С развитием технологий и увеличением объема глобальной информации машинный перевод (МП) становится все более востребованным инструментом для межъязыковой коммуникации. Современные системы машинного перевода, такие как PROMT, Yandex, Google и DeepL, генерируют значительные объемы данных, что требует надежных методов оценки их качества для повышения точности и надежности перевода. Существующие метрики, такие как BLEU, ROUGE и METEOR, имеют свои преимущества, но также обладают ограничениями, которые могут влиять на объективность оценки. В данной работе проведен всесторонний анализ существующих метрик оценки качества перевода и предложены новые метрики, адаптированные к различным жанрам текстов: художественным, техническим и документационным. Эти метрики учитывают лексические, семантические и стилистические особенности каждого жанра, что позволяет более точно и объективно оценивать качество перевода. Были разработаны алгоритмы и программное обеспечение для автоматизации процесса оценки перевода. В ходе исследования проведен сравнительный анализ эффективности работы популярных онлайн-переводчиков на основе новых метрик. Результаты исследования показали, что предложенные метрики демонстрируют высокую точность и надежность в оценке качества перевода, превосходя традиционные методы. Внедрение этих метрик в системы машинного перевода способствует повышению объективности оценки переводов, улучшению качества перевода и развитию новых методов обработки естественного языка. / With the development of technology and the increasing amount of global information, machine translation (MT) is becoming an increasingly sought-after tool for cross-lingual communication. Modern machine translation systems such as PROMT, Yandex, Google and DeepL generate significant amounts of data, which requires reliable methods to assess their quality to improve the accuracy and reliability of translation. Existing metrics such as BLEU, ROUGE and METEOR have their advantages but also have limitations that may affect the objectivity of the evaluation. This paper comprehensively analyzes existing metrics for evaluating translation quality and proposes new metrics adapted to different genres of texts: fiction, technical and documentary. These metrics take into account the lexical, semantic and stylistic features of each genre, which allows for a more accurate and objective evaluation of translation quality. Algorithms and software were developed to automate the translation evaluation process. The study conducted a comparative analysis of the performance of popular online translators based on the new metrics. The results of the study showed that the proposed metrics demonstrate high accuracy and reliability in evaluating translation quality, outperforming traditional methods. The introduction of these metrics into machine translation systems contributes to improving the objectivity of translation evaluation, enhancing translation quality and developing new methods of natural language processing.

III Title: Determinants of Residential Development Prices in Prague Author: David Mazáček Department: Institute of economic studies Diploma Theises Supervisor: PhDr. Pavel Streblov, MSc. Supervisor's e-mail address: streblov@pentainvestmens.cz Abstract: This thesis analyzes the progression and current situation on the Prague new residential development market. The beggining of the thesis is focused on performance of new residential development market in Prague and its comparison with other cities in European union including different housing standards and its economical severity. Performance analysis and current situation on the market indicate the presence of real estate bubble in past years on Prague market. This bubble has even deepened the problems on the market caused by the European economic crisis, however currently there is slow upsarge on the residential real estate market in Prague. Remaining two chapters are focused on relations between performance of residential development price per sqm in Prague and the performance of macroeconomic determinants in the range of income, financing or subsitutionary housing solution. This relation is explored through the econometric model, that explains the average aggregate price per sqm of new residential development in Prague through its macroeconomic...

[ES] El objetivo principal de la tesis doctoral es identificar los factores y condiciones que influyen en las mujeres emprendedoras, profundizando en los vínculos establecidos con su iniciativa empresarial sostenible. De esta forma se busca mejorar el entendimiento de las implicaciones de gestión dirigidas a ellas. Dada la fragmentación actual de la literatura en este campo, combinamos diferentes técnicas de análisis que nos permiten enriquecer el estudio y visibilizar las tendencias existentes. En la primera fase, nos centramos en el emprendimiento femenino. Desarrollamos una revisión sistemática de la literatura seguida de un análisis bibliométrico que nos posibilita detectar las principales lagunas de conocimiento y delimitar conceptos emergentes como el crowdfunding. Nuestros resultados señalan el rol de las instituciones y la familia, entre otros factores, y sus conexiones establecidas en la literatura. En la segunda fase de la presente investigación, analizamos la intersección entre emprendimiento femenino y sostenible. Se realiza una combinación de análisis descriptivo y de contenido. Por un lado, los indicadores descriptivos proporcionan una comprensión multidisciplinar actualizada. Por ejemplo, la India se perfila como el país con más publicaciones en la intersección del empresariado femenino-sostenible. Por otra parte, el análisis de contenido mapea clústeres que esbozan las temáticas existentes más relevantes. Pretendemos mostrar cómo la sostenibilidad se entrelaza con la iniciativa empresarial femenina y qué factores la potencian. Dentro de los términos identificados por los clústeres, la innovación, la educación y la multiplicidad del contexto aparecen como elementos cruciales. En la tercera fase, desde una perspectiva empírica, analizamos bajo qué configuraciones causales se promueve la intención emprendedora femenina. Para ello, aplicamos el Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo o Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), utilizando una muestra de 203 profesionales. Los datos obtenidos presentan la actitud hacia la iniciativa empresarial y el compromiso sostenible como variables significativas dado su nivel de consistencia. A partir de los resultados alcanzados, desarrollamos la cuarta fase para dar respuesta al objetivo principal de la tesis doctoral. Nuestro estudio destaca las aportaciones más relevantes, centrándose en los factores clave que infieren el desarrollo de las emprendedoras y sus vínculos sostenibles. Además, proponemos implicaciones específicas de gestión en este campo dirigidas a responsables políticos, futuros investigadores y responsables de la toma de decisiones. En este sentido, reflexionamos sobre el concepto de Educación para el Emprendimiento Sostenible o Education for Sustainable Entrepreneurship (ESE) y la necesidad de adoptar esta perspectiva educativa en escuelas, universidades y centros de formación profesional. En particular, sería interesante introducirla en los programas de formación para emprendedores. Este enfoque puede tener un impacto social positivo y contribuir a mitigar las desigualdades, mejorando así la consecución de las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). En esta línea, en torno al concepto holístico de familia, destacamos la utilidad de los programas educativos orientados a la familia de las mujeres emprendedoras, el papel de la innovación inclusiva y el poder de la digitalización. Estos factores pueden promover y facilitar el acceso a los recursos y el mantenimiento de los proyectos empresariales femeninos. Aunque nuestro estudio aporta valiosas orientaciones, es necesario que futuras investigaciones profundicen en el fomento de la innovación y la mejora de la cultura financiera en el marco de la educación de las mujeres emprendedoras. Además, establecemos una agenda de investigación específica para ser más concretos con las vías deseadas. / [CA] L'objectiu principal de la tesi doctoral és identificar els factors i condicions que influeixen en les dones emprenedores, aprofundint en els vincles establerts amb la seua iniciativa empresarial sostenible. D'esta manera es busca millorar l'enteniment de les implicacions de gestió dirigides a elles. Donada la fragmentació actual de la literatura en este camp, combinem diferents tècniques d'anàlisis que ens permeten enriquir l'estudi i visibilitzar les tendències existents. En la primera fase, ens centrem en l'emprenedoria femenina. Desenvolupem una revisió sistemàtica de la literatura seguida d'una anàlisi bibliomètrica que ens permet detectar les principals llacunes de coneixement i delimitar conceptes emergents en este camp com el micromecenatge. Els nostres resultats assenyalen el rol de les institucions i la família, entre altres factors, i les seues connexions establides en la literatura. En la segona fase de la present investigació, analitzem la intersecció entre emprenedoria femenina i sostenible. Es realitza una combinació d'anàlisi descriptiva i de contingut. D'una banda, els indicadors descriptius proporcionen una comprensió multidisciplinària actualitzada. Per exemple, l'Índia es perfila com el país amb més publicacions en la intersecció de l'empresariat femení-sostenible. D'altra banda, l'anàlisi de contingut mapea clústers que esbossen els principals temes existents. Pretenem mostrar com la sostenibilitat s'entrellaça amb la iniciativa empresarial femenina i quins factors la potencien. Dins dels termes identificats pels clústers, la innovació, l'educació i la multiplicitat del context apareixen com a elements crucials. En la tercera fase, des d'una perspectiva empírica, analitzem sota quines configuracions causals es promou la intenció emprenedora femenina. Per a això, apliquem l'Anàlisi Qualitativa Comparativa o Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), utilitzant una mostra de 203 professionals. Les dades obtingudes presenten l' actitud envers la iniciativa empresarial i el compromís sostenible com a variables significatives donat el seu nivell de consistència. A partir dels resultats aconseguits, desenvolupem la quarta fase per a donar resposta a l'objectiu principal de la tesi doctoral. El nostre estudi destaca les aportacions més rellevants, centrant-se en els factors clau que infereixen el desenvolupament de les emprenedores i els seus vincles sostenibles. A més, proposem implicacions específiques de gestió en aquest camp dirigides a responsables polítics, futurs investigadors i responsables de la presa de decisions. En este sentit, reflexionem sobre el concepte d'Educació per a l'Emprenedoria Sostenible o Education for Sustainable Entrepreneurship (ESE) i la necessitat d'adoptar aquesta perspectiva educativa en escoles, universitats i centres de formació professional. En particular, seria interessant introduir-la en els programes de formació per a emprenedors. Este enfocament pot tindre un impacte social positiu i contribuir a mitigar les desigualtats, millorant així la consecució de les metes dels Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible (ODS). En esta línia, entorn del concepte holístic de família, destaquem la utilitat dels programes educatius orientats a la família, el paper de la innovació inclusiva i el poder de la digitalització. Estos factors poden promoure i facilitar l'accés als recursos i el manteniment dels projectes empresarials femenins. Malgrat que el nostre estudi aporta valuoses orientacions, és necessari que futures recerques aprofundeixin en el foment de la innovació i la millora de la cultura financera en el marc de l'educació de les dones emprenedores. A més, establim una agenda de recerca específica per a ser més concrets amb les vies desitjades. / [EN] The main objective of the doctoral thesis is to identify the factors and conditions that influence female entrepreneurs, deepening the ties to their sustainable entrepreneurial spirit. In this way, we aim to improve the understanding of the managerial implications addressed to them. Given the current fragmentation of the literature in this field, we combine different techniques of analysis that allow us to enrich the study and shed light on existing trends. In the first phase, the focus is set on female entrepreneurship. We developed a systematic literature review followed by a bibliometric analysis that allows us to detect main knowledge gaps and delimit emerging concepts such as crowdfunding. Our results uncover the role of institutions and family, among other factors, and their connections in women entrepreneurs' literature. In the second phase of this research, we analyze the intersection between female and sustainable entrepreneurship. A combination of descriptive and content analysis is conducted. On the one hand, descriptive indicators provide an up-to-date multidisciplinary understanding. For instance, India is outlined as the country with the most publications at the intersection of female-sustainable entrepreneurship. On the other hand, the content analysis maps clusters outlining the main existing topics. We seek to show how sustainability is intertwined with female entrepreneurship and which factors enhance it. Within the terms identified by the clusters, innovation, education, and the multiplicity of the context appear as crucial elements. In the third phase, from an empirical angle, we analyze under which causal configurations female entrepreneurial intention is promoted. Therefore, we applied Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) using a sample of 203 professionals. In this vein, perceived attitude towards entrepreneurship and sustainable commitment are presented as significant variables, given their level of consistency. Based on the results obtained, we develop the fourth phase to provide an answer to the main objective of the doctoral thesis. Our study highlights the most relevant contributions, focusing on the key factors inferring female entrepreneurs' development and their sustainable ties. Then, we propose specific managerial implications in this field addressed to policymakers, future researchers, and decision-makers. We reflect on the Education for Sustainable Entrepreneurship (ESE) concept and the need to adopt this educational perspective in schools, universities and professional training centres. In particular, it would be interesting to introduce it in entrepreneurship training programmes. This approach may have a positive social impact and help mitigate inequalities, thus improving the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets. In this vein, around the holistic concept of family, we outline the usefulness of family-oriented educational initiatives, the role of inclusive innovation and the power of digitalization. These factors can promote and facilitate access to resources and the maintenance of women's entrepreneurial projects. Although our study provides valuable guidance, there is a need for future research to delve deeper into fostering innovation and improving financial literacy in the framework of education for female entrepreneurs. Furthermore, we set out a specific research agenda to be more specific with the desired pathways. / Enri Peiró, S. (2024). Female and Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Practical Implications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/208437

Ausgehend von der Feststellung, dass einerseits Innovationsprozesse in ländlichen Räumen wenig erforscht sind und andererseits das Wissen um die Innovationsfähigkeit ländlicher Akteure dringend erforderlich ist, um eine nachhaltige Transformation zu erreichen, beschäftigt sich diese Dissertation mit der Frage, wie soziale Innovationsprozesse in ländlichen Räumen funktionieren und gefördert werden können. Es wurden drei Studien erstellt, die sich der Beantwortung dieser Frage aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven nähern. Beginnend mit dem Thema der nachhaltigen Zertifizierung von Ölpalmen-Kleinbauern in Indonesien, der Frage der Erhaltung und Schaffung ländlicher Infrastruktur in Deutschland und dem Thema der Energiewende und ihrer Förderung. Im Mittelpunkt aller Studien steht die Untersuchung kollektiven Handelns von mitgliederbasierten Organisationen, die als Sozialunternehmen im ländlichen Raum gegründet und betrieben werden. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Rolle von mitgliedschaftsbasierten Organisationen in ländlichen Gebieten die Untersuchung von sozialen Innovationsprozessen ermöglicht. Es konnten wichtige Merkmale und Prozesse sozialer Innovationsprozesse identifiziert werden, die nicht nur für die Förderung von mitgliederbasierten Organisationen, sondern auch für die Untersuchung nachhaltiger Transformationspfade vielversprechend sind. Die Dissertation schließt mit einer kritischen Diskussion über die Grenzen der Doktorarbeit, dem Bezug zu aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Debatten, einigen Governance Empfehlungen und einer Positionierung der Forscherin in ihrem Forschungsfeld. / Based on the observation that, on the one hand, innovation processes in rural areas have been little researched and, on the other hand, knowledge about the capacity for change of rural actors urgently needs to be taken into account to achieve sustainable transformation, this dissertation deals with the question of how social innovation processes in rural areas function and can be promoted. Three studies were conducted that approach the answer to this question from different perspectives. Starting with the issue of sustainable certification of oil palm smallholders in Indonesia, the issue of maintaining and establishing rural infrastructure in Germany, and the topic of the renewable energy transition and its promotion. At the heart of all studies is an examination of collective action by membership-based organizations established and operated as social enterprises in rural areas. In conclusion, the role of membership-based organisations in rural areas enables the study of social innovation processes. Important characteristics and processes of social innovation governance could be identified, which are promising not only for promoting membership-based organisations but also for studying sustainable transformation pathways. The thesis concludes with a critical discussion about the limitations of the doctoral thesis, the reference to current scientific debates, some governance recommendations, and the researcher's positioning in his research field.

<p><p>This thesis describes, analyses and compares changes in the practice of human resource management (HRM), the roles of human resource departments (HRD) and management models in companies in Belgium, France (partially) and Chile by highlighting the similarities and differences. This is therefore an international comparative study.<p><p><p>The study is carried out using a contextualist analytical approach.<p><p><p>It answers the question: <b>what are the changes in HRM practice, the roles of HRD and the management models in social organisations in different contexts?</b><p><p><p>It uses theoretical models (“typical ideals”) to analyse reality, while drawing from writers such as Mintzberg, Pichault and Nizet, Crozier, Crouch, Ulrich, Pettigrew. With regard to management, the study resorts to classical, instrumental and political models. As regards human resource management (HRM), it is based on objective, conventionalist and individualised models. In the human resource department (HRD), the models are those of administrative officer, operational expert and strategic partner.<p><p><p>The changes do not only result from a decision-making process dictated mechanically by contextual factors but more particularly from complex interaction and the balance of power among the actors concerned who use the contextual elements to advance their own interests.<p><p><p>Amongst the most relevant developments which bear <b>similar</b> characteristics, one can cite:<p><p><p>1.- <b>a significant increase in the use of management methods specific to the instrumental or “Californian” model, </b><p><p><p>2.- <b>more extensive use of individual competencies in HRM practices</b>, and<p><p><p>3.- <b>a significant reduction in the size of the HRD and, notably, in the profile of administrative officer of the HRD. </b><p><p><p>As regards the <b>differences</b> found in the various contexts, one can highlight the fact that:<p><p><p>1.- <b>In the Belgian and French models, the dominant managerial model remains political management.</b> On the other hand, <b>in the Chilean model, the Californian management model has become clearly dominant. </b><p><p><p>2.- <b>In Belgium and France, the dominant HRM practices are those of the conventionalist model. On the other hand, in Chile, the dominant HRM practices are those of the individualised model. </b><p><p><p>3.- The evolution of the roles of HRD, <b>in the Belgian model, has been practically non-existent or appeared later since the dominant role has remained that of the administrative officer (AO). On the other hand, in the Chilean model, the dominant role has become that of operational expert (OE). </b> The role of strategic partner (SP) which was so recommended and desired by managers has been long in developing.<p><p><p>The professional relations model and the political system constitute one of the most important factors which explains the differences noted. In Belgium, the neo-corporate and social-democrat model of professional relations at the national level (with a strong trade unionist movement) functions as a socio-economic regulatory mechanism reflecting the forces and the agreements between social partners. In Chile, there exists neither social dialogue nor equivalent institutionalisation at the national level; what prevails here is the confrontational Latin model (with a weak trade unionist movement).<p><p><p>Similarly, in Belgium social legislation is more comprehensive, regulating the market more and protecting people’s interests. Furthermore, it offers greater social security coverage via, in addition, vast public expenditure by the State. In Chile on the other hand, social legislation is more incomplete and more flexible, favouring rather discretionary decisions by managers and allowing the interplay of market forces to regulate the labour market. The right to strike, the allocation of unemployment benefits, the procedures for hiring and firing, etc. testify to these differences.<p><p><p>The characteristics of the “hybrid” Belgo-Latin culture based on the traditional negotiation model increasingly influence, for example, the development of a political management model and conventionalist HRM practices, team work or coaching, etc. On the other hand, the characteristics of Chilean Latin culture, where authoritarianism and paternalism are still very present, stimulate a more classical management model and objective HRM practices.<p><p><p>The differences between the developments are evident. The social aspects (social security, education, workers’ rights, etc.) are better guaranteed in the Belgian model and the productivist logic stronger and damaging in the Chilean model. As long as the actors involved remain as they are, with their ideological, political and cultural particularities and their specific strengths, these models will remain different.<p><p><p><p><p>Cette thèse décrit, analyse et compare les changements des pratiques de la gestion des ressources humaines (GRH), les rôles des directions des ressources humaines (DRH) et les modèles de management, dans des entreprises situées en Belgique, en France (partiellement) et au Chili, en relevant les similitudes et les différences. Il s’agit donc d’une recherche internationale comparative.<p><p><p>La recherche s’inscrit dans une approche d’analyse contextualiste.<p><p><p>Elle répond à la question :<b>quels sont les changements des pratiques de GRH, des rôles des DRH et des modèles de management dans des organisations sociales situées dans des contextes différents ?</b><p>Elle utilise des modèles théoriques (des “ideaux types”) pour analyser la réalité, en s’inspirant des auteurs tels que Mintzberg, Pichault et Nizet, Crozier, Crouch, Ulrich, Pettigrew. Au niveau du management, l’étude a recourt aux modèles: classique, instrumental et politique. Au niveau de la gestion des ressources humaines (GRH), elle se base sur les modèles: objectivant, conventionnaliste et individualisant. Tandis qu’au niveau de la direction des ressources humaines (DRH), les modèles sont ceux d’agent administratif, d’expert opérationnel et de partenaire stratégique.<p><p><p>On constate que les changements ne résultent pas seulement d’un processus décisionnel dicté mécaniquement par les éléments du contexte mais surtout d’un jeu complexe d’interactions, d’un jeu de pouvoir des acteurs concernés, qui mobilisent les éléments du contexte pour faire prévaloir leurs intérêts.<p><p><p>Parmi les évolutions <b>similaires</b> les plus relevantes, on peut citer:<p><p><p>1.- <b>l’accroissement important de l’usage des méthodes de management propres au modèle instrumental ou « californien » ;</b><p><p><p>2.- <b>l’utilisation plus extensive des pratiques de GRH individualisantes</b> et, <p><p><p>3.- <b>la diminution importante de la taille de la DRH et, notamment, du profil d’agent administratif de la DRH. </b><p><p><p>Quant aux <b>différences</b> retrouvées dans ces contextes différents, on peut relever :<p><p><p>1.- <b>Dans les cas belge et français le modèle managérial dominant reste le management politique. </b> Par contre, <b>dans le cas chilien, le modèle de management « californien » est devenu clairement dominant. </b><p><p><p> 2.- <b>Les pratiques dominantes de GRH, en Belgique et en France, restent celles du modèle conventionnaliste. Par contre, au Chili, les pratiques dominantes de GRH sont celles du modèle individualisant. </b><p><p><p>3.- L’évolution des rôles de la DRH, <b>dans le cas belge, a été pratiquement nulle ou plus tardive puisque le rôle dominant est resté d’agent administratif (AA). </b> Par contre, <b>dans le cas chilien, le rôle dominant est devenu celui d’expert opérationnel (EO). </b> Le rôle du partenaire stratégique (PS), tant prôné et souhaité par les managers, tarde lourdement à se développer.<p><p><p>Le modèle de relations professionnelles et le système politique, constituent un des facteurs parmi les plus importants qui expliquent les différences constatées. En Belgique, le modèle de relations professionnelles néo-corporatiste et social-démocrate au niveau national (avec un syndicalisme fort) fonctionne comme un mécanisme de régulation socio-économique reflétant les forces et les accords entre les partenaires sociaux. Tandis qu’au Chili, il n’existe ni de concertation sociale ni d’institutionnalisation équivalente au niveau national ;il prévaut ici le modèle confrontationnel et latin (avec un syndicalisme faible).<p><p><p>De même, tandis qu’en Belgique il existe une législation sociale plus complète régulant davantage le marché et protégeant les intérêts des personnes, en offrant une sécurité sociale plus large avec, en plus, une forte participation de l’Etat dans les dépenses publiques, au Chili la une législation sociale est plus incomplète et plus souple, favorisant davantage les décisions discrétionnaires des managers amenant principalement une régulation par le libre jeu du marché du travail. Le droit de grève, l’assignation de chômage, les procédures de licenciements ou d’embauche, etc. témoignent de ces différences.<p><p><p>Les traits de la culture latine « hybride » belge, traditionnellement négociatrice, influencent davantage, par exemple, le développement d’un modèle de management politique et des pratiques de GRH conventionnalistes, un travail en équipe ou le coaching, etc. Par contre, les traits de la culture latine chilienne, où l’autoritarisme et le paternalisme sont encore forts présents, stimulent un modèle de management plutôt classique et des pratiques de GRH objectivantes.<p><p><p>La différence des évolutions est évidente. Les aspects sociaux (sécurité sociale, éducation, droits des travailleurs, etc.) sont mieux garantis dans le cas belge et la logique productiviste est plus forte et nuisible dans le cas chilien. Tant que les acteurs indiqués demeurent, avec leurs particularités idéologiques, politiques, culturelles et leurs forces spécifiques, ces modèles resteront différents. <p><p> / Doctorat en sciences politiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Introductory part of this thesis concludes the development of air traffic, division of airports in the Czech Republic according to the Ministry of Transport, according to the Law on Civil Aviation and according to the Coding of the airports (Requirement L 14). The aim was to realize theoretical definition and division of output and economic indicators. After that comes choice of appropriate airports from the European Union. The choice has been made on the basis of the number of check-in passengers at the airport in Prague-Ruzyně. Eight most suitable airports have been chosen from all twenty-seven member countries of the EU. The following step is comparative analysis of these chosen airports on the basis of specified output and economic indicators for the years 2005-2009. The year 2010 has not been included, because the chosen airports did not complete their annual reports, balances and statements of profit and loss. From these sources the values for calculation of individual indicators have been chosen. These indicators have been shown in charts, evaluated by means of graphs in Excel Programme and further they have been characterized in words. The aim of the thesis was also the evaluation and comparison of output and economic indicators of effectiveness and after evaluation, proposal of methods of evaluations has followed.

Ethnic contentions would barely arise at the drop of a hat. To understand the roots of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, known as one of the most intractable ethnopolitical conflicts in the South Caucasus region, it is crucial to trace back to the Karabakh movement, a civic uprising that mobilized ethnic Armenians around a struggle for independence. What advantages would self-determination allow, that would not be achievable elsewise? To address this puzzle, I conducted a qualitative single-case study, designed as a deductive process-tracing, aimed at answering the research question why does political mass mobilization emerge (when it can possibly not)? Building upon relevant literature suggesting that horizontal inequalities lead to civil war, this research tests the following hypothesis: Perceived horizontal inequalities between coexisting ethnic groups are what underlie the emergence and evolvement of political mass mobilization. The comparative analysis of 11 in-depth interviews with Karabakh movement participants from Stepanakert and Yerevan, combined with an extensive investigation of over 120 secondary materials, suggests that, as was observed in the case explored, relative deprivation fed by experienced horizontal inequalities is what underlies the emergence of mass political movements, demonstrating strong explanatory potential within the theory on horizontal inequality.

This thesis evaluates and constructs a general, product-neutral legal concept and model of financial instruments, as opposed to the product-dependent definitions currently employed in contemporary capital markets law. Through a combination of law and economics perspectives, legal history, and comparative analysis, the study examines the various types of financial instruments currently and previously in use. The legal characteristics and features of these instruments are evaluated and compared, leading to the identification of commonalities that can be used to define a product-neutral concept. The thesis argues that such a concept is more beneficial to the function of the capital markets by removing obstacles for financial innovation while also providing a consistent way to ensure that new financial products are governed by the same regulatory framework as comparable instruments.The thesis also examines the historical evolution of financial instruments and how it has been driven by the evolution of international trade and the demand and surplus of available capital. The proposed concept is applied to current financial instruments, including equity and debt, as well as pre-modern markets, and evaluated in terms of regulation, practical use, and legal characteristics such as transferability and negotiability.The research of this thesis encountered several challenges and limitations. Firstly, the historical and comparative analysis proved difficult to carry out, due to limitation in available source material and language related restrictions, respectively. These limitations were overcome by limiting the scope and by employing contacts with law firms in the respective jurisdictions. Secondly, several key issues proved to require further research to be able to provide definitive conclusions. Such research would have been out of scope and as such, simplified explanations and models were employed. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the practical implications of the proposed concept, including its application to cryptocurrencies and similar assets, and identifies potential areas for future research.

Cette thèse de doctorat étudie les mouvements LGBT en Belgique, en France et en Espagne à travers une double comparaison (entre les cas et à travers le temps) qui intègre également les échanges et influences transnationaux et internationaux. Elle examine l’émergence et le développement de la revendication d’ouverture du mariage civil aux couples de même sexe dans ces pays, analysant les convergences en termes de contenu des demandes et de timing des mobilisations. Par conséquent, elle porte sur des convergences au niveau des mouvements sociaux, à l’inverse de la majeure partie de la littérature, qui se concentre sur les convergences de politiques publiques. Cette situation impose de construire une grille d’analyse basée sur la littérature sur les mouvements sociaux, les politiques publiques et les relations internationales (influence des normes internationales). Le développement des revendications relatives au droit au mariage a été retracé de manière généalogique depuis la fin des années 1980. La comparaison repose sur la méthode du most different systems design et un travail empirique important combinant analyse documentaire et entretiens a été réalisé. Cette thèse confirme l’importance de l’étude des échanges et des influences internationaux et transnationaux pour comprendre la politique domestique et insiste sur l’influence cruciale du réseautage transnational sur les revendications des mouvements sociaux. Elle révèle aussi quelques cas de diffusion entre mouvements sociaux et montre comment des caractéristiques et des contraintes communes peuvent inciter les mouvements sociaux à formuler des revendications similaires. Par ailleurs, les discours en faveur du droit au mariage ont été analysés avec soin. L’émergence de cette revendication a aussi été mise en perspective sur le plan historique, ce qui implique de réfléchir aux modalités de transformation des mouvements LGBT au cours des trente dernières années. Pour terminer, la notion de citoyenneté sexuelle a été interrogée et la manière dont l’accès à la citoyenneté a été posé a été examinée à partir du concept de resignification proposé par Judith Butler. <p><p><p>This dissertation looks at LGBT movements in Belgium, France and Spain through a double comparison (between cases and through time), which also takes into account transnational and international exchanges and influences. It investigates the simultaneous emergence and development of same-sex marriage claims in these countries, examining convergences in the content of the claims and the timing of protest. Therefore, it looks at convergences at the level of social movements, unlike most of the literature, which focuses on convergences in public policies. This specific research interests implies building an analytical model based on the literature on social movements, public policies and international relations (influence of international norms). It has also required a genealogical account of the development of same-sex marriage claims in each country from the end of the eighties until now. The comparison is based on the most different systems design method, and an extensive field work combining archives analysis and interviews has been carried out. This dissertation confirms the importance of taking into account international and transnational exchanges and influences to understand domestic politics, and insists on the crucial influence of transnational networking on social movements claims. It also discloses some cases of diffusion between social movements and shows how common characteristics and constraints may induce social movements to make similar but independent decisions. Discourses in favour of same-sex marriage have been carefully analysed, and the emergence of this claim has been put into a historical perspective. This implies a reflection on the transformations of the LGBT movement over the last thirty years. Finally, this dissertation interrogates the notion of sexual citizenship and examines the specific mechanisms through which access to citizenship has been proposed, discussing Judith Butler’s concept of resignification. <p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The thesis deals with the School of Zlatá Koruna and its visual didactical application of basic education. First part is orientated on a pedagogical efficiency in the use of instruments and didactical pictures in the structure of teaching. The main part contains the digitizing of pictures from Zlatá Koruna with the encryption of hidden details. The conclusion of the thesis is engaged in the possible utilization of artafacts from Zlatá Koruna in current education.