Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo o estudo das relações espaciais potencializadas por uma rede de transporte ferroviário que extrapolasse os limites da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, mostrando-se como possibilidade para a transformação qualitativa do espaço em direção à sua homogeneização. Para isso, buscou-se construir um conjunto de referências de infraestrutura e serviços ferroviários para o transporte de passageiros a partir dos sistemas europeus, sobretudo o sistema francês. Simultaneamente, foram levantadas e analisadas criticamente as políticas recentes voltadas para implementação desse tipo de infraestrutura no estado de São Paulo, visando estabelecer um panorama sobre os preceitos envolvidos na sua elaboração. Por f im, a p artir d a a valiação e i nterpretação de t odos e sses a spectos, o trabalho propõe dois ensaios: um primeiro de caráter conceitual, buscando estruturar a prática de planejamento para os novos sistemas; e um segundo de caráter propositivo, para a conformação de uma rede ferroviária integrada entre as diferentes escalas hierárquicas traçadas. / This research aims to study the spatial relations as result of a railway transportation network, which extrapolates the limits of the Metropolitan Region o f S ão P aulo, and xplores t he p ossibilities o f a qualitative transformation of the space towards its homogenization. Firstly, the work assemble references concerning infrastructure and railway services in the Western-European context, notably the French railway system. Secondly, the various recent policies of railway system\'s implementation in the state of São Paulo were gathered and analyzed, setting up an overview of their elaborations\' directives. Finally, the work proposes two essays: a) a conceptional one, which set bases for planning practices for new railway transportation systems; and b) a propositional one, which defines an integrated railway network between the different hierarchic scales.

Pendling in till stadens centrum orsakar trafikköer och dålig luft samtidigt som fordonstrafik står för en av de största utsläppskällorna av växthusgaser i Sverige. Pendelparkeringar representerar ett mer miljövänligt alternativ men det utnyttjas inte till fullo. Detta examensarbete har som syfte att undersöka hur användandet av pendlarparkeringar kan främjas, som ett led i ett mer hållbart resande inom Gävle kommun. Studiens mål är att skapa ett kunskapsunderlag som kan guida kommunen att främja utvecklingen i praktiken. Examensarbetet utgick från aspekter kopplat till pendlarparkeringar, framtagna i förstudien till detta arbete. Studien syftar till att svara på forskningsfrågorna Hur har de sex slumpmässigt utvalda svenska kommunerna arbetat med (de sedan tidigare utpekade) aspekterna kostnad, beteende, tid och tillgänglighet för att främja användandet av pendlarparkeringar? och Hur ser potentiella användare av pendlarparkeringar i Gävle kommun på vikten av kostnad, beteende, tid och tillgänglighet för att motivera deras användande? Examensarbetet består av två olika metoder, en enkätundersökning för potentiella användare och en intervjustudie med de sex slumpmässigt utvalda svenska kommunerna. Två kommuner deltog via videosamtal och resterande fyra deltog via mail. Både kommunerna och respondenterna av enkäten ansåg att billig parkeringsavgift och bra biljettsystem var viktigt för att bilburna skall välja att använda pendlarparkeringar. Samtliga kommuner tryckte även på vikten av god tillgänglighet till kollektivtrafik samtidigt som respondenterna i enkätundersökningen tyckte att turtätheten i kollektivtrafiken var viktig. Aspekter som kostnad, tid och bekvämlighet är val som prioriteras högt medan miljö inte får lika stort fokus. Studien visar på att individer gör val efter det som gynnar dem själv. / Commuting into the city center causes traffic jams and bad air at the same time as vehicle traffic accounts for one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Sweden. Shuttle parking represents a more environmentally friendly alternative but it is not fully utilized. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the use of commuter parking can be promoted, as part of a more sustainable travel within Gävle municipality. The aim of the study is to create a knowledge base that can guide the municipality to promote development in practice. The degree project was based on aspects linked to commuter parking, developed in the feasibility study for this project. The study aims to answer the research questions How have the six randomly selected Swedish municipalities worked with (the previously designated) aspects cost, behavior, time and accessibility to promote the use of commuter parking? and How do potential users of commuter car parks in Gävle municipality view the importance of cost, behavior, time and accessibility to justify their use? The degree project consists of two different methods, a survey for potential users and an interview study with the six randomly selected Swedish municipalities. Two municipalities participated via video calls and the remaining four participated via email. Both the municipalities and the respondents of the survey considered that cheap parking fees and a good ticket system were important for car users to choose to use commuter parking. All municipalities also emphasized the importance of good accessibility to public transport, while the respondents in the survey thought that the frequency of public transport was important. Aspects such as cost, time and convenience are choices that are given high priority, while the environment does not receive as much focus. The study shows that individuals make choices based on what benefits them.

An important aspect during the planning of commuter trains is how long they will be waiting at the platform. All travelers must be able to board and get off the train in time while the process cannot take too long. The train’s waiting time is called its dwell time, and this is a study of how the dwell time of the commuter trains in Stockholm behaves with a focus on the larger station Stockholm Odenplan and the smaller station Årstaberg. The duration of the dwell time compared to the stations planned dwell time was analyzed with manual measurements on the stations. The dwell time was analyzed both during and after rush hours. Possible reasons for the dwell time’s length were also analyzed and a potential factor that was in focus was the impact of the removal of train conductors. Train conductors in Stockholm’s rail system are responsible for monitoring the boarding and closing the train’s doors after it is finished. They began to dismantle from the trains Mars 2023 due to efficiency reasons. Half of the trains will run with a train conductor until autumn 2023, where they will disappear entirely. The train drivers will afterwards monitor the travelers with cameras instead. The commuter trains in Stockholm have three routes between Bålsta and Nynäshamn, Uppsala/Märsta and Södertälje and Södertälje and Gnesta. Factors considered when planning their timetables are the system’s capacity, how long the train should wait at a station and how long it takes to drive between stations. 94 % of the trains run on time in the system according to the operator MTR. The analyzed stations Stockholm Odenplan and Årstaberg are in Stockholm and have their separate conditions. Stockholm Odenplan is the second to largest station in the system and is in a central part of the city. The station is underground, and the rails are separated from the platform with platform doors. The doors are shown to cause delays for the dwell time as they are slow. Årstaberg has considerably fewer travelers than Stockholm Odenplan and is in the south parts of the city. The station is over the ground and has no platform doors. There are many theories about the causes behind a train’s dwell time based on the behavior of the passengers. They vary from where they are waiting on the platform, how they are queueing during boarding and the behavior during the boarding. The study shows that the dwell time in Årstaberg stays under its planned 42 seconds, but it is six seconds too long from its planned 60 seconds in Stockholm Odenplan. The dwell time increases during rush hour in Årstaberg and decreases outside of it, while Stockholm Odenplan seems to be largely unaffected by rush hours. Trains with train conductors seem to have a lower dwell time than those without them. The boarding has a shorter duration with train conductors, which shows that they are more efficient than the train drivers using cameras to monitor the boarding. However, it does take a little longer for the train to depart after the boarding is finished when they have a train conductor. Factors causing the dwell time are believed to be related to the flow of passengers and the design of the stations. The platform doors are believed to increase the dwell time in Stockholm Odenplan. Meanwhile, the protection from the weather and the location of the entrance in Årstaberg might impact its dwell time. When the number of passengers increases will the boarding take longer. The boarding will also be concentrated on a few doors in Årstaberg depending on the weather or if the trains are short. The dwell time should be analyzed further for a longer period and during more hours of the day. More stations in Stockholm’s rail system should be analyzed too.

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Text in Afrikaans / Pendelhuwelike is aan die toeneem en het verskeie invloede op die jong kind in die gesin. Die primêre doel van die studie was om emosionele en sosiale intelligensie as basis te gebruik om die invloed van ʼn pendelhuwelik op ʼn jong kind tussen 7 en 11 jaar te bepaal. ʼn Gemengde navorsingsontwerp is as empiriese ondersoek gedoen. Vyf deelnemers het deelgeneem in drie sessies elk. Die data-insamelingsinstrumente was: waarneming en veldnotas; projeksiemedia; ʼn vraelys, en ʼn semi-gestruktureerde onderhoud met elk van die betrokke moeders. Die meting van emosionele en sosiale ontwikkeling met behulp van die vraelys toon dat, ongeag van die afwesigheid van die deelnemers se vaders, en die konflikte, vrese en behoeftes wat hulle ervaar volgens die projeksiemedia, die deelnemers se emosionele en sosiale ontwikkeling oorwegend gemiddeld tot hoog is. Die uitkomste bied hopelik ʼn insiggewende bydrae hoe pendelhuwelike vyf jong kinders se emosionele en sosiale ontwikkeling beïnvloed het. / Commuter marriages are increasing and have various influences on the young child in the family. The primary aim of this study was to determine the influences of a commuter marriage on a young child between 7 and 11 years, using emotional and social intelligence as a basis. A mixed method empirical research design was used. Three sessions were conducted with five participants individually to obtain data through: observations and field notes, projection media, a questionnaire, and a semi-structured interview with each mother. The measurement of emotional and social development through the use of the questionnaire shows that, despite the absence of the participants’ fathers, and the conflicts, fears and needs they experienced according to the projection media, the participants’ emotional and social development are predominantly average to high. The study hopefully provides a significant contribution to the understanding of how commuter marriages influenced five young children’s emotional and social development. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

Text in Afrikaans / Pendelhuwelike is aan die toeneem en het verskeie invloede op die jong kind in die gesin. Die primêre doel van die studie was om emosionele en sosiale intelligensie as basis te gebruik om die invloed van ʼn pendelhuwelik op ʼn jong kind tussen 7 en 11 jaar te bepaal. ʼn Gemengde navorsingsontwerp is as empiriese ondersoek gedoen. Vyf deelnemers het deelgeneem in drie sessies elk. Die data-insamelingsinstrumente was: waarneming en veldnotas; projeksiemedia; ʼn vraelys, en ʼn semi-gestruktureerde onderhoud met elk van die betrokke moeders. Die meting van emosionele en sosiale ontwikkeling met behulp van die vraelys toon dat, ongeag van die afwesigheid van die deelnemers se vaders, en die konflikte, vrese en behoeftes wat hulle ervaar volgens die projeksiemedia, die deelnemers se emosionele en sosiale ontwikkeling oorwegend gemiddeld tot hoog is. Die uitkomste bied hopelik ʼn insiggewende bydrae hoe pendelhuwelike vyf jong kinders se emosionele en sosiale ontwikkeling beïnvloed het. / Commuter marriages are increasing and have various influences on the young child in the family. The primary aim of this study was to determine the influences of a commuter marriage on a young child between 7 and 11 years, using emotional and social intelligence as a basis. A mixed method empirical research design was used. Three sessions were conducted with five participants individually to obtain data through: observations and field notes, projection media, a questionnaire, and a semi-structured interview with each mother. The measurement of emotional and social development through the use of the questionnaire shows that, despite the absence of the participants’ fathers, and the conflicts, fears and needs they experienced according to the projection media, the participants’ emotional and social development are predominantly average to high. The study hopefully provides a significant contribution to the understanding of how commuter marriages influenced five young children’s emotional and social development. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

Within the past few decades, commuter rail routes in several major metropolitan areas have been implemented to provide an alternative to automobile transportation. Urban planners in these cities are looking to commuter rail to mitigate congestion and pollution. However, research on the impacts of commuter rail development on the surrounding retail landscape is still needed. In metropolitan Dallas-Fort Worth, the Denton County Transportation Authority recently opened its new A-Train light rail service linking suburban Denton and downtown Dallas. This thesis examines urban changes that occurred in the years before and after the A-Train line's 2011 opening, with a focus on restaurant and retail development in the vicinity of the A-Train stations in Denton County. This analysis evaluates changes in retail density and type, the population surrounding stations, and municipal initiatives that shape the retail landscape of station vicinities. This was done by gathering field data, retailer listings, population data, and conducting interviews with local businesses and city planners. The findings suggest that A-train stations have had a differential impact on the surrounding landscape, depending on the existing retail landscape, the types of retailers present, and the current state of municipal infrastructure that promotes accessibility. Overall, results suggest that urban planners play a vital role in harnessing the potential of commuter rail to promote nearby retail growth.

Examensarbetet är bland annat ett förslag med hållbara riktlinjer för hur planering av en pendlarnod kan gå till samt identifikation av generella servicefunktioner som bör finnas hos en pendlarnod. Arbetet grundas i den ökande användningen av bilen gentemot val av hållbara färdmedel i form av gång-, cykel- och kollektivtrafik. En viktig aspekt i planeringen av pendlarnoder är stadskärnornas attraktivitet samt sammankopplingen mellan landsbygd och tätort. Om bilens framkomlighet begränsas kan hållbart resande gynnas och på så sätt sammankoppla Sveriges vägnät med bättre förbindelser. Förslaget är till för att underlätta för framtida stads- och trafikplanering i Sveriges tätorter. Studien grundas på vad andra städer har gjort för att öka det hållbara resandet. Resultaten visar att genom att placera pendlarnoder i utkanten av Växjö minskas bilanvändningen i centrum och främjar istället människans hälsa och välbefinnande. Pendlarnoderna är även en förutsättning för att alla människor ska ha möjlighet att kunna ta sig till fritidsaktiviteter, arbete och studier oavsett vart de bor. Samtidigt frigörs stora ytor i centrum som kan utformas till gröna områden som uppmuntrar till en mer levande stad och fysisk aktivitet för människorna som bor i den. En pendlarnods attraktion ökar i takt med vad den kan erbjuda. Genom att erbjuda ett utbud av funktioner, tjänster och upplevelser under samma tak kan attraktionen av det hållbara resandet öka i Sveriges tätorter. / This work including a proposal with sustainable guidelines on how to plan a commuter node, as well as identification of general service functions that should be available. The work is based on the increasing use of cars against choice of sustainable transport in the form of pedestrian, bicycle and public transport. An important part of the planning of the commuter hubs is the attractiveness of the city center as well as the interconnection between countryside and urban areas. If the cars accessibility is limited, sustainable travel can benefit and thus better link Sweden’s road network with better connections. This proposal will make urban and traffic planning easier. The study is based on what other cities have done in the past to encourage sustainable travel, use of proven analytical methods and interviews with expert and potential users. The result shows that by placing commuter nodes on the edge of Växjö, car use is reduced in the center and instead promotes human health and well-being. The commuter nodes are also a prerequisite for all people to have the opportunity to access leisure activities, work and studies wherever they live. At the same time, large areas in the center are released, which can be designed into green areas that encourage a more vibrant city and physical activity for people living in it. A commuter node's attraction increases as it can offer. Being able to offer a range of functions, services and experiences is a connection between public transport and land value.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor in Technology: Civil Engineering at Technikon Natal, 1998. / The Government of South Africa has recognised transport as one of its five main priority areas for socia-economic development. One of the Governments strategic objectives, as reflected in the white paper on National Transport Policy, is to promote the use of public transport with the goal of achieving a ratio of 80:20 between public transport and private car usage, as a long term vision. This is no easy task and in order to achieve this goal, an in depth analysis of the current transport situation is required. The structure and land-use patterns of most of the South African cities have forced the residents to be predominantly dependent on private transport, resulting in high car ownerships. Over the years, this has caused the traffic on the major links connecting the suburban areas leading to the city centres to be very high and some of them have already approached forced flow conditions during morning and evening peak periods / D

The purpose of this study was to explore what institutional factors affect retention and student success at a Florida public, 4-year university for commuter students. This study included institutional factors controlled by the university that affect retention with students who commute to the institution. Commuter students compose over 80% of enrollment at the nation’s college and university campuses. This mixed-method study included both a survey and focus groups. In the first part of the study, quantitative data were collected, using the Noel-Levitz Student Satisfaction Inventory (SSI). The survey analysis of the data collected using the SSI indicated that the scores for the scales were not statistically significant in determining whether or not a student would choose the university again. In the second part, focus groups were conducted to better understand student satisfaction with the institutional factors. Four main themes emerged from data analysis: (a) location and other reasons to attend the institution, (b) connectedness to the institution, (c) institutional factors that assist with progression toward degree, and (d) obstacles to graduation. Four major conclusions were addressed: students who participated in this study had higher levels of satisfaction with library services and academic advising services than with other institutional factors, commuter students were not participating in student organizations or social activities on campus because they needed to balance external obligations with their academic careers, that students in the focus groups appeared to have an instrumental view of their college experiences and are focused on what they needed to do to complete course and degree requirements, and commuter student desired to have increased regular interactions with faculty teaching courses in their major fields. In conclusion, because commuter student are the majority population on many campuses, college administrators and faculty will need to continue providing opportunities for commuter student engagement and academic success.