Jordan is among the poorest countries in the world with respect to water resources. Water scarcity in Jordan is an alarming problem that can jeopardize the economy and the stability of the country. It is a multidimensional problem caused by many factors such as the fluctuation of annual precipitation rates, the rapid change in population caused by the refugee influx from neighbouring countries, and the economic situation of the country. The water scarcity problem is aggravated by limitations in water management. This research investigated the shortcomings of water management that contribute to water scarcity. It involves a literature review, a survey questionnaire and interviews. These methods aim to assess the current challenges that prompt water scarcity, understand the water management shortcomings and their causes, identify the existing government solutions for water scarcity, and propose a sustainable solution for this problem. The research finds that water management in Jordan has several shortcomings such as the lack of monitoring and controlling water resources and preventing illegal drilling, the incapability of the government to reduce the non-revenue water as a result of aged water network and water theft, and illegal practices of the agricultural and industrial sectors. This research proposed a solution that aim to mitigate water scarcity in Jordan by enhancing several management practices. Moreover, the proposed solution calls for efficient managerial practices to be adopted by decision makers and the public. I argue that the proposed solutions are sustainable and cheaper than the existing government solutions that rely on searching for new water resources rather than improving water management.

In the western world intensive care is highly specialised with technical and medical resources as well as educated personnel. In many developing countries however there is a lack of these resources in comparison with western standards. The purpose of this qualitative study was to illuminate the nurses and their work in the care of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania. Data was collected during two weeks through participant observations and informal conversations with the nurses employed at three different intensive care units, one medical intensive care unit and two surgical intensive care units. Two main themes and six headlines were identified and are presented in the results, these were: human resources, medical technical resources, material resources, medical resource, possibilities, challenges and obstacles for the nurses working at the ICU. This study showed that there was an obvious lack of the resources mentioned above and that there was a great need of further education for the nurses working in the ICU to strengthen their knowledge, role and profession. / I västvärlden är intensivvården högspecialiserad med tekniska och medicinska resurser så väl som utbildad personal. I många utvecklingsländer råder det dock en brist på resurser i förhållande till den västerländska standarden. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att belysa sjuksköterskorna och deras arbete att ta hand om kritiskt sjuka patienter på intensivvården på Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, i Moshi, Tanzania. Datainsamlingen ägde rum under två veckor genom deltagande observationer samt genom informella konversationer med sjuksköterskorna som var anställda på sjukhusets tre olika intensivvårdsavdelningar. Två huvudteman och sex rubriker kom fram och presenteras i resultatet, dessa var: mänskliga resurser, medicinsk- tekniska resurser, materiella resurser, medicinska resurser, möjligheter, svårigheter och hinder för sjuksköterskorna på intensivvårdsavdelningarna. Denna studie visar på en faktisk brist på ovan nämnda resurser samt att det fanns ett stort behov av vidare utbildning för sjuksköterskorna som arbetade inom intensivvården för att öka deras kunskap och stärka deras roll och profession.

No description available.

The Swedish preschool has formal leaders who are responsible for coordinating, leading and developing the preschool's activities. The formal leaders are principals. The assignment is governed by laws, regulations and varying responsibilities. The purpose of this study is to contribute knowledge about preschool principals' perceptions of their mission as formal leaders. A qualitative interview study has been conducted with five preschool principals.  This have been analyzed based on a lifeworld phenomenological theory. The results show that the leadership task is varied and that pedagogical leadership is one of the overall tasks. It also emerges from the interviews that there is often not enough time for pedagogical leadership. There are several different challenges that principals face in the implementation of the assignment, which are sometimes limiting. The main challenges highlighted are time, finances, conflicts, and well-being. The principals say that they have different methods for their leadership, but that they are also guided by different situations and conditions. Significant factors for feeling safe and being able to carry out their assignment, according to the principals, are surrounding support functions and people such as colleagues, managers, administrators, special educators, etc. The principals also highlight their own visions for how various changes in the activities could have contributed to a positive development of the preschool's activities. The study's conclusion is that preschool principals' tasks as formal leaders are complex and varied. Principals need certain conditions to be able to carry out their task and meet the challenges that exist. This includes greater conditions for pedagogical leadership and related support functions. The study also points to further research on shared leadership as a solution to principals' high workloads.

No description available.

Objetivo Desenvolver um teste psicofísico apoiado em tecnologia móvel em que o desempenho do participante possa revelar à influência da ingestão de álcool pelas alterações cognitivas e motoras produzidas por essa droga. Método Foram 3 protocolos experimentais preliminares. Protocolo experimental 1: Um total de 11 participantes (6 homens e 5 mulheres, de 30 a 53 anos) executaram um teste de tempo de reação go-no-go a três estímulos (semáforo verde:go, semáforo vermelho: no-go, semáforo amarelo: no-go e um estímulo preparatório: semáforo apagado). Protocolo experimental 2: Um total de 13 participantes (mulheres, de 18 a 37 anos) executaram 3 testes: a) Teste de tempo de reação escolha a três estímulos (semáforo verde, semáforo vermelho, semáforo amarelo) e um estímulo preparatório (semáforo apagado). b) Teste de memória em que a tarefa era a de pressionar um botão informando se a imagem que aparecia na tela era nova e outro botão caso a imagem fosse repetida. c) Teste de associação em que a tarefa era a de associar figuras a um número seguindo uma tabela de comparação. Protocolo experimental 3: Um total de 8 participantes (5 homens e 2 mulheres, de 22 a 42 anos) executaram os mesmos testes aplicados no protocolo experimental 2 com apenas uma diferença em uma das tarefas do teste de tempo de reação escolha. A análise de dados privilegiou a análise dos tempos de reação e o índice de acertos. Resultados Protocolo experimental 1 Os testes pareados, tanto para os tempos de reação (t(5)=0,199, p=0,850), quanto para a quantidade de erros (t(5)=0,675, p=0,529), não apontaram nenhuma diferença significativa entre as condições sem e com álcool. Resultados Protocolo experimental 2 As ANOVAs-MR dos tempos de reação e do número de erros do teste de reação escolha não revelaram diferenças significativas para a condição (F(2,36)=1,175, p=0.315, hp 2 =0.32 e F(2,36)=1.944, p=0.165, respectivamente), para cor de semáforo (F(2,36)=0.289, p>0.5, hp 2 =0.16) e tampouco para interação condição x cor de semáforo (F(2,36)=0,355, p=0.840, hp 2 =0.19). No teste de memória, as ANOVAs-MR não revelaram nenhuma 6 diferença significativa para a condição dos tempos de reação (F(2,36)=0,693, p>0,05, n2 =0,05). No teste de associação uma ANOVA-MR revelou uma diferença significativa nos tempos de reação F(2,36)=4,924, p=0,016, n2=0,291), porém nenhuma diferença foi encontrada para erros absolutos (F(2,36)=0,255, p>0,5, n2=0,090) e erros absolutos (F(2,36)=0,255, p>0.5, n=0,02) para a condição sem álcool e com álcool acima de 0.06 %BAC. Resultados Protocolo experimental 3 No teste de tempo de reação escolha não houve indícios de diferenças significantes para as condições com e sem álcool. Os níveis descritivos encontrados no teste Kruskall-Walis foram 0,309, 0,222 e 0,323 para percentual de acerto, tempo médio de reação verde e vermelho, respectivamente. No teste de memória nenhuma das variáveis de tempo de reação (média, maior e menor) apresentou indícios estatisticamente significantes (p-valores 0,633 0,975 e 0,431, respectivamente), tampouco o padrão e indices descritivos (p=0,238) para a média de acertos e o número de acertos. No teste de associação a variável tempo de resposta apresentou evidências estatisticamente significantes de que os grupos não apresentaram valores médios e medianos iguais entre si (p<0,001), houve evidências de que o grupo de 0 a 0,1 %BAC e maior de 0,1 %BAC eram diferentes entre si (p=0,003). Discussão Parece promissor a realização do teste de associação com um aumento da carga cognitiva afim de poder verificar diferenças mesmo quando o indivíduo consumir pequenas doses de álcool. Considerações Finais Os resultados expostos acima dão margem a otimismo e abrem um amplo horizonte de perspectivas em situações ecológicas da vida real, e não mais nas situações tradicionais e artificiais de laboratório, estendendo o ambiente de experimentação e viabilizando a coleta de grandes conjuntos de dados / Objective To Develop a psychophysical test supported by mobile technology in which the performance of the participant could reveal the influence of alcohol intake by cognitive and motor changes produced by this drug. Method There were 3 preliminary experiments. Experiment 1: A total of 11 participants (6 males and 5 females, 30-53 years) performed a go-no-go reaction time test to three stimuli (green traffic light: go, red trafic light: no-go, yellow trafic light: no-go and a preparatory stimulus: black trafic light). Experiment 2: A total of 13 participants (women, 18-37 years) performed three tests: a) A choice reaction time test to three stimuli (green trafic light, red trafic light, yellow trafic light) and a preparatory stimulus (black trafic light). b) A memory test where the task was to press a button stating that the image that was displayed on the screen was new and another button stating that the image was repeated. c) An association test where the task was to associate figures to a number, following a comparison chart. Experiment 3: A total of 8 participants (5 men and 2 women, 22 to 42 years) performed the same tests applied in experiment number 2 with only one difference in a task of the choice reaction time test. Data analysis focused on standart deviations and coefficients of variation. Results Experiment 1 A paired test for both, reaction times (t (5) = 0.199, p = 0.850) and for the number of errors (t (5) = 0.675, p = 0.529) did not show any significant difference between the conditions with and without alcohol. Results Experiment 2 In the choice reaction time test the ANOVAs 2-MR reaction times and the number of reaction errors revealed no significant differences in both conditions (F (2,36) = 1.175, p = 0.315, HP2 and F = 12:32 (2, 36) = 1.944, p = 0.165, respectively) for color signal (F (2,36) = 0.289, p> 0.5, HP2 = 0:16) and also for condition x color signal (F (2,36) = 0.355, p = 0.840, hp2 = 12:19). In the memory test, the ANOVAs-MR showed no significant differences of the reaction time in all conditions (F (2,36) = 0.693, p> 0.05, n2 = 0.05). In the association test ANOVA-MR revealed a significant difference in 8 reaction times F (2,36) = 4.924, p = 0.016, n 2 = 0.291), but no difference was found for absolute errors (F (2,36) = 0.255, p> 0.5, n2 = 0.090) and absolute errors (F (2,36) = 0.255, p> 0.5, n = 0.02) for the alcohol and alcohol above condition 0.06% BAC. Results Experiment 3 In the choice reaction time test there were no significant evidence of a difference between their position values for the condition with and without alcohol. Descriptive levels found in the Kruskal-Wallis test were 0.309, 0.222 and 0.323 for percentage of correct answers, average reaction time of green and red, respectively. In the memory test, none of the reaction time variables (average, highest and lowest) showed statistically significant evidence (p-value 0.633 0.975 and 0.431, respectively), p-value standard (p = 0.238) for the mean score and the number of hits. In the association test the time variable response presented significant statistically evidence that the groups didnt have mean values equal to each other (p <0.001) there were evidence that the group 0 to 0.1% BAC, and the group larger than 0,1% BAC were different from each other (p = 0.003.) Discussion It sounds promising do to more research with the association test with an increase of the cognitive challange in order to verify differences even when the individual takes use of small doses of alcohol. Conlusion The results presented above give rise to optimism and open up a wide horizon of perspectives on ecological situations of real life, and not just in the traditional and artificial situations of the laboratory, extending the experimentation environment and enabling the collection of large data sets

Objetivo Desenvolver um teste psicofísico apoiado em tecnologia móvel em que o desempenho do participante possa revelar à influência da ingestão de álcool pelas alterações cognitivas e motoras produzidas por essa droga. Método Foram 3 protocolos experimentais preliminares. Protocolo experimental 1: Um total de 11 participantes (6 homens e 5 mulheres, de 30 a 53 anos) executaram um teste de tempo de reação go-no-go a três estímulos (semáforo verde:go, semáforo vermelho: no-go, semáforo amarelo: no-go e um estímulo preparatório: semáforo apagado). Protocolo experimental 2: Um total de 13 participantes (mulheres, de 18 a 37 anos) executaram 3 testes: a) Teste de tempo de reação escolha a três estímulos (semáforo verde, semáforo vermelho, semáforo amarelo) e um estímulo preparatório (semáforo apagado). b) Teste de memória em que a tarefa era a de pressionar um botão informando se a imagem que aparecia na tela era nova e outro botão caso a imagem fosse repetida. c) Teste de associação em que a tarefa era a de associar figuras a um número seguindo uma tabela de comparação. Protocolo experimental 3: Um total de 8 participantes (5 homens e 2 mulheres, de 22 a 42 anos) executaram os mesmos testes aplicados no protocolo experimental 2 com apenas uma diferença em uma das tarefas do teste de tempo de reação escolha. A análise de dados privilegiou a análise dos tempos de reação e o índice de acertos. Resultados Protocolo experimental 1 Os testes pareados, tanto para os tempos de reação (t(5)=0,199, p=0,850), quanto para a quantidade de erros (t(5)=0,675, p=0,529), não apontaram nenhuma diferença significativa entre as condições sem e com álcool. Resultados Protocolo experimental 2 As ANOVAs-MR dos tempos de reação e do número de erros do teste de reação escolha não revelaram diferenças significativas para a condição (F(2,36)=1,175, p=0.315, hp 2 =0.32 e F(2,36)=1.944, p=0.165, respectivamente), para cor de semáforo (F(2,36)=0.289, p>0.5, hp 2 =0.16) e tampouco para interação condição x cor de semáforo (F(2,36)=0,355, p=0.840, hp 2 =0.19). No teste de memória, as ANOVAs-MR não revelaram nenhuma 6 diferença significativa para a condição dos tempos de reação (F(2,36)=0,693, p>0,05, n2 =0,05). No teste de associação uma ANOVA-MR revelou uma diferença significativa nos tempos de reação F(2,36)=4,924, p=0,016, n2=0,291), porém nenhuma diferença foi encontrada para erros absolutos (F(2,36)=0,255, p>0,5, n2=0,090) e erros absolutos (F(2,36)=0,255, p>0.5, n=0,02) para a condição sem álcool e com álcool acima de 0.06 %BAC. Resultados Protocolo experimental 3 No teste de tempo de reação escolha não houve indícios de diferenças significantes para as condições com e sem álcool. Os níveis descritivos encontrados no teste Kruskall-Walis foram 0,309, 0,222 e 0,323 para percentual de acerto, tempo médio de reação verde e vermelho, respectivamente. No teste de memória nenhuma das variáveis de tempo de reação (média, maior e menor) apresentou indícios estatisticamente significantes (p-valores 0,633 0,975 e 0,431, respectivamente), tampouco o padrão e indices descritivos (p=0,238) para a média de acertos e o número de acertos. No teste de associação a variável tempo de resposta apresentou evidências estatisticamente significantes de que os grupos não apresentaram valores médios e medianos iguais entre si (p<0,001), houve evidências de que o grupo de 0 a 0,1 %BAC e maior de 0,1 %BAC eram diferentes entre si (p=0,003). Discussão Parece promissor a realização do teste de associação com um aumento da carga cognitiva afim de poder verificar diferenças mesmo quando o indivíduo consumir pequenas doses de álcool. Considerações Finais Os resultados expostos acima dão margem a otimismo e abrem um amplo horizonte de perspectivas em situações ecológicas da vida real, e não mais nas situações tradicionais e artificiais de laboratório, estendendo o ambiente de experimentação e viabilizando a coleta de grandes conjuntos de dados / Objective To Develop a psychophysical test supported by mobile technology in which the performance of the participant could reveal the influence of alcohol intake by cognitive and motor changes produced by this drug. Method There were 3 preliminary experiments. Experiment 1: A total of 11 participants (6 males and 5 females, 30-53 years) performed a go-no-go reaction time test to three stimuli (green traffic light: go, red trafic light: no-go, yellow trafic light: no-go and a preparatory stimulus: black trafic light). Experiment 2: A total of 13 participants (women, 18-37 years) performed three tests: a) A choice reaction time test to three stimuli (green trafic light, red trafic light, yellow trafic light) and a preparatory stimulus (black trafic light). b) A memory test where the task was to press a button stating that the image that was displayed on the screen was new and another button stating that the image was repeated. c) An association test where the task was to associate figures to a number, following a comparison chart. Experiment 3: A total of 8 participants (5 men and 2 women, 22 to 42 years) performed the same tests applied in experiment number 2 with only one difference in a task of the choice reaction time test. Data analysis focused on standart deviations and coefficients of variation. Results Experiment 1 A paired test for both, reaction times (t (5) = 0.199, p = 0.850) and for the number of errors (t (5) = 0.675, p = 0.529) did not show any significant difference between the conditions with and without alcohol. Results Experiment 2 In the choice reaction time test the ANOVAs 2-MR reaction times and the number of reaction errors revealed no significant differences in both conditions (F (2,36) = 1.175, p = 0.315, HP2 and F = 12:32 (2, 36) = 1.944, p = 0.165, respectively) for color signal (F (2,36) = 0.289, p> 0.5, HP2 = 0:16) and also for condition x color signal (F (2,36) = 0.355, p = 0.840, hp2 = 12:19). In the memory test, the ANOVAs-MR showed no significant differences of the reaction time in all conditions (F (2,36) = 0.693, p> 0.05, n2 = 0.05). In the association test ANOVA-MR revealed a significant difference in 8 reaction times F (2,36) = 4.924, p = 0.016, n 2 = 0.291), but no difference was found for absolute errors (F (2,36) = 0.255, p> 0.5, n2 = 0.090) and absolute errors (F (2,36) = 0.255, p> 0.5, n = 0.02) for the alcohol and alcohol above condition 0.06% BAC. Results Experiment 3 In the choice reaction time test there were no significant evidence of a difference between their position values for the condition with and without alcohol. Descriptive levels found in the Kruskal-Wallis test were 0.309, 0.222 and 0.323 for percentage of correct answers, average reaction time of green and red, respectively. In the memory test, none of the reaction time variables (average, highest and lowest) showed statistically significant evidence (p-value 0.633 0.975 and 0.431, respectively), p-value standard (p = 0.238) for the mean score and the number of hits. In the association test the time variable response presented significant statistically evidence that the groups didnt have mean values equal to each other (p <0.001) there were evidence that the group 0 to 0.1% BAC, and the group larger than 0,1% BAC were different from each other (p = 0.003.) Discussion It sounds promising do to more research with the association test with an increase of the cognitive challange in order to verify differences even when the individual takes use of small doses of alcohol. Conlusion The results presented above give rise to optimism and open up a wide horizon of perspectives on ecological situations of real life, and not just in the traditional and artificial situations of the laboratory, extending the experimentation environment and enabling the collection of large data sets

Syftet med denna empiriska studie är att med hjälp av intervjuer undersöka verksamma mellanstadielärares uppfattningar om vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som finns med utomhuspedagogik, med fokus på undervisning i matematikämnet. Syftet är även att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar lärarna att implementera denna pedagogik eller inte. Studien strävar efter att bidra till utvecklingen av matematikundervisningen genom att utforska olika möjligheter och hinder med utomhuspedagogik som pedagogisk metod. Denna studie analyserar lärares olika uppfattningar om utomhuspedagogikens möjligheter, utmaningar och påverkansfaktorer. Resultatet från denna empiriska studie visar att utomhuspedagogik erbjuder flera möjligheter såsom praktisk tillämpning, social interaktion och variation. Utmaningar inkluderar planering, hantering av elevgrupper samt lärarkompetens. Tidsbegränsningar och elevgruppens behov är faktorerna till att pedagogiken inte alltid används, medan dess förmåga till verklighetsförankring är en faktor till dess val. Studien belyser lärares olika uppfattningar om utomhuspedagogikens möjligheter, utmaningar och påverkansfaktorer. / The purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the perceptions of activeelementary school teachers regarding the possibilities and challenges of outdooreducation, with a focus on teaching mathematics. The aim is also to explore the factorsthat influence teachers´ implementation or non-implementation of this pedagogy. Thestudy aims to contribute to the development of mathematics education by exploring thepossibilities and obstacles of outdoor education as a pedagogical method. The analysisin this study comprises teachers’ various perceptions of the opportunities, challenges,and influencing factors of outdoor education. The results of this empirical study indicatethat outdoor education offers several possibilities such as practical application, socialinteraction and variety. Challenges include planning, managing student groups, andteacher competence. Time constraints and student group needs are factors influencingthe use of this pedagogy, while its ability to connect to real-life contexts is a factor in itsselection. The study highlights teachers’ different perceptions of the possibilities andthe opportunities, challenges and influencing factors of outdoor education

The purpose of this thesis is to describe the harvesting and dietary practices of two rural and remote Indigenous communities. The ethnographic methods of participant observations and semi-structured interviews availed an abundance of rich and detailed data that allowed for a clear understanding of the barriers these two communities face when accessing food. This is an articled-based thesis containing three parts. Part one is composed of a literature review that describes the barriers that have contributed to food insecurity problems in Indigenous communities. It finishes with a chapter dedicated to defining the postcolonial theoretical perspective and describing how and why it was employed during this research process. The postcolonial perspective was chosen to best understand the historical forces that caused food insecurity in Indigenous communities and justify my position as a non-indigenous researcher in the field of Indigenous health. The second part of the thesis is made up of two articles. Article one will describe the current situation of food access challenges and responses in Canada, more specifically in two rural and remote First Nations communities. The article illustrates how both First Nations are experiencing challenges obtaining healthy food from the market and from the land. The article describes what is involved in acquiring food in both communities, and the responses each community is taking to increase food access. The article concludes by pointing out how these initiatives are building more than just food capacity and why they deserve greater external support. The second article is focused solely in the community of Wapekeka, and is entitled The Cost of Local Food Procurement in One Northern Rural and Remote Indigenous Community. The purpose of the article is to provide a specific example of building local food capacity as strategy to address food insecurity. It documents the costs associated with traditional food procurement and compares these costs against the price of food available in the store. The final component of the thesis is the overall conclusion, highlighting the belief that the findings presented in this thesis will promote and emphasize the importance of land-based food initiatives as a way to foster positive health outcomes for all Indigenous peoples.

Architectural documentation is crucial in the development process, as it helps developers understand the system’s architecture and make informed decisions. However, conventional documentation methods are often timeconsuming and error-prone since most of the work is done manually. This becomes even more ambiguous whendealing with complex systems and when requirements are prone to changing during the development process. This thesis addresses these challenges by exploring the potential benefits of utilizing object-oriented documentation tools and plugins to improve the efficiency of writing and maintaining architectural documentationwhile also making sure that the conveyed information is sufficient and understandable for junior developers. Moreover, it investigates the possibility of generating an easy-to-maintain context view with the use of metadatato display architectural information. The thesis employs both a qualitative case study as well as a rapid application development (RAD) approach.The case study involves interviewing junior developers to find patterns in what junior developers look for inregards to understanding a system’s architecture. Using the RAD approach, a prototype system is developedthat utilizes DollarDoc to treat documentation components as objects by being able to refer to these objectsfrom one file to another. The result shows how architectural documentation can be designed to effectively communicate critical aspects of the system’s architecture to junior developers by providing a clear overview of its components. Thiscontributes to a better understanding of the system’s functionality and purpose, leading to increased productivity and engagement. By using object-oriented documentation tools, the documentation structure becomesmore maintainable, allowing for automatic updates and reliable information.