Aujourd'hui, dans l'Église Catholique Romaine, des nouvelles formes de communautés « associatives » émergent et posent un certain nombre de questions au regard du droit canonique de l’Église. L'une d'entre elles concerne les personnes qui font le choix du célibat pour vivre un état de « vie consacrée » dans ces nouvelles formes de vie associative. Au-delà des structures et des critères organiques de vie consacrée qui asphyxient bien souvent toute réflexion sur la consécration, quels sont les critères qui, in utroque iure, permettraient la reconnaissance d’un tel état de vie ? En droit public français, ces nouvelles formes de vie consacrée au sein de l'Église Catholique interrogent aussi : certaines de ces nouvelles formes acquièrent un statut d’association publique internationale en droit canonique, et demandent, par exemple, leur reconnaissance légale comme « congrégation religieuse » (notamment, quant à la sécurité sociale, au droit du travail, et d’autres encore) avec le statut congréganiste. Ce sont ces critères essentiels pour ces mouvements que notre étude se propose de préciser, comme la profession des conseils évangéliques, les liens sacrés, la stabilité, une vie fraternelle, une soumission à une règle de vie approuvée : afin que l’état de vie consacrée soit plus manifeste dans ces mouvements qui attendent, pour une part, une certaine reconnaissance de la part de l’Église, sans compter les contentieux, relativement nombreux, relatifs notamment aux régimes de sécurité sociale et de retraites, devant les juridictions étatiques. / Today in the Roman Catholic Church new forms of “associative” communities are emerging and posing a certain number of questions in regard to Canon Law. One of the questions concerns those who choose to live a celibate state of "consecrated life" in these new forms of community life within the Church. Beyond the structures and organic criteria of consecrated life, which sometimes in itself can frustrate any serious reflection, what are the criteria in utroque iure, that would allow for the recognition of such a state of life in Canon law? New forms of consecrated life in the Catholic Church can also question French law. Some of these new forms acquire the status of an international public association in Canon law, and ask, for example, for legal recognition as a “religious congregation", in French law. Questions than arise on matters such as social security, labor law, and other issues within this legal congregational status. These are the essential canonical and French legal criteria for these movements that our study is to clarify. How can the profession of the evangelical counsels, the sacred bonds, stability, fraternal life, and submission to an approved rule of life, all canonical requirements be fulfilled, while also satisfying French legal requirements, such as social security, pension schemes and litigation activity, in the new forms of “associative communities?”

Incels designate a group of men who live in a state of involuntary celibacy due to their,according to them, appearance wise disadvantage in comparison to the ideal man. In recentyears a number of deadly violent attacks have been carried out by incels for the incel cause,whereupon the incel phenomenon has received increasing attention. The aim of this study isto analyze the worldview of incels, and how an online-climate that's characterized byglorification of violence and hatred against women in the worst case can motivate individualincels to commit violent attacks. Netnography is the method of choice in this study and hasbeen used to collect material from the biggest incel forum at the moment; incels.is. Aqualitative content analysis was applied on the material to code it. The results identified astrong community that’s been formed around the incels alternative perception of the world,which encourages violence, misogyny and anti-feminist views and opinions. / Incel, en sammanskrivning av engelskans involuntary och celibate, är en benämning på demän som lever i ofrivilligt celibat till följd av vad de anser ett utseendemässigt underlägejämfört med idealmannen. Under de senaste åren har incels begått ett antal dödligavåldsattacker varpå fenomenet blivit allt mer uppmärksammat. Syftet med studien är attundersöka den världsbild incels besitter, samt hur det våldsglorifierande ochkvinnoföraktande klimat på internetforum i värsta fall kan leda till att enskilda incels begårvåldsattentat. Studien har en netnografisk ansats som riktats mot det inhämtade materialet iform av trådstarter och inlägg från forumet incels.is, vilket identifierats som den störstaincelforumet. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys har i sin tur applicerats på materialet för attsortera detta. Resultatet kom att visa att det råder en alternativ uppfattning av omvärldeninom incelkulturen, kring vilken en stark gemenskap bildats, som i sin tur uppmanar tillvåldsdåd, kvinnohat och antifeministiska åsikter.

Cette recherche s’intéresse au vécu des célibataires géographiques dans la marine nationale. Le but de ce travail est, d’une part, de comprendre leur ressenti de l’interface travail-famille et de la satisfaction professionnelle et, d’autre part, d’analyse le lien entre ces deux variables et la relation qu’elles entretiennent avec le turnover volontaire. Nous faisions l’hypothèse que les célibataires géographiques ressentiraient davantage de conflit travail-famille et d’insatisfaction professionnelle que les marins qui n’étaient pas dans cette situation. De plus, la satisfaction professionnelle a été envisagée comme un antécédent du vécu de l’interface travail-famille. Finalement, nous faisions l’hypothèse que le lien entre satisfaction et interface travail-famille aurait une répercussion sur le turnover volontaire. Pour tester ces différentes hypothèses, une étude qualitative et trois études quantitatives ont été réalisées sur 5 787 marins. Il existe bien des différences entre célibataires géographiques et non célibataires géographiques. De plus, la satisfaction professionnelle réduit l’apparition du conflit et augmente l’enrichissement. Indépendamment de la situation maritale, l’insatisfaction professionnelle et le conflit travail-famille augmentent le risque de turnover volontaire chez les marins. Le lien entre insatisfaction et départ volontaire est médié par le conflit travail-famille. / This research studies the experience of geographical celibacy in French Navy. The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to understand their perception of work-family conflict and enrichment and job satisfaction, and, on the other hand, to analyze the link between these two variables and the relationship they have with voluntary turnover. We hypothesized that geographical celibates feel more work-family conflict et job dissatisfaction than sailors that weren’t in that situation. Moreover, job satisfaction was considered as an antecedent of the experience of work-family interface. Finally, we hypothesized that the link between satisfaction and work-family interface would cause voluntary turnover. To test these different hypotheses, one qualitative and three quantitative studies were realized on 5 787 sailors. There are differences between geographical celibates and non-geographical celibates. In addition, job satisfaction reduces the appearance of conflict and increases enrichment. Independently of marital situation, job dissatisfaction and work-family conflict raise the risk of voluntary turnover of the sailor. The link between job dissatisfaction and voluntary turnover is mediated by work-family conflict.

The thesis aims to examine Incels discourses concerning their collective identity on the online forum Incels.is. Further investigation discovered that Incels produce and reproduce their collective identity through discourses. Incels are men in “involuntary celibacy” who gather online to share their frustration and dissatisfaction against society, and especially women. The data was collected through netnography and encompasses fifteen threads from the forum Incels.is. The material was analyzed through critical discourse analysis and the theories of collective identity and connective action. The theories uncover Incels collective identity and discourses created via language. The study shows that Incels create a collective identity through sharing specific characteristics, sharing emotional experiences, positioning themselves against the rest of society, sharing life experiences, sharing ideological perceptions concerning societal constructs, giving and receiving advice, as well as using slang and memes. Discourses were further related to each of these findings. Such discourses include how Incels create a “we” against “them”. This study addresses a research gap concerning Incels and identity and has thus contributed to the research tradition of radical online groups and identity. Many countries have identified Incels as a concern due to their violent tendencies and permeating misogynistic views. Hence, research on Incels is of societal significance.

No description available.

I denna studie ifrågasätter jag tolkningar av Matteus 19:12, som påstår att versen och dess användning av ordet “eunuck” (εὐνοῦχος) förespråkar celibatet - antingen som en ideal eller alternativ till äktenskapet. Detta gör jag genom en studie av både historiska och bibliska bakgrundsfaktorer - främst identiteter, socio-politiska roller och andra aspekter av eunucker i antiken. Jag börjar med grekisk-romerska synsätt, som bevisar att eunucker oftast betraktades som hyper-sexualiserade och fördömdes för sina avvikande sexuella och könsidentiteter åtminstone av den Grekiska och Romerska eliten. Likadana synsätt har jag funnit i skrifter av den judiska filosofen Filon av Alexandria. Rabbinska källor uppvisar däremot radikalt annorlunda synsätt, som betraktar inte eunucker som celibata, men inte eller som köns-överskridande, allmänt eller sexuellt omoraliska. Diskussion om den Syriska kontexten och problematiken med dess källor visar att det kan vara värt att begrunda även postkoloniala perspektiv i frågan om eunuckernas identiteter, hur de avspeglas i olika källor och vilka avsikter skulle man kunna ha haft i användningen av sådanakaraktärer. Efter denna analys drar jag slutsatsen att tolkningen av Matteus 19:12 som förespråkande celibat är svår att försvara utifrån ett historisk-kritiskt perspektiv. Jag argumenterar också att de andra tolkningarna likväl tenderar att missa eller ignorera potentiellt viktiga aspekter i hur eunucker har betraktats, avbildats och behandlats i dom antika samhällena och Bibeln. Jag föreslår därför att söka nya intersektionella tolkningssätt.

The purpose of the study is to investigate discourses on gender and exclusion constructed in texts written on an internet forum by the group incels, and then to see if and if so how these could contribute to exclusion. The study's questions are centered on how constructions of gender are made visible and maintained, and how exclusion is made visible in the text. The empiric consists of collected threads from an incels forum which is then analyzed on the basis of a theoretical framework based on Butler's theory of gender, as well as in Fairclough's critical discourse analysis. The study is thus based on a text-oriented qualitative approach. The result has highlighted the linguistic practice found on the forum and thereby identified which dominant discourses that sets the framework for what may and may not be said. The texts have shown that these discourses are seldom challenged, whereupon the production of text consistently maintains constructions of, for example, gender. An analysis of the empirics has revealed that the texts consistently express patriarchal structures that position men as superior to women. It has also emerged that men and women are constructed on the basis of the heterosexual matrix and the texts have demonstrated a linguistic practice that constructs and demonizes women. The analysis has also shown a paradox in that the texts express an aspiration for a hierarchy based on the heterosexual matrix, while the users on the forum at the same time position themselves as victims of the ideals of masculinity. The result has thus identified a common protest against the ideal of hegemonic masculinity, while discursive practice produces texts that seek to pursue and achieve such an ideal - which thus becomes a paradox in itself. Overall, the results have identified discourses that dominate the forum and found that these are characterized by a linguistic practice based on misogyny, heteronormativity and incels as victims of modern feminism. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka diskurser kring kön och utanförskap i texter skrivna på ett internetforum av gruppen incels för att sedan se om och i så fall hur dessa skulle kunna vara bidragande till ett upplevt utanförskap. Studiens frågeställningar centreras kring hur konstruktioner av kön synliggörs och upprätthålls, samt hur utanförskap synliggörs i texten. Empirin består av insamlade trådar från ett incelsforum som sedan analyseras utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk med utgångspunkt i Butlers teori om kön, samt i Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys. Studien utgår således från en textorienterad kvalitativ ansats. Resultatet har belyst den språkliga praktik som återfinns på forumet och därigenom identifierat vilka dominerande diskurser som sätter ramarna för vad som får sägas och inte. Texterna har påvisat att dessa diskurser sällan utmanas, varpå produktionen av text genomgående upprätthåller och vidmakthåller konstruktioner av exempelvis kön. Vid analys av empirin har det framkommit att texterna genomgående ger uttryck för en patriarkal struktur som positionerar män överordnade kvinnor. Det har även framkommit att män och kvinnor konstrueras utifrån den heterosexuella matrisen och texterna har påvisat en språklig praktik som konstruerar och demoniserar kvinnor. Analysen har även påvisat en paradox i att texterna ger uttryck för en strävan efter en hierarki utifrån den heterosexuella matrisen, samtidigt som användarna på forumet positionerar sig som offer för de maskulinitetsideal som premieras. Empirin har således identifierat en gemensam protest mot idealet kring hegemonisk maskulinitet, samtidigt som den diskursiva praktiken producerar texter som försöker eftersträva och uppnå ett sådant ideal – vilket således blir en paradox i sig. Sammantaget har resultatet identifierat diskurser som dominerar på forumet och konstaterat att dessa präglas av en språklig praktik som bygger på kvinnohat, heteronormativitet och incels som offer för den moderna feminismen.

Consecrated life or religious life as it is sometimes called within the Catholic Church is almost as old as Christianity. All baptised persons are consecrated persons by virtue of their baptism, but the consecrated life to which some people feel called, is a special and fruitful deepening of the consecration received in baptism and confirmation.. This dissertation explores Christian spirituality as it is manifested in consecrated life with relation to inculturation and religious life. The scope has been limited to a study of one congregation, the Companions of St Angela as a case study. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M.Th. (Christian Spirituality)

Thesis (MDiv)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation deals with the concept of celibacy, as interpreted from 1 Corinthians 7: 1-28, the development of the term in the Protestant tradition, and its use in our current context (which includes the Reformed tradition). This dissertation makes a thorough exegetical study and it especially analyses the Protestant tradition (with the development of celibacy within the tradition). Lastly it looks at the way the term celibacy is used today in the Dutch Reformed tradition. The main focus is precisely the relationship and differences that occur between 1 Corinthians 7: 1-28 and the use of the term celibacy in the Protestant tradition, and also the use of celibacy in our understanding today. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie skripsie handel oor die konsep van selibaat, soos geïnterpreteer vanuit 1 Korintiërs 7: 1-28, die ontwikkeling van die term in die Protestantse tradisie en ook die gebruik daarvan in ons huidige konteks (wat die Nederduitse Gereformeerde tradisie insluit). Die skripsie maak ʼn deeglike eksegetiese studie en die skripsie ontleed ook veral die Protestantse tradisie (met die ontwikkeling van selibaat binne die tradisie). Dit kyk ook laastens na die manier hoe die term selibaat vandag gebruik word vanuit die Nederduitse Gereformeerde tradisie. Die hooffokus is juis die verbande en verskille wat daar ontstaan tussen 1 Korintiërs 7:1-28 en die gebruik van die term selibaat in die Protestantse tradisie, en ook die gebruik van selibaat in ons verstaan van die konsep vandag.

L'obligation de célibat imposée aux ecclésiastiques catholiques fait l'objet de discussions depuis le début de l'église chrétienne, mais au cours du XVIIIe siècle, elle est de plus en plus considéré d'un point de vue politique plutôt que théologique. Le but de cette thèse est de reconstruire la naissance, le développement et la diffusion en Europe de la nouvelle perspective - laïque et séculière - d'envisager l'interdiction au clergé de se marier, née de la «crise de la conscience européenne" et sous l'impulsion des Lumières radicales. Grâce à l'analyse et l'étude de la littérature philosophique et politique européenne, cette thèse reconstruit le débat sur le célibat ecclésiastique dès la fin du XVIIe siècle et jusqu'à la Révolution française, lorsque la laïcisation du mariage permit aux ecclésiastiques, hommes et femmes, de se marier. Cette approche a permis de rendre compte de la complexité d'une question qui sous-tend le problème des rapports entre l'état et l'église, et de l'articulation des différentes positions critiques et orientations idéologiques : de la critique des Lumières radicales à la critique modérée, de l'approche d'observateurs ecclésiastiques intérieurs - clercs et experts en droit canon - qui proposent des prudentes réformes du célibat, à la fermeture complète des conservateurs. Les accusations portées par les révolutionnaires à la chasteté et au célibat, la question de «mariage des prêtres» et la plupart des critiques qui recouvrent encore le célibat ecclésiastique ont leurs racines dans le débat du XVIIIe siècle et dans l'émancipation du regard critique avec lequel les Lumières radicales ont prirent à considérer l'église et ses règles. / Mandatory clerical celibacy for all clergy within catholic countries has been discussed since the beginning of the Christian church. During the eighteenth century, it was increasingly taken into consideration from a political rather than strictly theological point of view. The purpose of this thesis is to reconstruct the creation, development and dissemination in Europe of a new way - secular and lay – of considering the obligation of the clergy to be unmarried that arose from the "crisis of the European conscience" and developed thanks to radical Enlightenment.Through the analysis and study of philosophical and political literature, this thesis reconstructs the debate on clerical celibacy which arose within the European Republic of Letters from the late seventeenth century up until the French Revolution, when the secularization of marriage allowed secular and regular clergy, women and men to get married. This approach has made it possible to account for the complexity of a debate that underlies the problem of the relationship between church and state and the articulation of the different ideological positions: from radical to moderate criticism; from the approach of observers inside the church – clerics or experts in canon law - who proposed cautious reforms to the complete refusal of the conservatives.The accusations levelled against chastity and celibacy by revolutionaries, the issue concerning "married priests" and many criticisms that still invest ecclesiastical celibacy have their roots in the eighteenth-century debate and the secular emancipation of the critical perspective from which radical Enlightenment started to consider the church and its rules.