Le syndrome de Brugada (BS) est une maladie génétique responsable de troubles du rythme cardiaque. En raison de la nature complexe et multifactorielle de cette pathologie, la stratification du risque peut s’avérer particulièrement difficile et il est nécessaire de pouvoir définir de nouveaux marqueurs avec des valeurs prédictives élevées afin d’identifier les patients à haut risque. Les événements arythmiques dans cette population étant souvent liés à des modifications de fonctionnement du système nerveux autonome (SNA), l’objectif de la thèse est l’évaluation et comparaison de la réponse cardiovasculaire aux modulations du SNA pendant la nuit, ainsi qu'en réponse à des manœuvres normalisées, telles que l'épreuve d'effort ou le test d'orthostatisme, chez une série de patients BS présentant différents niveaux de risque (sujets symptomatiques et asymptomatiques). Une première partie du travail de thèse est dédiée à l’application de méthodes d'analyse de complexité cardiaque, de sensibilité baroréflexe et de variabilité non-stationnaire du rythme cardiaque, jamais étudiées dans le cadre des patients BS. Dans une deuxième partie, afin d'aborder la nature multifactorielle de la maladie, une approche multivariée basée sur une méthode de machine learning est introduite. En employant des marqueurs extraits à l'analyse du traitement du signal précédent, des classificateurs robustes capables de distinguer les patients à différents niveaux de risque sont proposés. Dans la troisième partie de ce travail, deux modèles mathématiques de connaissances ont été proposés et analysés, afin d'étudier les réponses autonomiques et hémodynamiques au test d’orthostatisme et à l’épreuve d’effort. Enfin, une application prospective d’une approche multivariée intégrant les paramètres extraits à l'étape de modélisation est également présentée. L’ensemble des résultats de la thèse permet une meilleure caractérisation des profils autonomiques des patients BS et laisse envisager une amélioration de la sélection des patients pour implantation d'un défibrillateur implantable. / Brugada syndrome (BS) is a genetic arrhythmogenic disease characterized by a distinctive electrocardiographic pattern, associated with a high risk for sudden cardiac death. Its complex and multifactorial nature turns risk stratification into a major challenge. Although variations in autonomic modulation are commonly related to arrhythmic events in this population, novel markers with higher predictive values are still needed so as to identify those patients at high risk. Since the autonomic function can be better characterized through the application of standardized maneuvers stimulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the main objective of this thesis is to evaluate and compare the cardiovascular response to ANS modulations overnight, as well as in response to exercise and HUT testing, on a series of BS patients with different levels of risk (symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects). In a first part of this work, we apply previously described methods for the analysis of heart rate complexity, baroreflex sensitivity, and non-stationary heart rate variability, never before studied in the context of BS patients. In a second part, in order to address the multifactorial nature of the disease, a multivariate approach based on a step-based machine learning method is introduced. By employing markers extracted at signal-processing analysis, robust classifiers capable of distinguishing patients at different levels of risk are proposed. The third part of this work has been focused on the proposal of novel mathematical models and the associated model analysis methods, so as to study the autonomic and hemodynamic responses to exercise and HUT testing. Finally, a prospective application of a multivariate approach integrating parameters extracted at the model-based stage is also presented. Overall, the obtained results provide new insights into the underlying autonomic mechanisms regulating the cardiovascular system in BS, improving physiopathology and prognosis interpretation. The proposed approach may be used as an instrument for the identification of those asymptomatic patients at high risk who may benefit from a cardioverter defibrillator implantation. / El síndrome de Brugada (SB) es una enfermedad genética asociada a un patrón electrocardiográfico característico y a un elevado riesgo de muerte súbita cardíaca (MSC), causada por fibrilación ventricular (FV) en ausencia de cardiopatías estructurales. Debido a su naturaleza compleja y multifactorial, la estratificación del riesgo supone, en la actualidad, uno de los aspectos más controvertidos. Ciertas alteraciones en la modulación del sistema nervioso autónomo (SNA) se han relacionado con eventos arrítmicos en esta población; no obstante, nuevos marcadores con valores predictivos más elevados que permitan identificar a aquellos pacientes con un alto riesgo de sufrir MSC son todavía necesarios. El uso de maniobras estandarizadas con el objetivo de estimular el SNA permite una mejor caracterización de la función autonómica. El principal objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es, por tanto, la evaluación exhaustiva de la respuesta cardiovascular a la modulación del SNA en una serie de pacientes con SB y diferentes niveles de riesgo (sujetos sintomáticos y asintomáticos), a través de diferentes maniobras autonómicas, con la finalidad de identificar nuevos marcadores potencialmente útiles para la estratificación de riesgo en esta población. En este contexto, la evaluación de la función autonómica se llevó a cabo mediante tres estrategias principales. En primer lugar, se caracterizaron y compararon la variabilidad y complejidad del ritmo cardíaco, así como la sensibilidad barorrefleja, en pacientes sintomáticos y asintomáticos, con el objetivo de identificar nuevos marcadores capaces de distinguir entre grupos de pacientes. Los resultados mostraron, en el grupo sintomático, una menor variabilidad y complejidad durante la noche, así como un mayor tono vagal y una menor actividad simpática tanto durante el ejercicio como en respuesta a la prueba de mesa inclinada. En un segundo análisis, se abordó la etiología multifactorial del síndrome mediante un enfoque multivariado basado en un método de aprendizaje automático por etapas. A partir de marcadores extraídos en la etapa anterior, se propusieron modelos predictivos capaces de clasificar pacientes diagnosticados con SB en función de su nivel de riesgo. El mejor clasificador (AUC = 95%) fue diseñado a partir de marcadores autonómicos obtenidos durante la noche, superando modelos predictivos previamente descritos para la estratificación del riesgo en el SB a partir de la combinación de parámetros no invasivos. Finalmente, se analizaron las interacciones entre las funciones mecánica, circulatoria y autonómica de estos pacientes a partir de modelos fisiológicos. En primer lugar, mediante la implementación y evaluación de un modelo computacional integrando la dinámica del sistema cardiovascular y su respuesta autonómica a la prueba de mesa inclinada. Asimismo, se propuso la identificación recursiva de un modelo implementado para el análisis de la evolución temporal de las contribuciones simpática y parasimpática del SNA durante una prueba de esfuerzo. Los resultados mostraron una menor contractilidad, así como una actividad parasimpática significativamente mayor durante el ejercicio, en pacientes sintomáticos. Con el objetivo de combinar características extraídas del modelado fisiológico, un último estudio prospectivo propuso el diseño de un clasificador multivariado integrando los parámetros estimados en esta última etapa. Los resultados obtenidos indican importantes tendencias de relevancia clínica que aportan nuevos conocimientos sobre los mecanismos autonómicos encargados de regular el sistema cardiovascular en el SB. Su interpretación permite mejorar la estratificación del riesgo en estos pacientes y, por tanto, optimizar las estrategias terapéuticas aplicadas. La metodología propuesta se presenta como un instrumento para la identificación de aquellos pacientes con alto riesgo de MSC que podrían beneficiarse de la implantación de desfibriladores automáticos.

Os peptídeos potenciadores da bradicinina (BPPs) presentes no veneno da serpente Bothrops jararaca são oligopeptídeos ricos em prolinas. Eles foram os primeiros inibidores naturais da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) descritos. As propriedades bioquímicas e farmacológicas desses peptídeos foram essenciais para o desenvolvimento do captopril, o primeiro inibidor sítio-dirigido da ECA, usado para tratar a hipertensão humana. Recentes dados têm sugerido que a atividade farmacológica dos BPPs não pode ser explicada somente pela ação inibitória da atividade da ECA e que os efeitos dos BPPs devem envolver a participação do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Nesse trabalho foi caracterizada a sinalização de Ca2+ induzida pelo BPP-10c [<ENWPHPQIPP] em células neuronais obtidas de cultura primária de cérebro de ratos neonatos. As elevações na [Ca2+]i induzida por várias concentrações de BPP-10c revelaram uma curva dose-resposta atípica. A resposta máxima de transientes de [Ca2+]i foram medidas na concentração de 1 µM de BPP-10c, enquanto que em concentrações mais elevadas houve um declínio das respostas de [Ca2+]i. Esse efeito foi independente da atividade do receptor de bradicinina (BK) e foi mediado por um receptor acoplado a Gi/0. A sinalização do BPP-10c levou a um aumento da produção de óxido nítrico (NO) por células neuronais, como decorrência da ativação da NOS, uma enzima Ca2+-dependente e da super-expressão da NO sintase endotelial (eNOS) e da argininosuccicinato sintase (ASS), enzima passo limitante no fornecimento de substrato para a NOS. Além disso, ensaios de afinidade com o BPP-10c revelaram além da ASS, a sinapsina como potencial alvo do BPP-10c no SNC. O fato do BPP-10c interagir com a sinapsina, proteína envolvida com a exocitose, e aumentar a produção de NO por células neuronais pode explicar a sua capacidade de induzir a liberação dos neurotransmissores, GABA e glutamato, ambos com importante papel na regulação da pressão arterial. O NO no SNC também age como neurotransmissor, regulando a atividade simpática e parassimpática. O BPP-10c produz queda da pressão da arterial e da freqüência cardíaca, indicando uma interferência direta na atividade autonômica simpática, parassimpática ou ambas, provocando mudanças no controle barorreflexo da freqüência cardíaca. De fato, esse peptídeo mostrou aumentar a sensibilidade barorreflexa de SHRs que está diminuída nesses animais quando comparados a ratos normotensos. Foi demonstrado também que o efeito do BPP-10c administrado perifericamente foi semelhante ao administrado centralmente, sugerindo que o efeito anti-hipertensivo do BPP-10c deve envolver o SNC. Dessa maneira, apesar do bem caracterizado efeito anti-hipertensivo baseado na inibição da ECA, esse trabalho evidencia a existência de um segundo mecanismo para ação do BPP-10c no controle da pressão arterial. No SNC, o BPP-10c modula a expressão da eNOS e da ASS e induz um aumento na produção de NO e liberação dos neurotransmissores, GABA e glutamato, para controlar a atividade simpática e/ou parassimpática que reflete no aumento da sensibilidade do barorreflexo de SHRs. Sendo assim, as características bioquímicas e farmacológicas do BPP-10c abrem perspectivas para o desenvolvimento de fármacos baseado em um novo alvo terapêutico. / Pyroglutamyl proline-rich oligopeptides, denominated bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs), present in the venom of the viper Bothrops jararaca were the first described naturally occurring angiotensine-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. The biochemical and pharmacological properties of theses peptides were essential for the development of captopril, the first active site-directed inhibitor of ACE, currently used to treat human hypertension. Recent data have suggested that the pharmacological activity of BPPs could not only be explained by their inhibitory action on the ACE activity and that BPPmediated effects may involve the central nervous system. In this work, we have characterized BPP-10c [<ENWPHPQIPP]-induced calcium signaling in neuronal cells obtained as primary culture from day 1 of postnatal rat brain. Elevations of [Ca2+]i induced by increasing concentrations of BPP-10c revealed an atypical dose-response curve. Maximal [Ca2+]i peak values were measured at 1 µM BPP-10c concentration, while further raising BPP-10c concentrations led to a decline of [Ca2+]i responses. This effect was independent from kinin-B2 receptor activity and was mediated by a yet unknown Gi/0 protein-coupled receptor. BPP-10c signaling promoted an increase of nitric oxide (NO) production in neuronal cells, as consequence of Ca2+-dependent NO synthase activation and upregulated gene expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and argininosuccicinato synthase (ASS), a limiting step enzyme in the NOcitrulline cycle. Furthermore, affinity chromatography assays revealed ASS and synapsin as potential binding partners of BPP-10c in the CNS. In view of that BPP-10c interacts with synapsin, a protein involved with exocytosis, and induces NO production in neuronal cells, these data could explain its capacity of inducing release of the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate with important roles in blood pressure regulation. NO also acts as neurotransmitter in the CNS, thereby regulating sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. The presence of BPP-10c also mediates reduction of arterial pressure and heart rate suggesting direct interference of BPP action with autonomic sympathetic and/or parasympathetic activity and the baroreflex control of the heart rate. In agreement, this peptide led to increased baroreflex sensitivity of spontaneous hypertensive rats. We have also demonstrated that the BPP-10c-mediated anti-hypertensive effect was similar following peripheral or central administration, suggesting the participation of the CNS in this process. The existence of a second mechanism for BPP-10c action on blood pressure control as new therapeutic target which is independent from ACE inhibition shall initiate novel approaches for antihypertensive drugs.

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença renal crônica (DRC) é uma patologia progressiva e debilitante, que apresenta alta mortalidade devido a causas cardiovasculares. Pacientes com DRC apresentam alterações metabólicas e musculares que estão associadas com diminuição da capacidade funcional e baixa tolerância ao exercício, porém pouco se sabe sobre o acometimento da musculatura respiratória desses pacientes. Dessa forma, os objetivos primários deste estudo foram avaliar a força muscular respiratória (FMR) de pacientes com DRC e verificar a existência de associação da força da musculatura inspiratória com fatores de risco cardiovasculares já descritos na DRC. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por pacientes com DRC (estádios 3 ao 5) (grupo DRC, n = 30) e por indivíduos saudáveis (grupo controle, C. n =11). Posteriormente, para fins de comparação, os pacientes com DRC foram divididos em dois grupos: pacientes com DRC em fase não dialítica (estádios 3 e 4 - grupo DRC-ND, n=12) e pacientes com DRC em hemodiálise (estádio 5 - grupo DRC-D, n = 18). Todos os indivíduos realizaram os seguintes procedimentos: manovacuometria digital para mensuração da pressão inspiratória máxima (PImax) e pressão expiratória máxima (PEmax); registro da pressão arterial (PA) batimento a batimento e do eletrocardiograma para mensuração das variáveis hemodinâmicas; registro da atividade simpática nervosa muscular (ANSM); avaliação da composição corporal por meio de bioimpedância; avaliação da velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) carotídea-femoral; avaliação da função endotelial; teste ergoespirométrico para mensuração da capacidade funcional cardiorrespiratória. Para os indivíduos do grupo DRC-D as avaliações foram sempre realizadas no segundo dia interdialítico da semana. Posteriormente as curvas de pressão arterial registradas foram utilizadas para mensurar a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e da PA e para determinar o barorreflexo espontâneo. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes com DRC apresentam redução da FMR quando comparados ao grupo controle (PImax: DRC= 82,51 ± 24,39 vs. C= 115,20 ± 18,71 cmH2O; PEmax: DRC= 99,64 ± 19,86 vs. C= 138,90 ± 27,08 cmH2O). Não houve diferença nas pressões respiratórias entre os grupos DRC-D e DRC-ND. Além disso, os pacientes com DRC apresentam diminuição da VFC [SDNN: DRC = 19,03 (10,95 - 44,28) vs. C= 45,25 (28,45 - 76,86)ms], aumento do balanço simpatovagal (DRC= 3,42 ± 1,99 vs. C= 1,54 ±1,01), aumento da variância da PA sistólica [DRC= 48,60 (13,38 -149,00) vs. C= 29,76 (15,83 - 49,54) mmHg2, prejuízo tanto da ativação (DRC= 0,40 ± 0,15 vs. C= 0,72 ± 0,10) quanto da sensibilidade barorreflexa (DRC= 7,98 ± 4,37 vs. C= 20,87 ± 10,68 ms/mmHg), bem como, aumento da ANSM (DRC= 20,44 ± 3,88 vs. C= 17,75 ± 1,46 bursts/min). Para a maioria dos índices de VFC o grupo DRC-D apresentou maior comprometimento do que o grupo DRC-ND. Contudo, o balanço simpatovagal, a variância da PA sistólica, a ANSM e a ativação do barorreflexo não foi diferente entre os grupos DRC-D e DRC-ND. Além disso, os pacientes com DRC apresentaram menor consumo de oxigênio que os indivíduos saudáveis (DRC= 29,1 ± 7,76 vs. C= 38,5 ± 7,9 ml/kg/min), redução da função endotelial (DRC= 4,90 ± 4,62 vs. C =8,70 ± 2,19%) e aumento da VOP (DRC= 8,30 (6,15 - 12,2) vs. C= 6,55 (5,4 - 7,8) m/s) quando comparado ao grupo controle, sendo que não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos DRC-D e DRC-ND para estas variáveis. Quanto a composição corporal, os indivíduos com DRC apresentaram menor massa corporal celular, menor massa magra, maior massa gorda, menor água intracelular, e maior porcentagem de água extracelular quando comparados ao grupo controle. Não foram observadas diferenças na composição corporal entre o grupo DRC-D e DRC-ND. Houve associação positiva entre a força muscular inspiratória e o consumo máximo de oxigênio, bem como entre a PImax e níveis séricos de albumina nos indivíduos com DRC. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com DRC, mesmo em fase não dialítica, apresentam comprometimento da FMR, principalmente da PImax, bem como redução da capacidade funcional cardiorrespiratória, sendo que, existe uma associação entre a PImax e o consumo máximo de oxigênio. Além disso, os pacientes com DRC apresentam prejuízo da VFC e da sensibilidade barorreflexa, aumento do balanço simpatovagal, da ANSM e alterações vasculares, que embora pareçam ser mais evidentes nos doentes renais em fase dialítica, já podem ser observadas também na fase pré-dialítica da DRC / INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and debilitating condition that presents high mortality due to cardiovascular causes. Patients with CKD have metabolic and muscular changes that are associated with decreased functional capacity and low tolerance to exercise, but little is known about the involvement of the respiratory muscles in these population. Thus, the primary objectives of this study were to evaluate the respiratory muscle strength (RMS) of patients with CKD and to verify the existence of an association of inspiratory muscle strength with cardiovascular risk factors already described in CKD. METHODS: The sample consisted of patients with CKD (stages 3 to 5) (CKD group, n = 30) and healthy individuals (control group, C n = 11). For comparison purposes, patients with CKD were divided into two groups: non-dialytic CKD patients (stages 3 and 4 - CKD-ND group, n = 12) and patients with CKD on hemodialysis (stage 5 - group CKD-D, n = 18). All subjects performed the following procedures: digital manovacuometry to measure maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP); recording of blood pressure (BP) beat-to-beat and electrocardiogram for measurement of hemodynamic variables; register of sympathetic nervous muscle activity (SNMA); assessment of body composition by bioimpedance; assessment of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV); evaluation of endothelial function; ergospirometric test for measurement of cardiorespiratory functional capacity. For the subjects in the CKD-D group the evaluations were always performed on the second interdialytic day of the week. Subsequently, the recorded blood pressure curves were used to measure heart rate (HRV) and BP variability and to determine spontaneous baroreflex. RESULTS: Patients with CKD had a reduction in RMS when compared to the control group (MIP: CKD = 82.51 ± 24.39 vs. C = 115.20 ± 18.71 cmH2O; MEP: CKD = 99.64 ± 19, 86 vs. C = 138.90 ± 27.08 cm H2O). There was no difference in respiratory pressures between the CKD-D and the CKD-ND groups. In addition, patients with CKD had a decrease in HRV [SDNN: CKD = 19.03 (10.95 - 44.28) vs. C = 45.25 (28.45 - 76.86) ms], increased sympatovagal balance (CKD = 3.42 ± 1.99 vs. C = 1.54 ± 1.01), increased systolic BP variance [CKD = 48.60 (13.38 -149.00) vs. C = 29.76 (15.83 - 49.54) mmHg2, impairment of both activation (CKD = 0.40 ± 0.15 vs C = 0.72 ± 0.10) and baroreflex sensitivity (CKD = 7.98 ± 4.37 vs. C = 20.87 ± 10.68 ms/mmHg), as well as increased SNMA (CKD = 20.44 ± 3.88 vs. C = 17.75 ± 1.46 bursts/min). For most HRV scores, the CKD-D group presented greater impairment than the CKD-ND group. However, sympathovagal balance, systolic BP variance, SNMA and baroreflex activation were not different between the CKD-D and CKD-ND groups. In addition, patients with CKD had lower oxygen consumption than healthy subjects (CKD = 29.1 ± 7.76 vs. C = 38.5 ± 7.9 ml/kg/min), reduction of endothelial function (CKD = 4.90 ± 4.62 vs. C = 8.70 ± 2.19 %) and increased PWV (CKD = 8.30 (6.15 - 12.2) vs. C = 6.55 (5, 4 - 7.8) m/s) when compared to control group, and no differences were observed between the CKD-D and CKD-ND groups for these variables. Regarding body composition, individuals with CKD had lower cellular body mass, lower lean mass, higher fat mass, lower intracellular water, and higher percentage of extracellular water when compared to control group. No differences were observed in body composition between the CKD-D and CKD-ND groups. There was a positive association between inspiratory muscle strength and maximum oxygen consumption, as well as between MIP and serum albumin levels in individuals with CKD. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CKD, even in the non-dialytic phase, have FMR impairment, mainly MIP, as well as reduction of cardiorespiratory functional capacity, and there is an association between MIP and maximal oxygen consumption in this population. In addition, patients with CKD have impairment of HRV and baroreflex sensitivity, increased sympatovagal balance, SNMA, and vascular alterations, that although they may appear to be more evident in renal dialysis patients, may also be observed in the predialytic phase of DRC

INTRODUÇÂO: Durante o desenvolvimento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) ocorre a hiperatividade simpática, que está relacionada ao comprometimento dos sistemas baro e quimiorreflexo arteriais e disfunção ventricular esquerda (VE). Entretanto, a função ventricular direita (VD) tem sido pouco avaliada no contexto da HAS associada à desnervação sino-aórtica (DSA). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a função biventricular de forma não-invasiva e invasiva, a capacidade funcional, a sensibilidade barorreflexa e o controle autonômico cardiovascular em ratos Wistar (W) e ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) submetidos ou não à DSA. MÉTODOS: Após 10 semanas de DSA, a função cardíaca foi avaliada pelo teste de esforço (TE), ecocardiograma transtorácico e transesofágico, e a pressão diastólica final biventricular; as funções hemodinâmica e autonômica foram avaliadas pelo registro da pressão arterial (PA) e da freqüência cardíaca (FC), variabilidade da PA e da FC e sensibilidade barorreflexa. Os ratos (n = 32) foram divididos em 4 grupos: 16 W com (n = 8) e sem DSA (n = 8), 16 SHR com (n = 8) ou sem DSA (n = 8). RESULTADOS: A PA e a FC não apresentaram alterações entre os grupos DSA e não-DSA, entretanto, os SHR apresentaram níveis mais elevados da PA comparado com W. O TE mostrou que os SHR apresentaram melhor capacidade funcional em relação ao DSA e SHRDSA (W: 1,16±0,3m/s, DSA: 0,9±0,15m/s, *SHR: 1,46±0,29m/s, SHR-DSA: 1,02±0,31, *p< 0,05 vs. DSA e SHRDSA). Os SHRs apresentaram aumento da variabilidade da PA comparados aos W. Após a DSA houve aumento da variabilidade PA em todos os grupos comparados ao W (W: 15±29 mmHg2, *DSA: 49±27 mmHg2, *SHR: 60±29 mmHg2, *SHR-DSA: 137±76 mmHg2, *p<0,05 vs. W). Foi observado hipertrofia concêntrica do VE; disfunção sistólica segmentar e diastólica global do VE; disfunção sistólica global e segmentar, e diastólica global do VD; sinais indiretos de hipertensão arterial pulmonar pela ecocardiografia, mas evidentes no grupo SHRDSA. A pressão diastólica final do VD mostrou aumento em todos os grupos comparados com W (W: 3±0.39mmHg, *DSA:4,7±0,52mmHg, *SHR: 6;6±1.1mmHg, *SHRDSA: 7,8±0.87mmHg, *p< 0,05 vs. W), enquanto a pressão diastólica final do VE mostrou aumento dos grupos SHR e SHRDSA em relação ao W, e dos SHRDSA em relação aos DSA (W: 5,83±0,19 mmHg, DSA: 8,98±1,2 mmHg, *SHR: 12,51±4,73 mmHg, *#SHRDSA: 14,57±2.52 mmHg, *p< 0,05 vs. W, #p< 0,05 vs. DSA). Houve relação entre medidas não- invasivas e invasivas do VD, mostrando uma boa acurácia das medidas ecocardiográficas. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados sugerem que a disfunção baroreflexa compromete a função biventricular. Além disso, os achados observados nos índices ecocardiográficos do VD indicam que a DAS pode induzir a elevação da pressão arterial pulmonar, reforçando o papel da disfunção barorreflexa na patogênese da doença cardíaca hipertensiva / INTRODUCTION: During the development of hypertension, sympathetic hyperactivity commonly seems to be related to the left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and baro and chemoreflexes impairment. However, right ventricle (RV) function has not been evaluated specially regarding the association of hypertension and baroreflex dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate noninvasively and invasively the biventricular myocardial function, the functional capacity, the baroreflex sensitivity and the cardiovascular autonomic control in Wistar (W) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) submitted or not to sinoaortic denervation (SAD). METHODS: Ten weeks after DSA, cardiac function was evaluated by the maximal exercise test (MET), by transthoracic (TT) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and the biventricular end diastolic pressures (EDP). Additionally, hemodynamic and autonomic functions were evaluated by the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) records, BP and HR variability and baroreflex sensitivity. The rats (n=32) were divided in 4 groups: 16 Wistar (W) with (n=8) or without SAD (n=8) and 16 SHR, with (n=8) or without SAD (n=8). RESULTS: Blood pressure and HR did not show any change between the groups SAD and without SAD, although, SHR showed higher BP levels in comparison to W. MET results showed that SHR had better functional capacity compared to SAD and SHRSAD (W: 1,16±0,3m/s, DSA: 0,9±0,15m/s, *SHR: 1,46±0,29m/s, SHR-DSA: 1,02±0,31, *p< 0.05 vs. SAD and SHRSAD). BP variability was increased in SHR groups compared to W. After SAD, BP variability increased in all groups compared to W (W: 15±29 mmHg2, *DSA: 49±27 mmHg2, *SHR: 60±29 mmHg2, *SHR-DSA: 137±76 mmHg2, *p<0.05 vs. W). Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy; segmental systolic dysfunction and global diastolic LV dysfunction; segmental and global systolic dysfunction, and global diastolic RV dysfunction; indirect signals of pulmonary arterial hypertension were shown by echocardiography, mostly evident in SHRSAD. The RV-EDP increased in all groups compared to W (W: 3±0.39mmHg, *SAD:4.7±0.52mmHg, *SHR: 6.6±1.1mmHg, *SHRSAD: 7.8±0.87mmHg, *p<0.05 vs. W), and the LV-EDP increased in SHR and SHRSAD groups compared to W, and in SHRSAD compared to SAD (W: 5,83±0,19 mmHg, SAD: 8.98±1.2 mmHg, *SHR: 12.51±4.73 mmHg, *#SHRSAD: 14.57±2.52 mmHg, *p<0.05 vs. W, #p<0.05 vs. DSA). There was a relation between invasive or noninvasive measurements of the RV showing good accuracy of echocardiographic measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that baroreflex dysfunction impaired biventricular function. Moreover, the findings of RV echocardiographic indices indicate that SAD may lead to increased pulmonary artery pressure, supporting a role for baroreflex dysfunction in the pathogenesis of the hypertensive cardiac disease

This diploma thesis deals with the variability of pulse wave velocity. It studies the variability of cardiovascular signals. It presents the research of measurement of pulse wave velocity and its analysis in physiology and pathological physiology. Applies spectral analysis in Matlab to a data set. It evaluates and reviews the results of this analysis

De nombreuses études se sont intéressées aux effets délétères de la ménopause dans l’augmentation du risque de maladies cardiovasculaires et de troubles cognitifs. La chute des concentrations en hormones sexuelles liée à la ménopause impacte la pression artérielle, premier acteur responsable dans l’augmentation de la prévalence des maladies cardiovasculaires et des troubles cognitifs. Dans la population masculine, l’activité physique et ses effets notamment hypotenseurs apparaissent comme une stratégie non pharmacologique hautement efficace dans le maintien de la santé cardiovasculaire et cognitive. En revanche, les effets bénéfiques d’un mode de vie physiquement actif sur la pression artérielle, la santé vasculaire et la santé cognitive ne sont pas encore globalement admis chez les femmes post-ménopausées. Par conséquent, l'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier l'impact de la ménopause sur la pression artérielle, les facteurs qui la régulent et les fonctions cognitives chez des femmes physiquement actives. A partir de la littérature existante, nous avons formulé l’hypothèse générale que la pression artérielle et les fonctions cognitives seraient préservées chez femmes post-ménopausées (stade + 1 de la classification STRAW+10) physiquement actives (≥150 min/sem d’activité physique à intensité modérée ou ≥ 75 min/sem d’activité physique à intensité vigoureuse) par rapport à des femmes pré-ménopausées (stade -3 de la classification STRAW+10) physiquement actives. Nous avons également formulé l’hypothèse que les marqueurs de santé vasculaires seraient préservés chez ces femmes post-ménopausées physiquement actives par rapport au groupe de femmes pré-ménopausées physiquement actives. Une revue de littérature et deux études transversales ont été réalisées pour vérifier ces hypothèses. Notre revue de littérature a mis en évidence : L’effet de la privation d'hormones sexuelles sur les mécanismes physiologiques impliqués dans l'augmentation de la pression artérielle à la ménopause. L'effet bénéfique de l’activité physique dans la prévention et le traitement de l'hypertension chez les femmes ménopausées. Les limites actuelles de la littérature scientifique quant aux effets bénéfiques de l’activité physique sur les mécanismes physiologiques régulant la pression artérielle. Nos études expérimentales ont permis de conclure que : Les femmes post-ménopausées physiquement actives ont des valeurs moyennes de pressions artérielles (systolique et diastolique) et des marqueurs vasculaires (rigidité artérielle, fonction endothéliale, sensibilité du baroréflexe) préservés par rapport aux femmes pré-ménopausées physiquement actives. Ces mêmes femmes post-ménopausées physiquement actives performent aussi bien que leurs homologues pré-ménopausées aux tests cognitifs évaluant la vitesse de traitement et les fonctions exécutives notamment pour les composantes inhibition et alternance. En revanche, elles performent moins bien que le groupe pré-ménopausées pour les tests évaluant la mémoire de travail. Cette thèse montre donc que d’être physiquement actif a des effets positifs sur la pression artérielle et les fonctions vasculaires des femmes en début de ménopause. Cependant cela ne permet pas de limiter totalement la baisse de la performance cognitive, notamment dans les domaines cognitifs évaluant les fonctions exécutives (mémoire de travail). Nous concluons que d’être physiquement actif permet de compenser certaines conséquences vasculaires, mais pas certaines conséquences cognitives associées à la transition ménopausique. / Numerous studies have focused on the deleterious effects of menopause that result in a greater risk of cardiovascular diseases and cognitive disorders. The fall in sex hormone concentrations associated with menopause increases blood pressure, which is the main factor involved in the increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and cognitive disorders. In males, the hypotensive effects of physical activity are a highly effective non-pharmacological strategy for maintaining cardiovascular and cognitive health. In contrast, the beneficial effects of a physically active lifestyle on blood pressure, vascular health, and cognitive health are not yet generally accepted in post-menopausal females. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to study the effect of menopause on blood pressure, its regulating factors and cognitive function in physically active females. Based on the existing literature, we formulated the general hypothesis that blood pressure and cognitive functions would be preserved in physically active (≥150 min/week of moderate intensity physical activity or ≥75 min/week of vigorous intensity physical activity) post-menopausal females (stage +1 of the STRAW+10 classification) compared with physically active pre-menopausal females (stage -3 of the STRAW+10 classification). We also hypothesized that markers of vascular health would be preserved in the physically active post-menopausal group compared with the physically active pre-menopausal group. A literature review and 2 cross-sectional studies were performed to test these hypotheses. Our literature review highlighted: o The effect of sex hormone deprivation on the physiological mechanisms involved in increased blood pressure during menopause. The beneficial effect of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of hypertension in post-menopausal females. o The current knowledge gaps of the scientific literature regarding the beneficial effects of physical activity on the physiological mechanisms regulating blood pressure. Our experimental studies concluded that: o Physically active post-menopausal females have preserved mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressures and physiological mechanisms involved in blood pressure regulation (arterial stiffness, endothelial function, baroreflex sensitivity) compared with physically active pre-menopausal females. o Physically active post-menopausal females perform as well as their pre- menopausal counterparts in cognitive tests evaluating processing speed and executive functions, particularly for the inhibition and alternation components. However, they performed worse than the pre-menopausal group on tests assessing working memory. Taken together this thesis shows that being physically active has positive effects on blood pressure and vascular function in early post-menopausal females. However, a physically active lifestyle does not completely limit the decline in cognitive performance, especially in cognitive domain assessing executive functions (working memory). We conclude that being physically active compensates for some vascular consequences, but not all cognitive consequences associated with the menopausal transition.

A hipertensão arterial (HA) é uma doença multifatorial na qual há a interação de vários mecanismos, e está relacionada com alterações funcionais e/ou estruturais dos órgãos-alvo. Alterações funcionais dos mecanismos regulatórios da pressão arterial (PA) a curto prazo, como os barorreceptores e os quimiorreceptores, vem sendo bastante exploradas com o objetivo de entender os possíveis mecanismos que podem estar relacionadas à gênese da HA. Diante disso, utilizamos o modelo experimental de desnervação sinoaórtica (DSA) e desnervação seletiva desses aferentes (aórtica DA) e/ou carotídea (DC) e a ligadura da artéria do corpúsculo carotídeo (LA) para avaliarmos a importância relativa dos barorreceptores e quimioreceptores no controle neurogênico da circulação mediando respostas cardíacas e músculo-esqueléticas na HA. Para tanto, utilizamos ratos Wistar (CTR) e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) submetidos às diferentes desnervações (SHRDSA/ SHRDA / SHRDC), bem como, a ligadura da artéria do corpúsculo carotídeo (SHRLA). Os animais foram acompanhados durante 10 semanas após as desnervações seletivas, e em seguida foram realizadas as avaliações ecocardiográficas, gasometria arterial, hemodinâmicas, autonômicas e de fluxo sanguíneo regional. Posteriormente, os animais foram eutanasiados para a coleta dos tecidos para as avaliações gênicas e histológicas. Resultados: Os animais SHR apresentaram disfunções hemodinâmicas, autonômicas e gasométricas (alcalose respiratória) quando comparado ao grupo CTR, assim como nas análises de hipertrofia, fluxo e histologia do músculo esquelético, como transição no fenótipo para um perfil mais glicolítico no sóleo e aumento da área de secção transversa das fibras do tipo I e redução das fibras do tipo IIB no músculo diafragma. Nos grupos experimentais hipertensos, os animais com prejuízo do quimiorreflexo (SHRDC, SHRLA e SHRDSA), apresentaram valores maiores de pCO2 em relação ao grupo SHR e SHRDA. Todos os grupos com as diferentes desnervações apresentaram alterações autonômicas, de fluxo sanguíneo e de capilarização. Entretanto, nossos maiores achados foram em relação ao grupo SHRDA, que apresentou valores significativamente maiores que o grupo SHR nos parâmetros PAS (212±2 vs 200±3), PAD (156±4 vs 144±3) PAM (185±9 vs 172±3) e FC (377±4 vs 350±7). Além disso, apresentou aumento da variabilidade da PA (VPAS), bem como o simpático periférico (BFPAS), contrariamente ao observado nos grupos SHRDC e SHRLA em relação ao grupo SHR. No controle autonômico da FC, o grupo SHRDA apresentou menor efeito parassimpático e maior efeito simpático em relação ao grupo SHR. Já os grupos SHRDC e SHRLA apresentaram um menor efeito parassimpático, sem alterações no efeito simpático, embora a resistência vascular periférica estivesse aumentada no grupo SHRLA. As adaptações morfofuncionais cardíacas (ecocardiografia e marcadores de hipertrofia cardíaca) foram mais evidentes no grupo que apresentava disfunção total de ambos receptores (SHRDSA). Conclusão: A ausência do controle reflexo exercido predominantemente pelos barorreceptores arteriais demonstrou uma maior influência do componente aórtico do que o carotídeo sobre a PA. Em adição, a função sistólica parece maior nos grupos SHRDA e SHRDSA, sugerindo que a desnervação aórtica esteja associada com ativação simpática. Não se observou alteração cardíaca na desnervação carotídea. Em relação ao músculo esquelético, todas as desnervações mostraram aumento de capilarização, enquanto somente o grupo SHRDSA mostrou redução de fibras intermediárias. O aumento de capilarização pode estar associado com a liberação do simpático periférico nas desnervações que incluem a retirada dos barorreceptores aórticos, levando ao aumento de VPA e à ausência dos quimiorreceptores nos grupos com desaferentação dos receptores carotídeos / Arterial hypertension (AH) is a multifactorial disease on which there is the interaction of several mechanisms , therefore is related to functional and / or structural changes of the target organ . Functional changes of the regulatory mechanisms of blood pressure (BP) in the short term , as pressoreceptor and chemoreceptors, has been extensively explored in order to understand the possible mechanisms that may be related to the genesis of hypertension. Thus, we used the experimental model of sinoaortic denervation (DSA) and selective denervation of those afferent aortic (DA) and / or carotid (DC) and the ligature of the carotid body artery (LA) to evaluate the relative importance of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors on control of neurogenic circulation mediating cardiac and musculoskeletal responses in HA. There by, we used Wistar rats (CTR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) subjected to different denervation (SHRDSA / SHRDA / SHRDC) and the ligature of the carotid body artery (SHRLA). The animals were followed for 10 weeks after the selective denervation it was performed echocardiographic evaluations, blood gas, hemodynamic, autonomic and regional blood flow. Subsequently, the animals were euthanized for tissue collection for genetic and histological evaluations. Results: SHR animals showed hemodynamic, autonomic dysfunction and gas exchange (respiratory alkalosis) compared to CTR group as well as the analysis of hypertrophy, flow and histology of skeletal muscle, such as the transition to a more glycolytic phenotype profile in soleus and increased cross-sectional area of type I fibers and reduction of type IIB fibers in the diaphragm . In hypertensive experimental groups, animals with prejudice chemoreflex (SHRDC, SHRLA and SHRDSA) , showed higher pCO2 compared to SHR and SHRDA group. All groups with different denervation showed autonomic changes in blood flow and capillarization. However, our major findings were compared to SHRDA group, which was significantly higher than the SHR in SBP (212 ± 2 vs 200 ± 3), DBP (156 ± 4 vs 144 ± 3), MAP (185 ± 9 vs 172 ± 3) and HR (377 ± 4 vs 350 ± 7) parameters. Furthermore, we showed an increase in BP variability (BPV) and in the peripheral sympathetic (BFPAS), otherwise showed in the groups SHRDC and SHRLA compared to SHR . Autonomic control of HR, the SHRDA group showed lower sympathetic and higher parasympathetic effect effect in relation to SHR. Already SHRDC and SHRLA groups had a lower parasympathetic effect without changes in sympathetic, although peripheral vascular resistance was increased in SHRLA group. The cardiac morphofunctional adaptations (echocardiography and cardiac hypertrophy markers) were more evident in the group that had total dysfunction of both receptors (SHRDSA). Conclusion: The absence of reflex control exerted by arterial baroreceptors predominantly showed a greater influence of the aortic component of the carotid on BP. In addition, systolic function appears higher in groups SHRDA and SHRDSA, suggesting that aortic denervation is associated with sympathetic activation. No cardiac abnormality was observed in the carotid denervation. Regarding skeletal muscle, all denervations showed an increased of capillarization, while only SHRDSA group showed reduction of intermediate fibers. Increased capillarization may be associated with the release of the peripheral sympathetic denervation, including removal of the aortic baroreceptors, leading to increased VPA and the absence of chemoreceptors in groups with deafferentation of the carotid receptors

This thesis presents three main contributions in the context of modeling and simulation of physiological systems. The first one is a formalization of the methodology involved in multi-formalism and multi-resolution modeling. The second one is the presentation and improvement of a modeling and simulation framework integrating a range of tools that help the definition, analysis, usage and sharing of complex mathematical models. The third contribution is the application of this modeling framework to improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for clinical applications involving the cardiovascular system: hypertension-based heart failure (HF) and coronary artery disease (CAD). A prospective application in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is also presented, which also includes a model of the therapy. Finally, a final application is presented for the study of the baroreflex responses in the newborn lamb. These case studies include the integration of a pulsatile heart into a global cardiovascular model that captures the short and long term regulation of the cardiovascular system with the representation of heart failure, the analysis of coronary hemodynamics and collateral circulation of patients with triple-vessel disease enduring a coronary artery bypass graft surgery, the construction of a coupled electrical and mechanical cardiac model for the optimization of atrio ventricular and intraventricular delays of a biventricular pacemaker, and a model-based estimation of sympathetic and vagal responses of premature newborn lambs.

A hipertensão arterial (HA) é uma doença multifatorial na qual há a interação de vários mecanismos, e está relacionada com alterações funcionais e/ou estruturais dos órgãos-alvo. Alterações funcionais dos mecanismos regulatórios da pressão arterial (PA) a curto prazo, como os barorreceptores e os quimiorreceptores, vem sendo bastante exploradas com o objetivo de entender os possíveis mecanismos que podem estar relacionadas à gênese da HA. Diante disso, utilizamos o modelo experimental de desnervação sinoaórtica (DSA) e desnervação seletiva desses aferentes (aórtica DA) e/ou carotídea (DC) e a ligadura da artéria do corpúsculo carotídeo (LA) para avaliarmos a importância relativa dos barorreceptores e quimioreceptores no controle neurogênico da circulação mediando respostas cardíacas e músculo-esqueléticas na HA. Para tanto, utilizamos ratos Wistar (CTR) e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) submetidos às diferentes desnervações (SHRDSA/ SHRDA / SHRDC), bem como, a ligadura da artéria do corpúsculo carotídeo (SHRLA). Os animais foram acompanhados durante 10 semanas após as desnervações seletivas, e em seguida foram realizadas as avaliações ecocardiográficas, gasometria arterial, hemodinâmicas, autonômicas e de fluxo sanguíneo regional. Posteriormente, os animais foram eutanasiados para a coleta dos tecidos para as avaliações gênicas e histológicas. Resultados: Os animais SHR apresentaram disfunções hemodinâmicas, autonômicas e gasométricas (alcalose respiratória) quando comparado ao grupo CTR, assim como nas análises de hipertrofia, fluxo e histologia do músculo esquelético, como transição no fenótipo para um perfil mais glicolítico no sóleo e aumento da área de secção transversa das fibras do tipo I e redução das fibras do tipo IIB no músculo diafragma. Nos grupos experimentais hipertensos, os animais com prejuízo do quimiorreflexo (SHRDC, SHRLA e SHRDSA), apresentaram valores maiores de pCO2 em relação ao grupo SHR e SHRDA. Todos os grupos com as diferentes desnervações apresentaram alterações autonômicas, de fluxo sanguíneo e de capilarização. Entretanto, nossos maiores achados foram em relação ao grupo SHRDA, que apresentou valores significativamente maiores que o grupo SHR nos parâmetros PAS (212±2 vs 200±3), PAD (156±4 vs 144±3) PAM (185±9 vs 172±3) e FC (377±4 vs 350±7). Além disso, apresentou aumento da variabilidade da PA (VPAS), bem como o simpático periférico (BFPAS), contrariamente ao observado nos grupos SHRDC e SHRLA em relação ao grupo SHR. No controle autonômico da FC, o grupo SHRDA apresentou menor efeito parassimpático e maior efeito simpático em relação ao grupo SHR. Já os grupos SHRDC e SHRLA apresentaram um menor efeito parassimpático, sem alterações no efeito simpático, embora a resistência vascular periférica estivesse aumentada no grupo SHRLA. As adaptações morfofuncionais cardíacas (ecocardiografia e marcadores de hipertrofia cardíaca) foram mais evidentes no grupo que apresentava disfunção total de ambos receptores (SHRDSA). Conclusão: A ausência do controle reflexo exercido predominantemente pelos barorreceptores arteriais demonstrou uma maior influência do componente aórtico do que o carotídeo sobre a PA. Em adição, a função sistólica parece maior nos grupos SHRDA e SHRDSA, sugerindo que a desnervação aórtica esteja associada com ativação simpática. Não se observou alteração cardíaca na desnervação carotídea. Em relação ao músculo esquelético, todas as desnervações mostraram aumento de capilarização, enquanto somente o grupo SHRDSA mostrou redução de fibras intermediárias. O aumento de capilarização pode estar associado com a liberação do simpático periférico nas desnervações que incluem a retirada dos barorreceptores aórticos, levando ao aumento de VPA e à ausência dos quimiorreceptores nos grupos com desaferentação dos receptores carotídeos / Arterial hypertension (AH) is a multifactorial disease on which there is the interaction of several mechanisms , therefore is related to functional and / or structural changes of the target organ . Functional changes of the regulatory mechanisms of blood pressure (BP) in the short term , as pressoreceptor and chemoreceptors, has been extensively explored in order to understand the possible mechanisms that may be related to the genesis of hypertension. Thus, we used the experimental model of sinoaortic denervation (DSA) and selective denervation of those afferent aortic (DA) and / or carotid (DC) and the ligature of the carotid body artery (LA) to evaluate the relative importance of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors on control of neurogenic circulation mediating cardiac and musculoskeletal responses in HA. There by, we used Wistar rats (CTR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) subjected to different denervation (SHRDSA / SHRDA / SHRDC) and the ligature of the carotid body artery (SHRLA). The animals were followed for 10 weeks after the selective denervation it was performed echocardiographic evaluations, blood gas, hemodynamic, autonomic and regional blood flow. Subsequently, the animals were euthanized for tissue collection for genetic and histological evaluations. Results: SHR animals showed hemodynamic, autonomic dysfunction and gas exchange (respiratory alkalosis) compared to CTR group as well as the analysis of hypertrophy, flow and histology of skeletal muscle, such as the transition to a more glycolytic phenotype profile in soleus and increased cross-sectional area of type I fibers and reduction of type IIB fibers in the diaphragm . In hypertensive experimental groups, animals with prejudice chemoreflex (SHRDC, SHRLA and SHRDSA) , showed higher pCO2 compared to SHR and SHRDA group. All groups with different denervation showed autonomic changes in blood flow and capillarization. However, our major findings were compared to SHRDA group, which was significantly higher than the SHR in SBP (212 ± 2 vs 200 ± 3), DBP (156 ± 4 vs 144 ± 3), MAP (185 ± 9 vs 172 ± 3) and HR (377 ± 4 vs 350 ± 7) parameters. Furthermore, we showed an increase in BP variability (BPV) and in the peripheral sympathetic (BFPAS), otherwise showed in the groups SHRDC and SHRLA compared to SHR . Autonomic control of HR, the SHRDA group showed lower sympathetic and higher parasympathetic effect effect in relation to SHR. Already SHRDC and SHRLA groups had a lower parasympathetic effect without changes in sympathetic, although peripheral vascular resistance was increased in SHRLA group. The cardiac morphofunctional adaptations (echocardiography and cardiac hypertrophy markers) were more evident in the group that had total dysfunction of both receptors (SHRDSA). Conclusion: The absence of reflex control exerted by arterial baroreceptors predominantly showed a greater influence of the aortic component of the carotid on BP. In addition, systolic function appears higher in groups SHRDA and SHRDSA, suggesting that aortic denervation is associated with sympathetic activation. No cardiac abnormality was observed in the carotid denervation. Regarding skeletal muscle, all denervations showed an increased of capillarization, while only SHRDSA group showed reduction of intermediate fibers. Increased capillarization may be associated with the release of the peripheral sympathetic denervation, including removal of the aortic baroreceptors, leading to increased VPA and the absence of chemoreceptors in groups with deafferentation of the carotid receptors

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Gender differences in the basal function of autonomic cardiovascular control are well documented. Consistent baroreflex (BRx) studies suggest that women have higher tonic parasympathetic cardiac activation compared to men. Later in life and concomitant with menopause, a significant reduction in the capacity of the BRx in females increases their risk to develop hypertension, even exceeding that of age-matched males. Loss of sex hormones is but one factor. In female rats, we previously identified a distinct myelinated baroreceptor (BR) neuronal phenotype termed Ah-type, which exhibits functional dynamics and ionic currents that are a mix of those observed in barosensory afferents functionally identified as myelinated A-type or unmyelinated C-type. Interestingly, Ah-type afferents constitute nearly 50% of the total population of myelinated aortic BR in female but less than 2% in male rat. We hypothesized that an afferent basis for sexual dimorphism in BRx function exists. Specifically, we investigated the potential functional impact Ah-type afferents have upon the aortic BRx and what changes, if any, loss of sex hormones through ovariectomy brings upon such functions. We assessed electrophysiological and reflexogenic differences associated with the left aortic depressor nerve (ADN) from adult male, female, and ovariectomized female (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results revealed sexually dimorphic conduction velocity (CV) profiles. A distinct, slower myelinated fiber volley was apparent in compound action potential (CAP) recordings from female aortic BR fibers, with an amplitude and CV not observed in males. Subsequent BRx studies demonstrated that females exhibited significantly greater BRx responses compared to males at myelinated-specific intensities. Ovariectomy induced an increased overall temporal dispersion in the CAP of OVX females that may have contributed to their attenuated BRx responses. Interestingly, the most significant changes in depressor dynamics occurred at electrical thresholds and frequencies most closely aligned with Ah-type BR fibers. Collectively, we provide evidence that, in females, two anatomically distinct myelinated afferent pathways contribute to the integrated BRx function, whereas in males only one exists. These functional differences may partly account for the enhanced control of blood pressure in females. Furthermore, Ah-type afferents may provide a neuromodulatory pathway uniquely associated with the hormonal regulation of BRx function.