Esta tese apresenta o estudo da transição para um escoamento tridimensional da esteira de um cilindro oscilando. Esta é a transição secundária do escoamento ao redor de um cilindro, sendo a primária a própria esteira de von Kármán. A investigação é realizada na mesma faixa de número de Reynolds (Re) que ocorre a transição da esteira de um cilindro fixo: 200 Re 400. O estudo envolve simulações numéricas diretas bi- e tridimensionais do escoamento incompressível ao redor de um cilindro oscilando usando o método dos elementos espectrais. A transição também é analisada através do estudo de estabilidade linear do escoamento. O método de Gaston Floquet é adequado para a análise de estabilidade a perturbações tridimensionais devido à periodicidade característica da esteira de von Kármán. Além disto, o método é mais geral e não é aplicado somente a equações autônomas com soluções periódicas: ele também pode ser usado em análises cujo campo base é estacionário como a análise da transição primária da esteira de um cilindro. Mostra-se que a transição da esteira para tridimensionalidade é influenciada pela oscilação do cilindro. As oscilações podem atrasar a transição quando em amplitudes baixas e com escoamento a um número de Reynolds até 260. Em outros casos, a transição é similar à observada no escoamento ao redor um cilindro fixo. Além disso, quando há mudança de padrões de desprendimento de vórtices devido às oscilações, desencadeiam-se modos instáveis diferentes dos observados na esteira de um cilindro fixo. A comparação dos resultados da análise de estabilidade de Floquet com simulações numéricas diretas e experimentos publicados mostra na maioria dos casos que, apesar de ser uma análise de estabilidade linear, muitas características da análise persistem além do limiar de estabilidade. As situações com discrepâncias são identificadas nesta tese, como padrão de desprendimento diferentes em simulações bi- e tridimensionais na mesma situação. As causa das discrepâncias são estudadas através das simulações numéricas diretas e considerações sobre o sistema linearizado e a abrangência da análise de estabilidade. Em adição, mostra-se que há um limiar de amplitude de oscilação acima do qual a dinâmica da esteira, e portanto a transição secundária, é afetada. Abaixo deste limiar, retoma-se o comportamento do escoamento ao redor de um cilindro fixo. / This thesis presents the investigation of the transition to a three-dimensional flow in the wake of an oscillating circular cylinder. This is the secondary transition of the flow around a circular cylinder, while the primary transition leads to the von Kármán wake. The investigative work is performed in the Reynolds number (Re) range which occurs the secondary transition of the wake o a circular cylinder: 200 Re 400. The study consists of two- and three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of the incompressible flow around an oscillating circular cylinder by means of the spectral/hp method. The transition is also analyzed through linear stability study of the flow. The Gaston Floquet method is an appropriate method for this linear stability analysis to three-dimensional perturbations due to the typical periodicity of the von Kármán wake. Furthermore, the Floquet method is of a general kind and it is not specifically applied to autonomous equation with periodic solutions: it can be employed in analysis with a stationary base flow like the primary transition of the wake of a circular cylinder. The thesis shows that the transition to a three-dimensional wake is affected by the cylinder oscillation. The oscillations can delay the transition when they have low amplitudes and the flow has Reynolds number below 260. In other situations, the transition is similar to that observed in the flow of a fixed circular cylinder. In addition, when there is a change in the vortex shedding pattern due to the oscillatory motion, the observed unstable modes are different than those in a wake of a fixed circular cylinder. The comparison of the results from the Floquet stabilty analysis with the ones from direct numerical simulations and published experiments shows that in most cases, despite the linearization for the stability analysis, many features of the analysis persist beyond the instability threshold. The discrepant features observed are specified in this thesis, e.g. vortex shedding patterns different in two- and three-dimensional simulations with the same parameters. The cause of the discrepancies are studied through direct numerical simulations and careful considerations on the linearized system and the range of the stability analysis. In addition, this thesis shows that there is a threshold amplitude of oscillation for which the wake dynamics, therefore the secondary transition, is affected. Below this threshold, the wake behaves the same way as in the flow around a fixed circular cylinder.

Cette thèse de sociologie cherche à montrer la relation ambivalente que des personnes handicapées visuelles, aveugles ou malvoyantes, nouent avec leur agglomération, ici l’agglomération chambérienne. Dans un premier temps, elle montre que l’espace urbain est pour ces personnes handicapées un espace de fermeture : sa lecture, sa connaissance, son utilisation sont restreintes,  soumises à des impératifs comme la canne, la technique de locomotion, l’utilisation d’outils mis à leur intention dans la ville. La vie dans l’espace privé n’échappe à de multiples contraintes. La perte de vue malmène la sécurité ontologique, altérée par la souffrance et souvent la solitude. Et pourtant, l’espace urbain est l’espace où les personnes handicapées visuelles peuvent vivre et se déplacer en autonomie. Cette autonomie est l’œuvre de deux types d’acteurs : d’une part la ville, qui réalise les aménagements urbains d’accessibilité, des chaines d’accessibilité prévus par la loi, parfois antérieurement à la loi, comme c’est le cas de la ville de Chambéry, récompensée pour son action en faveur des personnes handicapées et d’autre part les personnes handicapées elles-mêmes qui doivent conquérir leur autonomie au prix d’un travail personnel exigeant. ‘’Il faut apprendre mon métier le personne handicapée’’, a dit l’une des personnes interviewées. La conquête de son autonomie s’apparente au ‘’cas de la chose réelle’’. Cette conquête ne considère pas seulement le côté environnemental et situationnel du handicap, mais place la personne aveugle ou malvoyante dans une spécificité vis à vis de l’espace urbain. L’extension à l’analyse sociologique de la théorie écologique de Gibson relative à la perception propose de considérer les personnes handicapées visuelles dans une relation spécifique avec l’espace urbain, qui évoque le concept de niche écologique. / This thesis in sociology aims at describing the ambivalent relationship that visually impaired persons, whether they are blind or partially sighted, develop with their urban area, here that of Chambery.First, it shows that, for these disabled persons, urban space is a space where they feel locked in : the reading, the knowledge, the use of this space are restricted, submitted to imperatives such as the walking stick, the locomotion technique, the use of tools provided for them by the city. Living in the private space is also subject to many constraints. The loss of eyesight reduces ontological safety, which is altered by pain and often by loneliness.And yet urban space is the space where visually impaired persons can live and move self- autonomously. Their autonomy is made possible by two actors: on the one hand, the city which carries out urban improvements in its accessibility to conform to the law- sometimes even before the bill was passed as is the case with the city of Chambery which was rewarded for its achievements in favour of disabled persons ; on the other hand, the disabled persons themselves who need to conquer their autonomy at the expense of demanding personal efforts. “ I have to learn my job as a disabled person”, said one of them in an interview. Conquering one’s autonomy shows similarities to ‘’the real-life situation’’…. This conquest not only takes into account the environmental and situational aspect of the handicap, but it also places the blind or partially impaired person in a specific position with regard to urban space. An extension to the sociological analysis of Gibson’s ecological theory relating to perception proposes to consider visually impaired persons in a specific relationship with urban space, conjuring up the concept of ecological niche.

The development of numerical methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations received much attention in the past 50 years. Finite element methods emerged given their robustness and reliability. In our work, we choose the P2-P1 finite element for space approximation which gives 2nd-order accuracy for velocity and 1st-order accuracy for pressure. Our research focuses on the development of several high-order semi-implicit time-stepping methods to compute unsteady flows. The methods investigated include backward difference formulae (SBDF) and defect correction strategy (DC). Using the defect correction strategy, we investigate two variants, the first one being based on high-order artificial compressibility and bootstrapping strategy proposed by Guermond and Minev (GM) and the other being a combination of GM methods with sequential regularization method (GM-SRM). Both GM and GM-SRM methods avoid solving saddle point problems as for SBDF and DC methods. This approach reduces the complexity of the linear systems at the expense that many smaller linear systems need to be solved. Next, we proposed several numerical improvements in terms of better approximations of the nonlinear advection term and high-order initialization for all methods. To further minimize the complexity of the resulting linear systems, we developed several new variants of grad-div splitting algorithms besides the one studied by Guermond and Minev. Splitting algorithm allows us to handle larger flow problems. We showed that our new methods are capable of reproducing flow characteristics (e.g., lift and drag parameters and Strouhal numbers) published in the literature for 2D lid-driven cavity and 2D flow around the cylinder. SBDF methods with grad-div stabilization terms are found to be very stable, accurate and efficient when computing flows with high Reynolds numbers. Lastly, we showcased the robustness of our methods to carry 3D computations.

Many people may have become increasingly concerned about the risks associated with vaccines. At the same time, there is a lack of qualitative research on the impact of various vaccinations schedules on individuals' physio-psychological health. In addition, "mandatory" versus "nonmandatory, but recommended" vaccines are still under debate in some Western countries. The purpose of this ethnographic study was to provide an in-depth understanding of the beliefs, experiences, and perceptions of adolescents, parents, and health care providers regarding different vaccination schedules. The health belief model was used as the theoretical framework. The sample consisted of adolescents and parents from different vaccination backgrounds, as well as of healthcare providers who were involved with vaccination schedules (N=72). Purposeful sampling strategy was applied and individual interviews were conducted. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and the obtained data were analyzed thematically. According to the results of the study, participants' perceptions on vaccination were generally positive, and a mandatory vaccination schedule was mostly recommended. Adolescents who received mandatory vaccination reported that this scheme was appropriate against several diseases. Further, health care members indicated that vaccination side effects were mainly emotional, and they suggested that public health agencies should disseminate more scientifically-sound information on the benefits and risks of vaccination. The findings of this study may be used as the basis for the formulation of an effective public health policy to adopt a nationally-and internationally-accepted vaccination schedule.

Die Studie analyisiert und beschreibt die wissenschaftlichen, lebensreformerischen und gastronomischen Ernährungsdiksurse zur Zeit des Deutschen Kaisereichs mit dem Ziel ein differenziertes Bild kulinarischer Entwicklungen unter den besonderen Bedingungen der entstehenden Konsumgesellschaft herauszuarbeiten.

Inledning: Ramen är grundförutsättningen för terapiprocessen. Det saknas i dagsläget kunskap om hur psykoterapeuter resonerar kring de svårigheter som kan uppstå för psykoterapeuter när den psykodynamiska ramen påverkas och förändras under de särskilda omständigheter som Covid-19 pandemin inneburit. Syfte: Att undersöka hur psykodynamiskt skolade psykoterapeuter resonerar kring sitt arbete med den psykodynamiska ramen och den yttre påverkan under Covid-19 pandemin.  Metod: Kvalitativ metod användes där fem psykoterapeuter intervjuades med semistruktureradr intervjuer. Materialet analyserades med tematisk metod. Resultat: Alla deltagare beskrev den psykodynamiska ramen som oerhört viktig och som ett fundament för terapin. Samtliga deltagare i studien återgav ett förhållningssätt i sitt kliniska arbete, som utgick från tydliga överenskommelser i tid, plats, betalning, sekretess och anledning till att träffas för att prata kring det som patienten ville arbeta med. Alla deltagare ger en enhetlig och klar bild av att politiska direktiv i samband med Covid-19 påverkat dem. Diskussion: Diskussionen visar tre betydelsefulla delar, hur ramen är ett krav för en terapiprocess, att ramen behöver anpassas efter verkligheten och att ramen både är konstant och föränderlig. Studies resultat bekräftades i relation till tidigare forskning. Mer kvalitativ forskning behövs i ämnet. / Abstract: The "frame" is the basic prerequisite for the therapy process. There is currently a lack of knowledge about how psychotherapists reason about the difficulties that may arise for psychotherapists when the psychodynamic "framework" is affected and to change under the special circumstances that the Covid-19 pandemic has entailed. Purpose: To examine how psychodynamically trained psychotherapists reason about their work with the psychodynamic "framework" and the external influence during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: Qualitative method was used where five psychotherapists were interviewed with a semi-structured interviews. The material was analyzed using the thematic method. Results: All participants described the psychodynamic framework as extremely important and as a foundation for the therapy. All participants in the study reported an approach in their clinical work, which was based on clear agreements in time, place, payment, confidentiality and reason for meeting to talk about what the patient wanted to work on. All participants give a uniform and clear picture that political directives in connection with Covid-19 affected them. Discussion: The discussion shows three important parts, how the frame is a requirement for a therapy process, that the frame needs to be adapted to reality and that the frame is both constant and changeable. The results of this study were confirmed in relation to previous research. More qualitative research is needed on the subject.

Hydraulic fracturing operations utilized for shale gas production result in the generation of a large volume of flowback and produced water that contain suspended material, salts, hydrocarbons, metals, chemical additives, and naturally-occurring radioactive material. The water is impounded at drilling sites or treated off-site, resulting in significant generation of residual solids. These are either buried on site or are disposed in lined landfills. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals and other elements of concern that will leach from these residual solids when placed in typical disposal environments. For this purpose, laboratory leaching experiments were employed wherein representative samples were brought into contact with a liquid to determine the constituents that would be leached by the liquid and potentially released into the environment. The samples used included sludge resulting from the physicochemical treatment of process water (TS), sludge solidified with cement kiln dust (SS), raw solids obtained by gravity separation of process water (RS), and drilling mud (DM). The samples were subjected to both single extraction (i.e. Shake Extraction Test, SET) and multiple extraction (i.e. Immersion Test, IT) leaching tests. For the shake extraction test, samples were mixed with a specific amount of leaching solution without renewal over a short time period. In the immersion test, samples were immersed in a specific amount of leaching solution that was periodically renewed over a longer period of time. For both these tests, analyses were performed on the filtered eluate. The tests were performed as per standards with modifications. Distilled de-ionized water, synthetic acid rain (pH ~ 4.2), weak acetic acid (pH ~ 2.88), and synthetic landfill leachate were used as leaching solutions to mimic specific disposal environments. Alkali metals (Li, K, Na), alkaline earth metals (Ba, Ca, Mg, Sr) and a halide (Br), which are typically associated with Marcellus shale and produced waters, leached at high concentrations from most of the residual solids sample. The SS sample, due to its stabilization with CKD, had a lower extraction efficiency as compared to the unconsolidated TS and RS samples. In EF 2.9 and EF SLL, the leaching took place under acidic conditions, while for EF DDI and EF 4.2, the leaching occurred in alkaline conditions. EF 2.9 and EF SLL were determined to be the most aggressive leaching solutions, causing the maximum solubility of most inorganic elements. Thus, high amounts of most EOCs may leach from these residual solids in MSW landfills disposed under co-disposal conditions. Agitation, pH and composition of the leaching solution were determined to be important variables in evaluating the leaching potential of a sample. The results of this study should help with the design of further research experiments being undertaken to develop environmentally responsible management/disposal strategies for these residual solids and also prove useful for regulatory authorities in their efforts to develop specific guidelines for the disposal of residuals from shale gas production operations. / Master of Science

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This paper deals with village history around millstone quarry Eastern Utsjö in Malung, Sweden, in the hope of finding deposits that could date the quarry, in that the quarry in the current situation is dated only by the millstone fragments outside the resort. My purpose was to conduct a discussion on the quarry alone can be dated by deposits outside the resort. I have used FMIS RAÄ:s fornsök and a lot of literature to identify village history. The results showed that it is not possible to date the millstone quarry from village history, but through deposits outside the resort of Malung, which have been found around Mälardalen, Sweden through archaeological excavations, and derived from the millstone quarry Eastern Utsjö, can put an age on the quarry.