species. In the second step, nauplii of Artemia sp. were exposed to binary mixtures of the contaminants (Irgarol + ammonia; or Irgarol + LAS) in order to evaluate if the toxicities of the mixtures follow addictive, synergistic or antagonistic patterns. To nauplii Artemia sp. exposed to ammonia, LAS and Irgarol, the LC50-48h values were 122.85 mg/L, 21.21 mg/L, and 1.81 mg/L, respectively, and the LOECs were 100 mg/L, 81 mg/L and 10 mgl/L, respectively. The respective IC50-7d obtained in the tests with the copepod Nitocra sp., were 27.89 mg/L, 4.61 mg/L and 0.13 mg/L, while the LOECs were 100 mg/L, 8.1 mg/L and 10 mg/L. For the E. lucunter embryos, the EC50-42h of ammonia was 0.32 mg/L, while the LOEC was 0... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Guacira de Figueiredo Eufrasio Pauly null (guafe@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-22T19:42:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Avaliação da toxicidade de misturas Irgarol e contaminantes ambientais comumente observados em áreas costeiras.pdf: 1773405 bytes, checksum: d022473735b82f51e6340d000b00e009 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Disleide Silvia Valerio Gounella null (disleide@clp.unesp.br) on 2018-03-23T18:54:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pauly_gfe_me_svic.pdf: 1773405 bytes, checksum: d022473735b82f51e6340d000b00e009 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T18:54:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pauly_gfe_me_svic.pdf: 1773405 bytes, checksum: d022473735b82f51e6340d000b00e009 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Alguns contaminantes encontrados no ambiente costeiro incluem os princípios ativos de tintas anti-incrustantes, entre os quais se destaca o Irgarol. O Irgarol pode interagir com outros contaminantes comuns em áreas litorâneas antropizadas, tais como a amônia e os surfactantes, sendo que os efeitos dessas combinações são desconhecidos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade de misturas binárias do biocida Irgarol com amônia e surfactante Alquil. Benzeno Sulfonado Linear - LAS, além das toxicidades dessas substâncias isoladas. Essa avaliação foi realizada em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, náuplios de Artemia sp., copépodo Nitocra sp. e embriões de ouriço do mar Echinometra lucunter, foram expostos às concentrações isoladas de Irgarol, amônia e LAS, para definição dos níveis tóxicos dessas substâncias às espécies testadas. Na segunda etapa, náuplios de Artemia sp. foram expostos a uma mistura binária de contaminantes (i.é. Irgarol + amônia; ou Irgarol + LAS) a fim de se avaliar se as toxicidades das misturas seguem o padrão aditivo, sinérgico ou antagônico. Os dados obtidos da primeira etapa dos testes realizados com náuplios de Artemia sp. expostos à amônia, LAS e Irgarol apresentaram CL50-48h 122,85 mg/L, 21,21 mg/L, e 1,81 mg/L, respectivamente, e CEO de 100 mg/L, 81 mg/L e 10 mg/L, respectivamente. Para os testes realizados com os copépodos Nitocra sp., as respectivas CI50-7d foram estimadas em 27,89 mg/L, 4,61 mg/L, e 0,13 mg/L, enquanto as CEO foram 100 mg/L, 8,1 mg/L, e 10 mg/L. A CE50-42h obtida nos testes com embriões de Echinometra lucunter expostos à amônia foi de 0,32 mg/L, enquanto a CEO foi de 0,1 mg/L. Todas as concentrações de exposição ao LAS foram tóxicas para os embriões de Echinometra lucunter, e não foi observada toxicidade do Irgarol. Ambas as misturas binárias de Irgarol e amônia e Irgarol e LAS apresentaram melhor ajuste para o modelo IA (ação independente), com efeitos antagônicos e sinérgicos, respectivamente. As ferramentas utilizadas foram úteis para prever o padrão de respostas das misturas químicas sobre as espécies. / Contaminants found in the coastal environment include antifouling biocides, such as the Irgarol, ammonia and surfactants, among others. Since they can occur together in the environment, they can interact with each other and the resulting toxicities of their combinations are unknown. The aim this work was to evaluate the toxicity of binary mixtures of Irgarol with ammonia and the surfactant Linear Alkyl-Benzene Sulfonate - LAS, as well as the toxicity these single substances. This investigation was made in two steps. In the first step, nauplii of Artemia sp., the marine organisms Nitocra sp. (Copepoda), and embryos of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter, were exposed to concentrations of Irgarol, ammonia and LAS, in order to define the toxic levels of each chemical to marine species. In the second step, nauplii of Artemia sp. were exposed to binary mixtures of the contaminants (Irgarol + ammonia; or Irgarol + LAS) in order to evaluate if the toxicities of the mixtures follow addictive, synergistic or antagonistic patterns. To nauplii Artemia sp. exposed to ammonia, LAS and Irgarol, the LC50-48h values were 122.85 mg/L, 21.21 mg/L, and 1.81 mg/L, respectively, and the LOECs were 100 mg/L, 81 mg/L and 10 mgl/L, respectively. The respective IC50-7d obtained in the tests with the copepod Nitocra sp., were 27.89 mg/L, 4.61 mg/L and 0.13 mg/L, while the LOECs were 100 mg/L, 8.1 mg/L and 10 mg/L. For the E. lucunter embryos, the EC50-42h of ammonia was 0.32 mg/L, while the LOEC was 0.1 mg/L. All the tested concentrations of LAS were toxic to the embryos of E. lucunter, where Irgarol did not caused toxicity to these organisms. Both binary mixtures of Irgarol and ammonia and Irgarol and LAS showed better fit to the model IA (Independent Action), with antagonistic and synergistic effects, respectively. The used tools were useful to predict the toxicities of chemical mixtures to marine tropical species. / 4693520

Resumé<p>La pourriture brune de la cabosse de Theobroma cacao L. induite par Phytophthora palmivora est un maladie qui à l’échelle mondiale, cause de sérieuses pertes dans les plantations de cacao. L'utilisation de fongicides est coûteuse et est nuisible pour l'environnement. L'utilisation de micro-organismes est une alternative écologique<p>attractive pour les producteurs. L’objectif de ce travail est d’isoler et de caractériser des rhizobactéries de T. cacao avec une activité antagoniste contre Phytophthora palmivora, l'agent causal de la pourriture des cabosses. Parmi les 127 rhizobactéries isolés, trois isolats CP07, CP24 et CP30, identifiées comme Pseudomonas chlororaphis, ont montré une activité<p>antagoniste in vitro et in vivo contre P. palmivora. <p>La production d'enzymes lytiques, de sidérophores, de biosurfactants et d’HCN, ainsi que la détection de gènes codant pour des antibiotiques, la formation de biofilm et la mobilité des bactéries ont également été évalués pour les trois souches de rhizobactérie.<p>Le séquençage du génome de CP07 a confirmé la présence de gènes codant pour trois types de sidérophores, d’HCN, de phénazines et de biosurfactants de la famille de la viscosine, notamment. Un mutant de CP07 déficient dans la production viscosine a été généré et les études effectuées sur ce mutant indiquent que ce bio-tensioactif particulier est essentiel à la fois pour la mobilité bactérienne et pour la formation de biofilm, mais pas pour l'antagonisme in vitro contre Phytophthora, bien qu'il puisse contribuer à la bioprotection de T. cacao.<p>Cette étude fournit une base théorique pour l'utilisation potentielle de P. chlororaphis<p>CP07 comme un agent de lutte biologique pour la protection des plantes de cacao contre l'infection par P. palmivora.<p><p><p>Abstract<p>The black pod rot in Theobroma cacao L. is a major problem worldwide and in Cuba, is<p>one of the most important diseases. The use of chemical fungicides is expensive and<p>harmful to the environment. The use of microorganisms is an environmentally<p>attractive alternative for producers. In this work, fluorescent Pseudomonas strains were<p>isolated from cocoa rhizosphère. The in vitro antagonistic activity and bioprotection<p>against Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) was evaluated. Three strains with in vitro<p>antagonistic activity and bioprotection, CP07, CP24 and CP30, belonging to the species Pseudomonas chlororaphis, were obtained. P. chlororaphis CP07 was highlighted for the best behavior in vitro and in vivo. P. chlororaphis CP07 produces siderophores, HCN,<p>biosurfactants, exoproteases, lipases and motility (swarming and twitching). Genome<p>sequencing confirmed the presence of genes encoding three types of siderophores, HCN, phenazines, the biosurfactant viscosin, and exoproteases, among others. A mutant impaired in biosurfactant production was constructed. When the mutant was characterized, it was evident that the biosurfactant was not involved in the antagonistic effect in vitro against P. palmivora Mab1, although it is crucial to the motility and the ability to form biofilms. P. chlororaphis CP07 was selected as a potential biological control agent against Phytophthora. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Soil is a structurally complex environment and an important reservoir of microbial diversity. Only a small portion of this diversity has been recovered and cultured by conventional techniques, which limits the access to genetic and metabolic information in such microorganisms. Soil bacteria synthesize a wide variety of secondary metabolites, particularly of antibiotics. Polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase have been highlighted as important enzymatic systems for the biosynthesis of these compounds. The detection of genes associated with these two biosynthetic systems in bacterial isolates has become a strategy to screening for antagonists with high biological control activity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate bacterial isolates for their in vitro antagonistic activity against plant pathogens of agricultural interest and to analyze their genomes for the presence of genes associated with the synthesis of bioactive compounds activity. Methods of soil sample pre-treatment with chloramine-T and phenol were used for selective isolation and followed by preliminary qualitative antibiosis tests of isolates against the fungal pathogens Thielaviopsis paradoxa and Plenodomus destruens. Extracellular extracts from isolates selected in this previous step were further evaluated for the in vitro antagonist potential against Thielaviopsis paradoxa, Plenodomus destruens and Xanthomonas campestris and compared with the active ingredient of a commercial biofungicide. The taxonomic affiliation of the antagonistic isolates was assessed by sequencing of 16S rDNA gene. For the detection of PKS and NRPS genes, degenerate primers described in the literature were used. Two hundred and fifty-seven bacterial isolates, in their majority belonging to the genus Bacillus or similar, were obtained. Out of those, 84 (33%) were simultaneously bioactive for both fungi in qualitative tests. Fourty-eight bacterial isolates had extracellular extracts with inhibitory effects against Thielaviopsis paradoxa, with eight of these with inhibition ≥80%, when compared to the control. Plenodomus destruens was inhibited by the extracellular extracts of 63 isolates, of which 10 inhibited ≥80% of this pathogen growth. The extract of a Bacillus isolate from a commercial biofungicide strongly inhibited P. destruens (95%), but had no effect on T. paradoxa. Thirty antagonistic isolates from this study did not differed from this commercial isolate regarding in vitro growth inhibition of P. destruens by their extracts of 27 isolates inhibited X. campestris (inhibition rates varying from 45 to 100%), of which six completely suppressed the growth of this bacteria. There was no relationship between either the presence of PKS genes or the joined occurrence of NRPS and PKS and the inhibitory action of the strains on the relative growth of the pathogens. Only the presence of NRPS genes was associated with the effect on the relative growth of Thielaviopsis paradoxa. The isolation of bacteria with promising bioactive potential associated with experiments at greenhouse and field attesting to the feasibility of its use, will enable the achievement of new biocontrol agents. / O solo é um ambiente estruturalmente complexo e um importante reservatório da diversidade microbiana. Somente uma pequena proporção desta diversidade tem sido recuperada e cultivada por técnicas convencionais, o que limita o acesso às informações genéticas e metabólicas desses micro-organismos. Bactérias do solo sintetizam uma ampla variedade de metabólitos secundários, em particular de antimicrobianos. Sintases de policetídeo (PKS) e da sintetases de peptídeo não-ribossomal (NRPS) têm se destacado como importantes sistemas enzimáticos para a biossíntese destes compostos. A detecção de genes associados com estes dois sistemas biossintéticos em isolados de bactérias é uma estratégia para a seleção de antagonistas com alta atividade de controle biológico. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e avaliar o potencial dos isolados quanto à atividade antagônica in vitro frente a fitopatógenos de interesse agrícola, e analisar em seus respectivos genomas a presença de genes associados à síntese de compostos bioativos. Métodos de pré-tratamentos das amostras de solo com cloramina T e fenol foram utilizados para o isolamento e seguidos por testes de antibiose qualitativos frente aos fitopatógenos fúngicos Thielaviopsis paradoxa e Plenodomus destruens. Filtrados extracelulares dos isolados selecionados nesta etapa foram quantitativamente avaliados a seguir quanto à capacidade de inibição de T. paradoxa, P. destruens e Xanthomonas campestris, e comparados com o ingrediente ativo de um biofungicida comercial. A afiliação taxonômica dos isolados antagonistas foi realizada com base nas sequências parciais do gene DNAr 16S. Para a detecção dos genes PKS e NRPS foram utilizados primers degenerados descritos na literatura. Dos 257 isoladas bacterianos obtidos, a grande maioria foi pertencente ao gênero Bacillus ou outros proximamente afiliados. Destes, 84 (33%) foram inibitórios de ambos os fungos nos testes qualitativos. Quarenta e oito isolados bacterianos apresentaram filtrados extracelulares com efeitos inibitórios contra T. paradoxa, com oito destes com inibições de mais de 80% comparativamente ao controle sem filtrado. P destruens foi inibido pelo filtrado extracelular de 63 isolados, dos quais 10 inibiram mais de 80% do crescimento deste patógeno. O extrato do isolado de Bacillus do biofungicida comercial apresentou forte inibição sobre P. destruens (95%), mas não afetou T. paradoxa. Trinta isolados antagonistas deste estudo não diferiram deste isolado comercial com relação à inibição do crescimento in vitro de P. destruens pelos extratos. Extratos de 27 isolados inibiram X. campestris (inibições entre 45 e 100% do crescimento), dos quais seis suprimiram totalmente o crescimento desta bactéria. A presença dos genes PKS ou a presença conjunta de genes de NRPS e PKS não foram associadas à ação inibitória dos isolados em relação ao crescimento relativo dos três fitopatógenos. Somente a presença do NRPS associou-se ao efeito sobre o crescimento relativo do Thielaviopsis paradoxa. O isolamento de bactérias com potencial bioativo promissor associado a experimentos em casa-de-vegetação e em campo que atestem a viabilidade do seu uso possibilitará a obtenção de novos agentes de biocontrole.

M.A. / 144 This dissertation is essential because it has indicated the reasons, which have caused the religious juxtaposition, then antagonism, between Constantinople and Rome from the patriarchate of Photios (867) to the days of Michael Keroularios (1054), as well as the consequences that have emanated from it, both at political and social level. It is a historical comparative study, which avoids the narrow limits of theological “misunderstandings” and the various dogmatic interpretations. It is placed within a social, political and cultural framework that has resulted from the particular cultural conditions as these have been formed in both parts of the Roman Empire.This particular study has followed the historical comparative method for the analysis of the religious juxtaposition between Constantinople and Rome. The sources were studied in their original Medieval Greek language according to the historical-critical and philological methodology. The study is completed by the comparison of two Schisms of the year 867 between patriarch Photios and Pope Nicholas I, and of the year 1054 between patriarch Michael Keroularios and Cardinal Umberto, and their consequences, especially from a Byzantine point of view.

Den internationella kunskapsmätningen PISA får en allt större uppmärksamhet och betydelse inom den skolpolitiska debatten i Sverige. I studien undersöks betydelsebildningen kring PISA-fenomenet inom den svenska lärarprofessionen och de subjektspositioner som konstrueras i den diskursiva kampen om betydelse, både inom lärarprofessionen och i relationen till politiken. De subjektspositioner som framträder diskuteras i relation till den kollektiva självbilden och lärarnas professionsidentitet. Detta har undersökts genom en diskursanalys av artikulationer i de lärarfackliga förbundens tidningar; Lärarnas tidning och Skolvärlden. Undersökningen har fokuserat på framställningen kring presentationen av PISA 2012 utifrån en tidsperiod mellan november 2013 och april 2014, där materialet består av artikulationer kring tecknet PISA i 21 olika texter. Analysen visar att det inte finns någon entydighet i betydelsebildningen. PISA-resultaten används både för att legitimera och dislegitimera skolpolitik, samtidigt som relevansen ifrågasätts i relation till en metodologisk och dekontextuell problematik. Resultaten visar också att det finns en antagonistisk dimension i relationen till politiken och i den diskursiva kampen kring betydelse. Vidare konstrueras tre olika subjektspositioner i form av den utsatta och pressade läraren, läraren som syndabock och den aktiva och kämpande läraren. Studien får betydelse genom att synliggöra de konflikter som finns kring betydelsebildningen av PISA och i relationen till politiken, men även genom att visa hur lärarnas självbild och professionsidentitet konstrueras i relation till PISA-fenomenet. Detta kan föranleda ytterligare studier kring diskursiva förskjutningar kring betydelsebildningen och vilken betydelse PISA-fenomenet får i relation till lärarnas professionsprojekt.