A tese propõe uma análise multidisciplinar e dogmática da arbitragem societária, notadamente do processo de inclusão de cláusula compromissória no estatuto social de sociedades anônimas fechadas, com base em uma deliberação assemblear tomada pela regra da maioria (fase pré-arbitral). O ponto de partida do trabalho é o exame da dimensão jurídica do contrato de sociedade aliado à verificação dos limites da autonomia privada dos sócios na definição da estrutura do negócio jurídico societário, à compreensão da categoria dos direitos subjetivos e dos traços fundamentais que formam a tipologia das anônimas fechadas, incluindo o tratamento dado aos direitos individuais dos acionistas. Ato contínuo, desloca-se a discussão para as esferas arbitral e constitucional, com especial atenção para os pressupostos da arbitragem como método de resolução de conflitos. O cerne do trabalho reside na relação entre a situação subjetiva ativa do acionista de manifestar sua vontade favorável ou contrariamente à escolha da arbitragem e a eficácia da regra da maioria como pilar de funcionamento das sociedades anônimas. Sustenta-se que a escolha da arbitragem constitui um direito fundamental de todo o acionista, cuja renúncia depende de manifestação, expressa ou tácita, de sua vontade, a qual não pode ser elidida ou alterada pelo estatuto ou pela assembleia geral majoritária sem o seu consentimento. Após examinar as correntes doutrinárias sobre o tema no Brasil e as possíveis alternativas para resolver o imbróglio, o estudo concluiu que a alteração legislativa que cria uma hipótese adicional de recesso representa a melhor solução para a problemática. / The thesis examines arbitration in corporate law, namely the inclusion of a statutory arbitration clause in the by-laws of a closely held corporation based on a deliberation taken by the majority rule (pre-arbitration phase). The study starts by analyzing the legal aspects of the corporate contract together with the limits of shareholders autonomy in defining the structure of such contract and the characteristics that form the typology of corporations, including shareholders individual rights. The discussion then moves on the arbitration and constitutional spheres, particularly to the premises of arbitration as a form of settling conflicts. The core of the thesis is the relation between the prerogative of a shareholder to express its will in favor of or against arbitration and the incidence of the full effects of the majority rule as an essential element in the structure of a corporation. The study sustains that the choice for arbitration is a fundamental right of all shareholders, which is why renunciation depends on their express or tacit individual manifestation and therefore, majority deliberation cannot in itself insert or remove it from by-laws. Finally, the thesis provides different scholars understandings on the issue as well as the main possible alternatives to dealt with it. The creation of an additional hypothesis of appraisal right within the existing law is suggested as the best solution to solve this conundrum.

Todos os sistemas jurídicos produzem leis e decisões judiciais, cuja diferença reside principalmente na predominância de uma dessas características. No sistema de civil law, preponderante no Brasil, prevalece a elaboração das normas, organizadas em códigos e leis. O sistema jurídico da common law, por sua vez, é baseado primordialmente em decisões judiciais, que inclusive condicionam a admissibilidade da intromissão normativa, vinculando a todos, independentemente de obrigatoriedade expressa ou sanções por descumprimento, como no Canadá. Apesar das diferenças, a rápida adesão do universo do civil law à economia de mercado e à globalização, por um lado, e o esforço de harmonização e unificação, por outro, têm contribuído para a diluição de fronteiras teóricas práticas entre os dois sistemas, além de suscitar um recrudescimento do interesse pela teoria do contrato. No Brasil, um dos exemplos dessa diluição, motivada principalmente pela morosidade processual ligada à tradição e cultura nacionais que nutrem certa simpatia pelos recursos, é a Lei de Arbitragem por meio da qual se conferiu aos tribunais arbitrais uma natureza quase judicial, iniciativa pioneira dos sistemas de common law. A difusão da arbitragem como meio alternativo de solução de controvérsias, sobretudo no âmbito empresarial, decorre em especial de sua flexibilidade procedimental, em cujo ambiente de liberdade se destaca seu grande protagonista, o árbitro, ao lhe permitir experimentar novos e variados meios de investigação dos fatos, otimizando a capacidade de compreensão do direito aplicável ao caso sob análise. As cláusulas arbitrais, particularmente, compatibilizam-se com os princípios da autonomia privada e da duração razoável do processo, refletindo inteiramente nos custos de transação das relações entre agentes econômicos. Elas instrumentalizam as denominadas estruturas de conservação, que remetem a uma atuação pacificadora de baixa litigiosidade, de modo a preservar e atualizar os valores inicialmente perseguidos pelos contratantes. Com isso, viabiliza-se a minimização dos riscos, maximização dos direitos e aprimoramento dos resultados das transações, sendo uma ferramenta eficiente sob a ótica econômica. Em sendo a cláusula arbitral uma extensão da autonomia negocial, constitui um poderoso instrumento de auxílio à cooperação eficiente entre as partes, induzindo comportamento mediante redução de custos de transação e incentivando o cumprimento do contrato com a interpretação e regulamentação de promessas. Considerando, assim, a forte interpenetração das duas tradições jurídicas, torna-se imperiosa a análise da cláusula arbitral no contexto de um sistema misto, cujo ponto de partida será o Canadá em confronto com o sistema brasileiro. A pesquisa, por sua vez, não prescindirá dos contributos da análise econômica do Direito que compaginam o Direito com a própria evolução da sociedade, com destaque para a interação entre organizações econômicas e instituições, pois estas, ao estruturarem incentivos para os intercâmbios humanos (políticos, sociais e econômicos), afetam o desempenho da economia, definem e limitam o conjunto de escolha dos indivíduos, permitindo-lhes a redução de incertezas. A mesma lógica aplicar-se-á à arbitragem frente à postura do Poder Judiciário, cuja instituição é fundamental para garantir direitos de propriedade, fazer cumprir contratos e, acima de tudo, atribuir enforcement à cláusula compromissória arbitral. / All legal systems produce laws and judgments, whose difference consists mainly on the predominance in one of those characteristics. The civil law system, preponderant in Brazil, prevails the preparation of rules, organized in codes and laws. The legal system of common law is based primarily on judicial decisions that condition, inclusive the admissibility of the normative intromission, binding to all, regardless of the obligation expressed or sanctions for default, as in Canada. Despite the differences (the quick adhesion of the civil law universe to the market economy and globalization for one side, and the effort of harmonization and unification on the other side), they have contributed to the dilution of practical theoretical borders between the two systems, in addition to causing a resurgence of interest in contract theory. In Brazil, one of the examples of this dilution, motivated mainly by slowness procedural, linked to national tradition and culture which maintained some sympathy for appeals, it is the arbitrations law through whereby was conferred to arbitral tribunals a quasi-judicial nature, pioneering initiative of common law systems. Specially in the commercial context, the arbitration diffusion as an alternative dispute resolution derives mainly from its procedural flexibility, in which freedom environment makes its big protagonist stand out, the arbitrator, because it allows him to try new and varied means of facts investigation, optimizing the ability of understanding the law applicable to the case under examination. Particularly, the arbitration clauses are compatible with the principle of private autonomy and reasonable duration of proceedings, reflecting in transaction costs on relations between economic agents. They prime the socalled \"conservation structures\", which refer to a peacemaking activity of the lower litigation, in order to preserve and update the values initially persecuted by contractors. So, the risks are reduced, the rights are maximized and the results of the transactions are improved, being a powerful tool under the economic perspective. As the arbitration clause is an extension of the negotiating autonomy, it constitutes a powerful aid tool to the efficient cooperation between both, inducing behavior through transaction reduction costs and encouraging the fulfillment of the contract with the interpretation and regulation promises. Considering the strong interpenetration of the legal traditions, it becomes essential to analyze the arbitral clause in the mixed system context, whose starting point will be the Canada in confrontation with the Brazilian. The research, wont do without the contribution of economic analysis of Law which paginate the Law with the society evolution, with emphasis on the interaction between economic organizations and institutions, that structuring incentives for human exchanges (political, social and economic), they affect the economy performance, define and limit the choice of individuals by allowing them to reduce uncertainties. The same logic will apply to arbitration before the judiciary\'s attitude, whose institution is critical to ensure property rights, enforcing contracts and assign enforcement to arbitration clause.

The Master thesis describes comprehensively attributes and operating of arbitration in the Czech Republic which has acquired significance recently. The work is divided into eight chapters. After exordium I make readers acquainted with alternative dispute resolution, e.g. mediation. The third chapter characterizes arbitration and describes history, sources of law, types of arbitration and capability of arbitrator in the Czech Republic. The fourth part deals with the arbitration agreements and their requirements. The fifth chapter is dedicated to its particular stages and revision, recognition and enforcement of the arbitral awards in order to provide the reader an complex overview of the the arbitration proceedings. In the sixth section, the author tries to define advantages and disadvantages of this method of solving disputes and to answer question why we should choose it. The seventh chapter adds a special current issues devoting an arbitration clause on consumer contracts. In the last chapter author concludes the topic and suggests improvements.

Esta tese tem por objeto a investigação dos aspectos legais decorrentes do comércio eletrônico, com ênfase na validade e obrigatoriedade dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos e os denominados termos e condições de uso. Estes negócios jurídicos eletrônicos podem ser divididos em três espécies: a) licenças do tipo shrink-wrap, terminologia reservada às compras de software no estabelecimento físico do fornecedor, cujos termos contratuais que vincularão as partes não podem ser visualizados antes da compra do produto, mas tão somente no decorrer da instalação do software, garantindo-se ao adquirente a possibilidade efetiva de devolução do produto se não concordar com os termos da licença; b) contratos do tipo click-wrap, contratos celebrados inteiramente em meio eletrônico, em que o consumidor tem a oportunidade de ler as cláusulas contratuais antes de manifestar, expressamente, sua anuência ou não, clicando em uma caixa de diálogo indicativa de expressões como eu aceito, ou outra semelhante; e, c) os termos e condições de uso, denominados pela doutrina estrangeira como browse-wrap, disponibilizados no canto inferior de uma página da internet em um hiperlink, vinculando toda e qualquer pessoa, que tão-somente acesse o respectivo site, sem ao menos chamar a atenção do usuário para a existência destes termos ou nem exigindo a manifestação da anuência a tais termos. Os tribunais estrangeiros têm enfrentado a problemática em torno da validade e obrigatoriedade destas práticas comerciais, em especial os browse-wrap, cujo formato em que são utilizados descaracteriza-nos com contratos ou condições gerais de contratação, pois o usuário nem ao menos tem consciência da existência de tais termos. Portanto, parte da doutrina e da jurisprudência entende que o browse-wrap não se encaixa na definição de contrato, mas são termos unilateralmente propostos por uma das partes sem que a outra possa ter efetivo conhecimento a respeito. Se, por um lado, há necessidade de reconhecer os efeitos obrigatórios dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos, fortalecendo o comércio eletrônico; por outro lado, a sociedade global exige a efetiva proteção dos consumidores e usuários contra abusos praticados por multinacionais, que operam sem fronteiras geográficas. Assim, juristas e doutrinadores enfrentam um enorme desafio: desenvolver um comércio eletrônico sustentável, equilibrando os interesses comerciais e os direitos dos consumidores. Este trabalho pretende determinar os requisitos jurídicos para a validade dos contratos eletrônicos de maneira científica, analisando o processo de formação contratual em meio eletrônico. Por fim, investiga-se a dúvida acerca da lei aplicável e da jurisdição na era digital, enfatizando a cláusula de eleição de foro, de escolha da lei aplicável e compromissória, bem como seu impacto no acesso à justiça do consumidor. Em suma, esta tese destaca a necessidade de uma legislação uniforme sobre comércio eletrônico e a proteção do consumidor, tendo em vista o alto nível de globalização, para que se possam tutelar os direitos dos consumidores aliados aos interesses econômicos do mercado. / This thesis intends to investigate some of the legal issues raised by e-commerce, specifically the validity and enforceability of the electronic adhesion contracts and the terms and conditions of use. Such electronic juridic acts can be grouped into three subspecies: a) the shrink-wrap licences, reserved for purchase in the store, but yet the consumer can not view the terms and conditions that she or he will be bound by, once the product (often a software) is installed; the consumer is granted with a period of time within she or he can return the product to the store if she or he does not agree with the terms and conditions; b) the click-wrap agreements are contracts presented to the consumer, when dealing on-line, stating the terms and conditions of the purchase, and then, once its read, she or he may point and click in a dialog box indicating her or his consent (such as I agree or some other synonymous expression); and c) the browse-wrap, composed by terms and conditions listed in a hyperlink on the bottom of a web page, which obliges the consumer only because she or he surfs on the Web, nevertheless it is not require that the consumer shows any kind of consent to the terms and conditions. Even though some courts have ruled in favor of the validity and enforceability of browse-wrap, it is very questionable to accept the fact of being bound by something that one never knew that it even existed. Thus, some other courts are of the view that browse-wrap is not technically a contract according to the legal doctrine. Instead it is a sort of private regulation of the disposal of products and services written by the supplier. On one hand, there is a need to enforce electronic commerce in order to stimulate and consolidate it by making electronic contracts binding on consumers. On the other hand, there is a need to protect consumers from the abuse of unequal bargaining power in such contractual relation, which may pit them against a multinational corporation, which operates throughout the world. Thus, jurists and academics must combine efforts to find a sustainable balance between these two sides. Besides there is a need for a uniform and scientific solution, given that a prerequisite to valid contract formation is the unequivocal meeting of the minds which may not happen in this means of contract formation, especially if the supplier does not require any clear and effective sign of assent from the consumer. The touchstone of e-commerce is the law and jurisdiction conflicts since such contracts often include a forum selection clause or a mandatory arbitration clause, which can deprive the consumers of their day in court. In short, it highlights the need for a uniform legislation and a strong consumer protection system to ensure the growth of ecommerce. This would foster a reliable electronic environment meeting the consumers expectations and the market standards.

The aim of this work with a title Solution of disputes in the area of customers contracts was desribed, analyzed and compared economic a legal aspects, advantages and disadvantages by the solution of customers contract in the arbitration and in the lawsuit. Next aim was comparison the czech law with the law in Slovakia, when it was turned to the arbitration and disputes in the area of customers contracts. Then there was desribed and analyzed the problems of the arbitration centre position and the custumers contrancts with arbitration clause, according to the law effective before and after the day of the 1 st April 2012. In conclusion there was defined some changes in legislation.

Esta tese tem por objeto a investigação dos aspectos legais decorrentes do comércio eletrônico, com ênfase na validade e obrigatoriedade dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos e os denominados termos e condições de uso. Estes negócios jurídicos eletrônicos podem ser divididos em três espécies: a) licenças do tipo shrink-wrap, terminologia reservada às compras de software no estabelecimento físico do fornecedor, cujos termos contratuais que vincularão as partes não podem ser visualizados antes da compra do produto, mas tão somente no decorrer da instalação do software, garantindo-se ao adquirente a possibilidade efetiva de devolução do produto se não concordar com os termos da licença; b) contratos do tipo click-wrap, contratos celebrados inteiramente em meio eletrônico, em que o consumidor tem a oportunidade de ler as cláusulas contratuais antes de manifestar, expressamente, sua anuência ou não, clicando em uma caixa de diálogo indicativa de expressões como eu aceito, ou outra semelhante; e, c) os termos e condições de uso, denominados pela doutrina estrangeira como browse-wrap, disponibilizados no canto inferior de uma página da internet em um hiperlink, vinculando toda e qualquer pessoa, que tão-somente acesse o respectivo site, sem ao menos chamar a atenção do usuário para a existência destes termos ou nem exigindo a manifestação da anuência a tais termos. Os tribunais estrangeiros têm enfrentado a problemática em torno da validade e obrigatoriedade destas práticas comerciais, em especial os browse-wrap, cujo formato em que são utilizados descaracteriza-nos com contratos ou condições gerais de contratação, pois o usuário nem ao menos tem consciência da existência de tais termos. Portanto, parte da doutrina e da jurisprudência entende que o browse-wrap não se encaixa na definição de contrato, mas são termos unilateralmente propostos por uma das partes sem que a outra possa ter efetivo conhecimento a respeito. Se, por um lado, há necessidade de reconhecer os efeitos obrigatórios dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos, fortalecendo o comércio eletrônico; por outro lado, a sociedade global exige a efetiva proteção dos consumidores e usuários contra abusos praticados por multinacionais, que operam sem fronteiras geográficas. Assim, juristas e doutrinadores enfrentam um enorme desafio: desenvolver um comércio eletrônico sustentável, equilibrando os interesses comerciais e os direitos dos consumidores. Este trabalho pretende determinar os requisitos jurídicos para a validade dos contratos eletrônicos de maneira científica, analisando o processo de formação contratual em meio eletrônico. Por fim, investiga-se a dúvida acerca da lei aplicável e da jurisdição na era digital, enfatizando a cláusula de eleição de foro, de escolha da lei aplicável e compromissória, bem como seu impacto no acesso à justiça do consumidor. Em suma, esta tese destaca a necessidade de uma legislação uniforme sobre comércio eletrônico e a proteção do consumidor, tendo em vista o alto nível de globalização, para que se possam tutelar os direitos dos consumidores aliados aos interesses econômicos do mercado. / This thesis intends to investigate some of the legal issues raised by e-commerce, specifically the validity and enforceability of the electronic adhesion contracts and the terms and conditions of use. Such electronic juridic acts can be grouped into three subspecies: a) the shrink-wrap licences, reserved for purchase in the store, but yet the consumer can not view the terms and conditions that she or he will be bound by, once the product (often a software) is installed; the consumer is granted with a period of time within she or he can return the product to the store if she or he does not agree with the terms and conditions; b) the click-wrap agreements are contracts presented to the consumer, when dealing on-line, stating the terms and conditions of the purchase, and then, once its read, she or he may point and click in a dialog box indicating her or his consent (such as I agree or some other synonymous expression); and c) the browse-wrap, composed by terms and conditions listed in a hyperlink on the bottom of a web page, which obliges the consumer only because she or he surfs on the Web, nevertheless it is not require that the consumer shows any kind of consent to the terms and conditions. Even though some courts have ruled in favor of the validity and enforceability of browse-wrap, it is very questionable to accept the fact of being bound by something that one never knew that it even existed. Thus, some other courts are of the view that browse-wrap is not technically a contract according to the legal doctrine. Instead it is a sort of private regulation of the disposal of products and services written by the supplier. On one hand, there is a need to enforce electronic commerce in order to stimulate and consolidate it by making electronic contracts binding on consumers. On the other hand, there is a need to protect consumers from the abuse of unequal bargaining power in such contractual relation, which may pit them against a multinational corporation, which operates throughout the world. Thus, jurists and academics must combine efforts to find a sustainable balance between these two sides. Besides there is a need for a uniform and scientific solution, given that a prerequisite to valid contract formation is the unequivocal meeting of the minds which may not happen in this means of contract formation, especially if the supplier does not require any clear and effective sign of assent from the consumer. The touchstone of e-commerce is the law and jurisdiction conflicts since such contracts often include a forum selection clause or a mandatory arbitration clause, which can deprive the consumers of their day in court. In short, it highlights the need for a uniform legislation and a strong consumer protection system to ensure the growth of ecommerce. This would foster a reliable electronic environment meeting the consumers expectations and the market standards.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de LL.M. en droit option droit des affaires" / L'arbitrage évolue parallèlement et en accord au développement du commerce et des relations internationales s'accompagnant d'un accroissement des différends commerciaux de plus en plus complexes et spécialisés. En choisissant l'arbitrage, les parties excluent, de manière consensuelle, la compétence juridictionnelle des tribunaux étatiques. Ce droit à l'accès aux tribunaux étatiques se retrouve notamment à la Charte québécoise des droits et libertés de la personne. La validité d'une convention d'arbitrage dépend donc avant tout de la preuve de son existence et la preuve du consentement des parties s'y rattachant. La nécessité de l'écrit est donc un moyen de s'assurer du consentement des parties. La Convention de New York de 1958 énumère plusieurs de ces principes de forme. Son article 11(2), qui prévoit que la convention d'arbitrage doit être par écrit, n'est plus adapté aux réalités juridiques et commerciales d'aujourd'hui ni au développement du commerce électronique. Que peut être considéré comme un écrit afin de répondre aux exigences de l'article 1I(2)? Abordée par la CNUDCI, cette problématique quant au formalisme requis dans l'expression de la volonté des parties à se soumettre à l'arbitrage est d'une importance capitale dans la mesure des différentes interprétations qui existent à ce sujet tant au niveau du droit québécois et canadien qu'au niveau du droit international. Une réforme des dispositions législatives quant au formalisme écrit du consentement à l'arbitrage doit être mise en place et ce, soit par une réforme des dispositions législatives existantes ou par une mise à jour officielle de l'interprétation donnée aux dispositions actuelles en vigueur. / Arbitration has evolved in parallel and in accordance with the development of commerce and of international relations coming along with the rise of commercial disputes which are becoming increasingly complex and specialised. By choosing arbitration, the parties consensually exclude the jurisdiction ofState courts. This right to access State courts is protected namely in the Charter ofHuman Rights and Freedoms. The validity of an arbitration clause therefore depends above all on the proof of its existence and of the consent of the parties to that effect. The necessity of the written form becomes a mean that insures of the consent of the parties. The 1958 New York Convention enumerates several of those formal requirements. !ts section 11(2), which states that the arbitration clause has to be in written form, is not adapted to today's legal and commercial reality nor to the development of electronic commerce. What exactly is considered as ''written'' in order to respect the requirements of section 1I(2)? As addressed by UNCITRAL, the issue concerning the formalism required for the expression of the parties' intent to be subjected to arbitration is of a vital importance. Numerous interpretations exist in Canadian law as well as in International law. A reform of the existing legal provisions relating to the consent of arbitration needs to be implemented, either through a reform of the existing provisions or through an official process to update the interpretation given to the requirements that are a1ready in place.

Suite à l’émergence de nouveaux moyens de communication et de transport, la seconde moitié du XXème siècle a connu un développement massif de la société internationale et des règles de droit attenantes. Malgré cet essor, la pensée de Bartin selon laquelle les règles de droit interne se projettent dans l’ordre international, ainsi que la mise en lumière de l’antériorité du droit interne par Batiffol, amènent à croire que le droit international privé n’est que le strict reflet du droit interne. Le droit international privé, bien qu’international par son objet, reste alors traditionnellement attaché au droit national pour y puiser sa source. Les relations juridiques entre personnes privées, comportant ou non un élément d’extranéité, sont ainsi envisagées au travers du prisme du droit interne. L’influence se réalise dès lors naturellement dans le sens du droit privé interne vers le droit international privé. Le but de cette étude est de rechercher et de justifier l’apparition d’un mouvement inverse : existe-il aujourd’hui une influence du droit international privé sur le droit interne français ? Le droit international privé, de par ses méthodes (la qualification, les règles de conflit, les règles matérielles) et son approche particulière des rapports de droit, détachée parfois de certaines considérations nationales, permettrait dorénavant de percevoir certaines faces cachées du droit interne. Si cette intuition venait à être confirmée, le droit international privé, tant conflictuel que matériel, devrait alors être considéré comme un modèle juridique moderne exerçant sa force d’attraction dans le droit interne qui l’avait initialement fait éclore. / Following the emergence of new means of communication and transportation, the second half of the twentieth century witnessed a massive development of the international society with its corresponding legal rules. However, the thought of Bartin that domestic law rules are projected into the international legal order, added to Batiffol opinion that domestic law always takes precedence over international law, lead us to believe that Private International Law is nothing but a strict reflection of domestic law. Although international by its object, Private International Law remains traditionally linked to domestic law where it draws its source. Therefore, whether or not containing a foreign element, legal relations between private persons are always considered through the prism of internal law. In that sense, domestic law does naturally shape International Private Law.The aim of this study is to investigate and justify the reverse movement : is there today an influence of Private International Law toward French law? By its methods (such as qualification, conflict of law rules or substantive rules), Private International Law in a specific approach of legal relationships that is detached from domestic considerations, allows to perceive some hidden aspects of internal law. If this were to be a confirmed intuition, conflicting and substantive Private International Law, should then be considered a new modern legal model, influencing the domestic law in which it originally blossomed.

L'arbitrage évolue parallèlement et en accord au développement du commerce et des relations internationales s'accompagnant d'un accroissement des différends commerciaux de plus en plus complexes et spécialisés. En choisissant l'arbitrage, les parties excluent, de manière consensuelle, la compétence juridictionnelle des tribunaux étatiques. Ce droit à l'accès aux tribunaux étatiques se retrouve notamment à la Charte québécoise des droits et libertés de la personne. La validité d'une convention d'arbitrage dépend donc avant tout de la preuve de son existence et la preuve du consentement des parties s'y rattachant. La nécessité de l'écrit est donc un moyen de s'assurer du consentement des parties. La Convention de New York de 1958 énumère plusieurs de ces principes de forme. Son article 11(2), qui prévoit que la convention d'arbitrage doit être par écrit, n'est plus adapté aux réalités juridiques et commerciales d'aujourd'hui ni au développement du commerce électronique. Que peut être considéré comme un écrit afin de répondre aux exigences de l'article 1I(2)? Abordée par la CNUDCI, cette problématique quant au formalisme requis dans l'expression de la volonté des parties à se soumettre à l'arbitrage est d'une importance capitale dans la mesure des différentes interprétations qui existent à ce sujet tant au niveau du droit québécois et canadien qu'au niveau du droit international. Une réforme des dispositions législatives quant au formalisme écrit du consentement à l'arbitrage doit être mise en place et ce, soit par une réforme des dispositions législatives existantes ou par une mise à jour officielle de l'interprétation donnée aux dispositions actuelles en vigueur. / Arbitration has evolved in parallel and in accordance with the development of commerce and of international relations coming along with the rise of commercial disputes which are becoming increasingly complex and specialised. By choosing arbitration, the parties consensually exclude the jurisdiction ofState courts. This right to access State courts is protected namely in the Charter ofHuman Rights and Freedoms. The validity of an arbitration clause therefore depends above all on the proof of its existence and of the consent of the parties to that effect. The necessity of the written form becomes a mean that insures of the consent of the parties. The 1958 New York Convention enumerates several of those formal requirements. !ts section 11(2), which states that the arbitration clause has to be in written form, is not adapted to today's legal and commercial reality nor to the development of electronic commerce. What exactly is considered as ''written'' in order to respect the requirements of section 1I(2)? As addressed by UNCITRAL, the issue concerning the formalism required for the expression of the parties' intent to be subjected to arbitration is of a vital importance. Numerous interpretations exist in Canadian law as well as in International law. A reform of the existing legal provisions relating to the consent of arbitration needs to be implemented, either through a reform of the existing provisions or through an official process to update the interpretation given to the requirements that are a1ready in place. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de LL.M. en droit option droit des affaires"

Cette thèse est une étude comparative entre la loi française et la loi égyptienne ; elle porte sur le cadre juridique du cyber arbitrage dans le commerce international, ces termes signifiant la dématérialisation des procédures de l’arbitrage lequel représente un moyen alternatif pour régler les litiges commerciaux. La question est de savoir dans quelle mesure les règles de l'arbitrage traditionnel sont aptes à régir l'arbitrage dématérialisé et s’il faut créer pour ce dernier des règles juridiques spécifiques. La réponse à cette problématique s’articule autour de la possibilité pour toutes les règles de la législation d’adopter les nouvelles technologies. Notons que l’arbitrage dématérialisé est soumis à la même règle traditionnelle régie par la théorie générale des contrats, selon le principe de la volonté des parties, mais cet arbitrage se déroule hors la présence de ces dernières car par le biais de moyens électroniques. La procédure arbitrale aura lieu à distance, cependant, si au plan technique l'arbitrage en ligne se pratique aisément, il n’en va pas de même au plan juridique. En d’autres termes, l'arbitrage classique comprend pléthore de conditions impératives tant sur le fonds que sur la forme, conditions que l'arbitrage en ligne, en vertu de sa nature, ne réussit pas à satisfaire en totalité. Les deux lois comparées sont globalement convergentes et concordent avec les principes internationaux. Après une longue période de franche hostilité on note, dans les années quatre-vingts de la part des pays arabes, des changements dans leur attitude à l’égard de l’arbitrage commercial international. Toutefois, la loi française dépasse la loi égyptienne en matière électronique. / This thesis is a comparative study between French law and Egyptian law; it concerns The legal framework for cyber arbitration in international trade, these terms mean paperless arbitration procedures which represents an alternative way to resolve trade disputes. The question is to what extent the rules of traditional arbitration are able to govern dematerialized arbitration and whether to create it for specific legal rules. The answer to this problem is based on the ability of all the rules of law to adopt new technologies. Note that the dematerialized arbitration is subject to the same traditional rule governed by the general theory of contract, on the basis of the will of the parties, but the arbitration shall be conducted without the presence of the latter because through electronic means. The arbitration proceedings will be held remotely, however, if technically online arbitration easily practice it does not hold true in legal terms. In other words, the classic arbitration includes plethora of mandatory conditions on both the funds and the form, terms as online arbitration, pursuant to its nature, does not satisfy in full. Both laws are compared globally convergent and consistent with international principles. After a long period of open hostility there are, in the eighty years from Arab countries, changes in their attitude to international commercial arbitration. However, French law exceeds the Egyptian law on electronic material.