Au cours du XXème siècle, les domaines autrefois distincts de la communication, de l'information et du divertissement ont peu à peu convergé, sous l'influence de la numérisation des données, du développement d'infrastructures en réseau et de la généralisation du recours à des terminaux dont la caractéristique commune est d'être munis d’écrans. L'écran est donc au centre des bouleversements qui affectent notre rapport au monde puisqu'il est devenu l'intermédiaire essentiel dans un nombre croissant d’interactions humaines, au sein de la « société de l'écran » et même au-delà. En effet, en participant activement à rendre la « fracture numérique » manifeste, l'écran joue un rôle aussi bien par sa présence que par son absence, et la généralisation de son utilisation semble même être une étape cruciale pour concrétiser le projet du « village global ». Par ailleurs, le terme écran étant entendu à la fois comme un ensemble de dispositifs – récepteur de télévision, ordinateur, tablette, téléphone – et comme hyperonyme pour chacun d'entre-eux pris individuellement, il nous paraît nécessaire de nous inscrire dans une démarche transdisciplinaire pour pouvoir appréhender le phénomène écranique dans toute sa complexité. Ainsi, après avoir traité de l'aspect terminologique et des racines culturelles de l'écran, nous nous pencherons sur l'analyse des multiples représentations de l'écran pour pouvoir alimenter une réflexion autour du futur de l'écran, des formes qu'il pourrait prendre dans un avenir proche et de leur impact sur nos interactions. En menant une étude autour de l'invention de l’écran et en mettant à jour ses propriétés spécifiques, nous souhaitons contribuer à définir la place qu'il occupe dans la culture globale. Notre ambition, en élaborant une taxinomie des écrans, est de permettre de mieux connaître la variété des écrans et la « culture de l’écran », afin de disposer des outils nécessaires à une meilleure compréhension des évolutions de nos modes de communication. / During the XXth century, communication, information and entertainment fields converged, under the influence of data digitalisation, network infrastructure development and widespread use of terminal whose common characteristic is to be fitted with screens. It is a fact that might be well observed: screens are everywhere in our everyday life, in public spaces and private areas since at least a few decades, and it generates different reactions, as fear or enthusiasm. In making the "digital divide" manifests, the screen plays a role not only by his presence but although through its absence, and its generalization even seems to be a crucial step to achieve the "global village" project. So it can't be an overstatement arguing that the screen has become a social topic. As a matter of fact, screen's presence is remarquable in at least two different ways. First of all, it is part of our lives in a technical and practical way cause it now frames most of our interactions. Also it has spread to our lives as it has become a very fashionable key word in the discourse about communication crisis. The use of the screen word not only increases during all the last century, but in addition its semantic field has become more complex. Sometimes it is refering to a set of devices, sometimes to an hypernym for each of them. Considering these elements, this research aimed to analyse these different aspects of the screen, first through the help of linguistic tools, then with picture analysis, in order to reflect about the future of the screen. When does the screen has been invented? What are its characteristics? These are the questions we will try to answer, so as to define the part played by the screen in culture. The aim of this study is to elaborate a screen taxonomy, to enlight our knowledge about the diversity of screens and offer a documented definition of the “screen culture” topic, in order to improve our knowledge of the changes that affect the communication field.

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Hur använder lärare matematikboken i dagens undervisning? Dominerar boken undervisningen eller fungerar den som ett redskap, en så kallad artefakt? Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka matematikbokens vikt i dagens undervisning i årskurs tre, genom en kvalitativ metod. Studiens två forskningsfrågorundersökgenom observationer och semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre olika respondenter och tre olika skolor. Datainsamlingen analyseras med fenomenografisk forskningsansats skolinspektionens analysschema. Samtliga lärare som medverkade i studien hävdar att matematikboken är grundläggande i undervisningen samt att matematikboken används till åttio procent i undervisningen. Lärarna belyser att tiden är knapp och matematikboken underlättar tidsmässigt. Resultaten som framkom i studien är att matematikboken dominerar undervisningen. Elever arbetar i stora drag enskilt i matematikboken eller med material som är framtaget från matematikboken under lektionerna. Slutsatsen i denna studie är att det inte råder någon större individualisering eller socialt samspel i klassrummen på grund av den stora del enskilda arbete, lärare använder till största del material från matematikboken eller matematikboken. Slutligen visar både observationer och intervjuer att matematikboken dominerar undervisningen tidsmässigt. Stora undersökningar som TIMSS och PISA visar att nordiska länder använder matematikboken mer än övriga länder, samt ett nedåtgående resultat i matematik för Sverige. I denna studie undersöks matematikbokens vikt i dagens undervisning. / How do teachers use the mathematic textbook in teaching today? Is the mathematic textbook dominant in teaching or is it used as a tool, a so-called artefact? The purpose is to examine the importance of mathematical textbook in today´s teaching in grade three, through a qualitative method. The study two research questions are examined by observations and semi-structured interviews with three different respondents and schools. The data collection is analyzed with phenomenografic research approach. All teachers that participated in the study claim that the mathematic textbook is fundamental in the teaching and that the textbook is used to eighty percent in teaching. The teachers assert that there is very little time and that the mathematic textbook facilitates time. The results that emerged from the study are that the mathematic book dominates the teaching. Pupils generally work individually in the mathematics book or with material that is proceed from the mathematic book during the lessons. The conclusion in this study is that there is no major individualization or social interaction in the classroom because of the large proportion of individual work, teachers mostly use materials from the mathematics book or the mathematic book. Finally, both observations and interviews show that the mathematical book dominates teaching in time. Large studies such as TIMSS and PISA shows that Nordic countries use the mathematics book more than other countries, and a falling result in mathematics in Sweden.  The importance of mathematical textbook in teaching is examined in this study.

Signal processing from modern microscopes for local characteristics of materials Image processing is more and more important for the advancement of image evaluation taken from microscopes. This thesis engages the problem of artefact detection and removal from images taken by electron microscope, more accurately by low energy electron microscopy (LEEM). It then offers a possible course of processing such images by edge detection and its theoretical use. These operations are all made in MatLAB language.

In detaile, this projects focuses on object's far and near past and memories and brings their history into present exposition. Therefor the concept captures a new perception and observation of the importance of art history, using the still life art form and Vanitas theme and objects to symbolize the impermanence and transience time. However the main focus is not only on the objects themselves but also on their environment as a source of inspiration and cultural memory. This approach links the methods of displaying objects in the contemporary art with the current methods in art education. The didactic part reflects the attitude of pupils aged 14-15 to the objects from the distant and recent past and their values. As the result the artworks are a combination of graphic prints with fragments of photographs depicting snatches of memories, which has been moderately used as a hidden layer to properly reflect the author's perspective.

The thesis presents research on relationships in the context of the unfinalized lyric project Potopa (The Flood) of František Halas. Main points of analysis are questions of fragment, catastrophe and of (lyric) speaker or witness in the sense of specific speech formed by the traumatic event. A reading of the poems belonging to The Flood (as well as the question of the borders of the text and questions of the whole and possible shape of the piece in general) is founded mainly in the context of Christianity, thematic and compositional connections and with regard to the historical event. I'm not so concerned with the national accents of the works of Halas at that time (his engagement in the Czech resistance was interrupted after the arrest of Vladislav Vančura and others by Gestapo - for Halas it's also the time of the most intensive work on Potopa). The aim is rather to see The Flood as a poem witnessing the horror and the catastrophe of the second world war in general. After the opening analysis of characteristic traits of The Flood follows comparisons with selected works of czech literature, primarily with Znamení moci (The Sign of Power) of Jan Zahradníček, Básně z koncentračního tábora (Poems from the concentration camp) of Josef Čapek and Čas (Apokalypsa mixte) (Time) of Jiří Kolář. In concrete...

Syftet med studien är att synliggöra förskollärares uppfattningar om och belysa deras didaktiska val i undervisningen av vardagsteknik samt hur de skapar utforskande lärsituationer i vardagsteknik. Syftet har konkretiserats till tre frågeställningar som ett hjälpmedel för att besvara studiens syfte som genomsyrar hela arbetet. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod där både semistrukturerade intervjuer samt en observation tillämpats. Då studien studerar förskollärares uppfattningar används även metoden fenomenografi för att närma sig deras tankar. Urvalet består av fyra förskollärare som är verksamma i fyra olika förskolor. Studiens utgångspunkt i resultatet och analysen är den insamlade empirin, tidigare forskning samt det teoretiska ramverket. Det teoretiska ramverket innefattar det sociokulturella perspektivet tillsammans med de tre teoretiska begreppen, den närmaste utvecklingszonen, materiell mediering samt språkets betydelse. Studiens resultat visar att förskollärares uppfattningar kring vardagsteknik är varierande och att vardagsteknik kan missuppfattas som digital teknik. Det framgår även hur förskollärare ser läroplanen för förskolan och barns intresse som en viktig del i planeringen av den didaktiska undervisningen. Det visar sig att utforskande lärsituationer både sker i spontana och planerade fall. En vanlig förekommande lärsituation som är spontan är vid påklädningen i tamburen då barnen använder dragkedjan på reflexvästen. En planerad utforskande lärsituation kan vara att gå teknikrunda tillsammans med barnen för att utforska olika vardagliga tekniker i förskolans verksamhet. Resultatet visar även att kunskap kring vardagsteknik är en viktig del för att kunna utmana barnen vidare och ge möjlighet till ett fortsatt lärande.

The aim of this study is to better understand the Swedish concept of“förebyggande socialt arbete”, preventive social work. I have conducted elevenqualitative interviews with different key persons and skaters, together withparticipant observation. During the process of analyzing the material I have usedRandall Collins´ concepts of interaction ritual chains together with Jean Laves andEtienne Wengers concept of situated learning. The answers could be split up inthree areas, first those who regard prevention work as building good things for thefuture. The second group to prevent something bad to happen and the third groupregard preventive social work to be repairing what was broken. The first group,mostly architects, included all three levels of the urban system, the social culturecontext, the human interaction and the urban design. The second and third group,mostly participant from the social work area, focused on the individual level.Although social work should be involved in social policy and development areincluded in the Swedish Social Serves Act. The findings is that Swedish definitionof social work need to be wider in order to include the urban design as a part ofsocial prevention work.

This thesis focuses on the adaptation of formal education to people’s technology- use patterns, theirtechnology-in-practice, where the ubiquitous use of mobile technologies is central. The research question is: How can language learning practices occuring in informal learning environments be effectively integrated with formal education through the use of mobile technology? The study investigates the technical, pedagogical, social and cultural challenges involved in a design science approach. The thesis consists of four studies. The first study systematises MALL (mobile-assisted language learning) research. The second investigates Swedish and Chinese students’ attitudes towards the use of mobile technology in education. The third examines students’ use of technology in an online language course, with a specific focus on their learning practices in informal learning contexts and their understanding of how this use guides their learning. Based on the findings, a specifically designed MALL application was built and used in two courses. Study four analyses the app use in terms of students’ perceived level of self-regulation and structuration. The studies show that technology itself plays a very important role in reshaping peoples’ attitudes and that new learning methods are coconstructed in a sociotechnical system. Technology’s influence on student practices is equally strong across borders. Students’ established technologies-in-practice guide the ways they approach learning. Hence, designing effective online distance education involves three interrelated elements: technology, information, and social arrangements. This thesis contributes to mobile learning research by offering empirically and theoretically grounded insights that shift the focus from technology design to design of information systems.

Mobile technologies are emerging as one way to help address health challenges in many countries, including in Least Developed Countries. Mobile technology can reach a large share of the population but in order to provide effective support to healthcare services, technology, information collection and dissemination, and work processes need to be well aligned. The thesis uses a design science methodological approach and mixes qualitative and quantitative data analysis to address the question of, How can mobile technologies be effectively integrated with routine healthcare services? The study concerns the design, implementation, and evaluation of a mobile technology-based system, called SMSaúde, with the aim of improving the care of patients with HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis in Mozambique. The work started with the elicitation of functional and user requirements, based on focus group discussions. An important challenge, as in many mHealth interventions, was the integration with routine healthcare services and the existing IT systems, as well as developing a scalable technical structure. The system has now been in routine use since 2013 in more than 16 healthcare clinics in Mozambique. Evaluation was done by a randomised controlled study. Analysis of patient records showed that retention in care in urban areas was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group. In a user study both patients and health professionals were very positive to the system. The thesis contributes to research by demonstrating how information system artefacts can be constructed and successfully implemented in resource-constrained settings. The practical contributions include the designed artefact itself as well as improved healthcare practices and mHealth policy recommendations.