Esta tesis explora memorias de violencia en Colombia ligadas a la ubicuidad de la guerra y sus agentes, que han producido el desarraigo de colectivos sociales o individuos en momentos históricos concretos. Los ejercicios de memoria emprendidos con una comunidad rural del occidente del Departamento de Antioquia, con habitantes urbanos del Barrio Popular en el sector nororiental de Medellín y con migrantes colombianos en Barcelona; muestran los profundos efectos que han tenido en sus vidas el terror y la movilidad forzada, pero también permiten reconocer las estrategias creativas que han desplegado para afrontar los desgarramientos y las pérdidas. Los relatos abordados diacrónicamente resaltan la importancia de las memorias y las trayectorias individuales o de pequeños grupos para comprender un fenómeno tan relevante y complejo para la sociedad contemporánea como es el de la movilidad humana. La relación entre los saberes locales y las memorias en fuga suscitan una reflexión en torno a la geopolítica de la memoria, derivada de una metodología de exploración etnográfica que busca aportar instrumentos novedosos al campo de estudio de la antropología de la memoria. / This thesis explores memories of violence in Colombia linked to the ubiquity of war and their agents, which have been uprooted social groups or individuals in specific historical moments. Memory exercises were done with a rural community in western Antioquia, with urban dwellers in the neighborhood El Popular in the north-eastern sector of Medellin and with Colombian immigrant in Barcelona. All of these memory exercises show the profound effects in the individual lives of the mobility terror forced, but they are also useful for recognizing the creative strategies that have been deployed to deal with tears and losses. The stories discussed diachronically highlight the importance of the individual or the small group memories to understand a phenomenon as complex and relevant to contemporary society such as human mobility. The relationship between local knowledge and the escaping memories raises a reflection on the geopolitics of memory, derived from an ethnographic exploration methodology that seeks to provide innovative tools to the field of study of the anthropology of memory.

This thesis examines the politics of history education, collective memory and identity in contemporary Taiwan through a qualitative case study of the high-school history curriculum reform and controversy from 2002 to 2012. Through eight elite interviews, the evaluation of an extensive amount of primary sources, and the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the relevant history curricula and other official documents, I find that the most visible part of the controversy is a conflict between advocates of a “China-centered historical perspective” and the representatives of a “Taiwan-centered historical perspective”, who both try to reclaim the territory of national history to have their collective memory represented in it. Furthermore, my analysis of the relevant history curricula indicates that all of them are representative of the collective memory of more than one group. This demonstrates that the influence political parties can exert on history education is constrained by competing versions of collective memory. The thesis also shows how the strong tendency towards Taiwan-centered view on history within society has been translated into the history curriculum after the DPP created conducive conditions for meaningful change. Subsequently, the KMT tried to exert influence on the revision process, but continuous attention from the public prevented major changes. In the final analysis, it is very difficult for any political party or powerful group within contemporary Taiwan to impose one exclusive version of the past as national master narrative on the whole society. Competing collective memories of sub-national groups continue to co-exist within civil society, which demands for a more pluralist history curriculum that incorporates smaller “memory communities” in the national narrative to forestall social disunity and further controversy.

I began this project with the question of how today's social justice activists might find a useable history in a massively influential text like Eyes on the Prize. Thus, the broad question that motivated this rhetorical inquiry was: what means are available to people interested in social change, but whose access to the resources to influence society is limited? One important resource that oppressed peoples can lay claim to is a shared sense of the past. Through a critical analysis of Eyes on the Prize, this dissertation examines shared memory as a resource for rhetorical production. I am interested not only in how the past is re-presented in the documentary, but also what resources the documentary provides its audience to consider and take action for social change. The films present memories that complicate or run counter to the dominant narrative of the black freedom struggle and thereby make available a reservoir of rhetoric power for a political present. My analysis suggests that Eyes on the Prize does not contradict public memory's dominant values of the black freedom struggle, but it does resist their blind adherence. The documentary does not force viewers to take sides on divisive issues like separation/integration or violence/nonviolence. Instead it allows them to realize that these concepts are dialectical. These are, in my estimation, productive tensions. Eyes on the Prize is an excellent pedagogical tool for producing citizen activists. Although activism gives way to electoralism by the end of the documentary, activism is portrayed positively in the documentary. There are certainly costs to activism, as some activists experienced in the most extreme way. However, the heroes of Eyes on the Prize are certainly the activists. In an analysis of a text's rhetorical potential, it is also necessary to acknowledge how the text limits rhetorical possibility. Significantly, Eyes on the Prize inadequately addresses the importance of class in the black freedom struggle. The lacuna of class in the documentary neglects fundamental changes in the goals and tactics of the black freedom struggle and limits the material and psychological structures that maintain racism. / text

Ce mémoire veut démontrer que le film de famille ainsi que ses conditions de réception empruntent, et ce de façon instinctive, au fonctionnement communicatif et rassembleur de la tradition orale. La parole, l’oralité, devrait être considérée comme le catalyseur de la mise en commun du souvenir que le film de famille suscite. Elle est le véhicule de l’interprétation du message du film de famille en tant que discours familial. D’ailleurs, si l’on compare l’influence des deux registres sensoriels présents dans le médium cinématographique (le visuel et l’oralité), le film de famille reprend davantage les modalités de l’oralité. Conséquemment, son contenu, sa forme et sa finalité correspondent à la définition d’un cinéma de l’oralité, un cinéma de la parole défini par Germain Lacasse. En raison d’une absence de travaux portant spécifiquement sur le sujet, l’objectif de cette recherche est de rapprocher et de définir davantage ces liens qui se sont tissés entre la tradition orale et le film de famille. Dans ce dessein, l’approche théorique développée est basée sur les théories de la tradition orale, sur la théorie de la mémoire collective de Maurice Halbwach et sur les rapports entre le cinéma et l’oralité. Ainsi, les aspects suivants sont abordés : Le rôle de l’oralité dans la constitution de la mémoire familiale, l’apport de l’oralité dans les médias stimulateurs de mémoire familiale et finalement, la forme et le contenu du film de famille en tant qu’aspects distinctifs du cinéma oral. Quatre extraits de films de famille québécois des années 20 à aujourd’hui y sont également analysés. / This research wants to demonstrate that the home movie and his reception context seem to be deeply marked by oral tradition and it’s communicative and social system. Orality should be considered as the family remembrance catalyst in home movies. This spoken word is the main transporter of the interpretation of home movie message as the family discourse. In fact, if we try to evaluate which one of the sensory mediums is more important for family communication (visual or oral medium), we would find out that orality plays a bigger part. Consequently, its form, content and finality correspond to the “oral cinema” definition of Germain Lacasse. Because of an actual lack of literature on this specific subject, the purpose of this study is to connect and define theories of oral tradition and home movie. The theoretical approach developed is based on oral tradition theory, Halbwach’s collective memory theory and on the relations between cinema and orality. Therefore, several aspects will be discussed : the contribution of orality in domestic memory constitution, the orality involvement in family memory stimulators or medias, and finally, the analysis of home movie’s form and content as an oral cinema. In addition, four sequences of Quebec made home movies since the twenties until our days are studied.

This thesis examines gender violence in Argentina in the context of the historic continuum of gender inequality, with a more in-depth analysis of gender violence during the 1976-1983 dictatorship. I argue that gender violence is perpetuated and normalized by its lack of recognition as a political issue with ramifications extending to daily life. I use the construction of a collective memory of the Dictatorship as a framework for making the intricacies of gender violence more visible and provide a detailed analysis of two laws against gender violence to demonstrate its systematic nature. Ultimately, laws are not sufficient to address such a widespread issue, and society is responsible for creating a dialogue that presents gender violence in a context that adequately addresses its complexities. Esta tesis examina la violencia de género en Argentina en el contexto del continuo histórico de la desigualdad entre los géneros, y en particular analiza la violencia de género de la Dictadura de 1976-1983 y de la actualidad. Propongo que la carencia de reconocer la violencia de género en un contexto político la perpetúa y la normaliza. Utilizo la construcción de la memoria colectiva de la Dictadura como un ejemplo de estrategias para visibilizar las complejidades de la violencia de género y analizo dos leyes contra tal violencia para demonstrar cuán sistemática es. Al fin, las leyes no son suficientes para abordar un problema tan generalizado y normalizado y la sociedad es responsable de desarrollar un diálogo sobre la violencia de género y sus complejidades.

For almost 200 years the University College of Physical Education and Sports in Stockholm (former Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics; GCI later GIH; Stockholm College of Physical Education and Sports) has been educating PE teachers - and still does. In the very beginning and throughout the first 100 years, gymnastics was a major part of the studies at the institute, and also in ordinary schools. Early gymnastics were invented by Per Henrik Ling, the father of the Swedish Ling gymnastics, and later developed by his son, Hjalmar Ling. The part of the Ling system called pedagogical gymnastics, consisted of “daily gymnastic training exercises”, which showed how gymnastics should be taught and performed. The aim of this thesis is to follow and describe gymnastics as a subject and its development at the PE teacher-training programme at GCI/GIH. Special attention is placed on the movement part without apparatus (the floor exercise) for male and female students. The time period studied is 1944 to 1992. The thesis consists of two separate empirical studies, with a shared interview study of 12 former teacher educators participating in both studies. Besides the above-mentioned interviews, the methods used are document analyses and visual analyses. Triangulation is used in order to follow the changes of the subject’s content, figuration and representation. The first empirical study investigates the institution of gymnastics’- collective memory, its content and legitimacy. This is done by looking at what time was allotted to the subject in relation to other subjects, and also which concepts were used in relation to floor exercise. The interviews deal with the objectives of the subject and what kind of influences the former teacher educators came in contact with. From a semiotic approach, the second study deals with visual analyses of film sequences, with floor exercises performed by male and female students. (See enclosed CD). The film material comes from the Institute’s events. The content and composition of the film sequences are analysed, and the representation of the movements is interpreted by semiotic discourse analyses. The interview study deals with the former teacher educators’ pedagogical view of the formation of the gymnastics. The results show that in 1944 the subject gymnastics took approximately 40% of the total study time. In 1992 the time allocated for gymnastics has been reduced to approximately 9%. From the 1940s to the 1970s, two separate gymnastics discourses existed, one male and one female, expressed in the movement content and in the figuration of movements. The male discourse was maintained almost intact, without any changes. The female discourse, on the other hand, was continually changed and developed over the actual period of time, strongly influenced by rhythmic and dance. When coeducation was implemented in the late 1970s, a new culture of body movements was developed – which was unisex. Between 1949 and1970 in the film material, the masculine discourse was represented by the body image of a systematically trained and disciplined body, executing corrective gymnastics exercises, according to an instrumental way of looking at physical training. The smooth, healthy looking young body image of a woman, executing rhythmical aesthetical gymnastics, according to existing values, characterised the feminine discourse. There seems to have been aesthetics fostering rationality that ruled the female gymnastics. In 1985 the representation of the body image changed, and focus on the performance of the movements disappeared. The objectives of the subject have changed from the collective, corrective and/or aesthetical form of gymnastics to a gymnastic discourse where the attention of simplifying the movements, the individual and the social climate in the group are central. Finally, the findings show that four factors have influenced the changes and development of the subject and the teacher-training programme. Firstly, changes in society in terms of equality, gender roles and a changed role of the PE teacher. Secondly, the impact of the sport discourse outweighed the status of the gymnastics discourse and its legitimacy. The cultivating values, in terms of the aesthetical schooling for the female students, disappeared. Thirdly, the striving for research-related instructions in the teachertraining programme, (urged by the state from 1977) affected both time allotments for gymnastics and sports and the relation between theoretical and practical courses. Finally, over the years, the subject gymnastics has been strongly influenced by different scientific discourses: first the medical discourse, followed by the physiological discourse and from the1980s and on, by the social scientific (pedagogical) discourse.

Cette thèse repose sur une analyse empirique du processus de patrimonialisation de l'ancienne dynamiterie Nobel située dans le département des Pyrénées orientales, en France, devenue site classé ouvert au public depuis le 28 juin 2008. La fermeture de l'unité de production de dynamite, en 1984, a laissé le site à l'abandon et ses ouvriers sans emploi. De plus, cette situation a provoqué de nombreuses convoitises de promotion immobilière et engendré de nombreuses controverses. La recherche effectuée explore les différentes étapes ayant mené à l'acte public de classement au titre de la loi française du 2 mai 1930, elle analyse les jeux d'acteurs divers (associations, ouvriers, médias, collectivités territoriales, agents publics, etc.) et met en évidence les différents vecteurs du processus de patrimonialisation résultant. / This thesis proposes an empirical study of the patrimonialization of the Nobel dynamite factory in southern France. This factory is now a public-open site since June 28th 2008. When it stopped its production in 1984, the company abandoned the factory and left its employees jobless. This situation had many consequences and created numerous controversies, partly because of the real estate interest that was shown for the territory on which the old factory was built. This thesis explores the different steps that led the authorities to declare the Nobel factory a public territory, according to a 1930 French law. This study also analyses the role played and the positions taken by different actors (associations, workers, medias, public agents, territorial communities, etc.) form 1984 to 2008, when the factory was made a public site. By doing so, the author wishes to trace the different processes that led to the patrimonialization of the Nobel dynamite factory. / Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), France.

In the course of its history, Prague has been the site of many significant cultural confrontations and conversations. From the medieval chronicle of Cosmas to the work of contemporary writers, the city has taken shape in literature as a multivalent space where identities are constructed and questioned. The evolution of Prague's literary significance has taken place in an intercultural context: both Czech-speaking and German-speaking writers have engaged with the city and its past, and their texts have interacted with each other. The city has played a central part in many collective narratives in which myth, history and literature intertwine. Looking at contemporary prose fiction written in both Czech and German, this thesis explores continuities and contrasts in the literary roles played by Prague. It analyses two German-speaking emigrant authors, Libuše Moníková (1945-1998) and Jan Faktor (1951- ), viewing them alongside three Czech writers, Jáchym Topol (1962- ), Daniela Hodrová (1946- ), and Michal Ajvaz (1949- ). Through close readings of eight texts, the thesis approaches the imagined city from four angles. It discusses how contemporary authors portray the search for meaning in the city by imagining Prague as two contrasting realms (the 'real' city and the 'other' city), how the discontinuities of the city are reflected by the fragmentation of the authorial stance, how these authors assemble new Prague myths from the vestiges of older topoi, and how they confront the contradictory urges to uphold the boundaries of the city and to transgress them. In post-1989 Prague, authors explore the unstable spaces between continuity and discontinuity, constructing an authorial ethos in these areas of tension.

Readings of contemporary accounts of the Japanese invasion of Choson Korea and Ming China's intervention, by Japanese, Korean, and Chinese writers; analysis of the writers' disparate world-views and how they each envision their country and its neighbours. This thesis uses contemporary writings from across the region to study the significance of the East Asian War of 1592-1598 for Chinese, Korean, and Japanese senses of identity, and argues that the war was a crucial moment in the development of those identities. Despite the 1592-1598 conflict affecting millions of people, and resulting in almost unprecedented cross-border flows of people and information, most previous considerations of its effect on identity have focused on court documents. In the first dedicated study of identities in the East Asian War, this thesis shifts from the hitherto emphasis on politicians and commanders to prioritize individuals at the frontiers of cross-border contact. This shift of focus from centre to periphery contributes to our understanding of two areas of history. In terms of the East Asian War as a historical event, it provides a far more nuanced picture of what this momentous conflict signified for people at the time. In terms of the history of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese identities, it demonstrates persuasively that the sense of belonging to a country held real meaning for people across society, influencing the actions even of those totally removed from the state. Tracing the legacy of frontier writings again contributes to both the history of the war and of identity, by revealing how peripheral insights and central biases combined to give birth to the orthodox narratives of the war, some of which remain influential to this day. Personal writings show how first-hand encounters in the war modified but also re-inforced already well-established identities, making national identities of immediate significance for an immeasurably wider group than in peace time. The late sixteenth-century growth in printing and literacy subsequently greatly amplified the impact of the East Asian War by allowing real-life interaction to be endlessly re-told as a dramatic clash between China, Korea, and Japan. This study restores the war to its proper place as a key moment in the longer development of national identities in East Asia. It also calls for a primary-source based, East-Asia centred reconsideration of theories on the historical development of collective identity, which remain overly influenced by later European experience.

Este trabalho discorre sobre a memória coletiva Mbyá-Guarani acerca do Sítio Arqueológico de São Miguel Arcanjo, Patrimônio da Humanidade reconhecido pela UNESCO, e situado na região das Missões, noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os Mbyá-Guarani habitam uma aldeia no município de São Miguel das Missões (reserva do Inhacapetum) e circulam pela região, a qual reconhecem como um território ancestral. Os membros do grupo comercializam seu artesanato no alpendre do Museu da Missões, localizado no perímetro do Parque Arqueológico, mantendo uma relação cotidiana com os remanescentes da antiga igreja de São Miguel a qual denominam pela categoria Tava Miri. A historiografia oficial, entretanto, nega a ligação dos atuais Mbyá-Guarani com os Guarani missioneiros, alegando que a presença da atual população data do início do século XX. As narrativas dos Mbyá-Guarani conformam uma ligação cosmológica com a Tava Miri, o que pude apreender no contexto da aplicação do Inventário Nacional de Referências Culturais em que participei da equipe executora. Assim, busco neste estudo, fazer ecoar a voz dos Mbyá e sua versão da história. Entendendo a memória enquanto “inteligência narrativa” (Eckert e Rocha, 1998), baseado em relatos dos Mbyá, exploro o circular dos sentidos atribuídos pelos narradores ao lugar de importância cultural, Tava Miri, na conformação de uma memória coletiva. A proposta interpretativa de Paul Ricoeur (1994) é dimensionada na tentativa de apreender o modo pelos quais os narradores Mbyá, ao falarem da Tava Miri, tecem sentidos sobre o mundo, o tempo, a vida e a ação enquanto parte de uma coletividade. Nesse processo, competem fragmentos míticos, experiências pessoais e elementos da história, que servem de orientação para viverem o teko miri (verdadeiro modo de estar no mundo). / This paper refers to Mbyá-Guarani collective memory about São Miguel Arcanjo archaelogical site, which is a Humanity Heritage recognized by UNESCO. This site is located at Mission region, northwestern Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Mbyá-Guarani live in a village at São Miguel das Missões municipality (Inhacapetum reserve), and they walk through this region recognized by them as an ancestral territory. The members of this group sell their handicrafts on the porch of Missões museum, near the limits of the Archealogical park. Like this, they are daily in contact with what remains of the former São Miguel church, designating it by the category Tava Miri. However, the oficial historiography deny that there is a relationship between Mbyá-Guarani and Guarani from Missions times, claiming that they only occupated this area since the 20th century. During the execution of Inventário Nacional de Referências Culturais (National Inventory of Cultural References), from which I participated, a cosmological connection with Tava Miri was designed through Mbyá-Guarani people narratives. In this way, I intend, on this paper, to show Mbyá version of this history through their own voice. The memory has here the meaning of “narrative intelligence” (Eckert e Rocha, 1998). Based on that and on Mbyá reports, I investigate the diverse meanings these narrators attribut to the Tava Miri, a place with cultural importance, constituted by their collective memory. The interpretative proposal of Paul Ricoeur (1994) is brought on this paper as an attempt to understand how Mbyá narrators in their reportings about Tava Miri produce meanings about the world, time, life, and action as part of a collectivity. In this process, they make use of mythic fragments, personal elements, and elements of history, which serve to guide them to teko miri way of life (the true way of being in the world).