In the diploma work is described single suit of the AEO certification, benefits of this certification and cliffs, which request harmony with European unionś legislative and with particular member statetes of the European union. Further the AEO certificate of the concrete business subjects is able to bring improvement of the reputation and surely helps to reservation so often allude safeness of the trading. Further to the improvement of the reputation is necessary add adequate presentation this kind of the certificate in the face of the public.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar as características reconhecidas como sendo positivas em professores, de acordo com a visão de alunos e professores. Como instrumento de coleta de dados, foram aplicados questionários com uma pergunta aberta respondido por alunos do 5o ano do Ensino Fundamental, além de uma série de entrevistas com professores selecionados de duas escolas públicas. A pesquisa foi baseada no estudo das diversas facetas da atuação do professor em sala de aula (tanto em aspectos comportamentais quanto de atuação), estabelecendo divergências e similaridades nas opiniões defendidas por educandos e educadores. O intuito é dar insumos para entender melhor aspectos da visão que predomina sobre a figura do professor e suas representações na contemporaneidade. / This research had the objective to study the recognized positive characteristics on teachers, according to the students and teachers view. As a data collection tool, questionnaires with an open question answered by students in the fifth grade of elementary schools were applied, as well as a series of interviews with selected teachers from two public schools. The research was based on the study of the various facets of teacher performance in the classroom, taking consideration themselves in behavioral and performance aspects, establishing differences and similarities in the views expressed by students and educators. The intention is to give inputs to better understand aspects of view that predominates over the figure of the teacher and their representations in contemporary times.

Background: Healthcare professionals meet patients with different cultural backgrounds. The patient’s culture can influence his view on health and disease, which indicates that cultural competence is an important feature of healthcare professionals in order to provide care with respect for the cultural differences that exist. Previous research shows that lack of knowledge for different cultures can lead to arising of poor attitudes at the healthcare professionals, which in turn can lead to discrimination. Healthcare professionals feel that there may be difficulties in caring for patients with different cultures as communication barriers. Aim: The aim of this thesis was to compile current research findings that illustrate how patients with different cultural backgrounds can experience the encounter with the medical care and which factors that can affect the experience. Method: A literature review based on 12 qualitative studies. Result: The way healthcare professionals act influences how people experience encounter in health care. The patients felt they were treated with respect. They experienced involvement and empathy, which strengthened the care relationship. They considered that they were seen as unique individuals by healthcare professionals and experienced equality in the encounter. Patientes felt that the experience of the encounter impaired due to language barriers. These communication barriers led to patients having a passive attitude in the care relationship and the patients experienced lack of participation. Patient felt that the encounter improved if the healthcare professionals were culturally competent. Patients did not experience any discrimination in the encounter, however, other patients considered that a poor encounter and prejudices among healthcare professionals could lead to patients feeling inferior. Conclusion: This literature review illustrates how patients with different culture backgrounds experience the encounter with the medical care and obstacles that can occur and complicate the medical encounter. The healthcare professionals should have knowledge about how patients with different culture backgrounds experience the medical encounter in order to apply it in health care and to give individualized care.

America's school-age population is experiencing a demographic shift. In 1972, students of color represented 22% of the school-age population; in 2005, minority students accounted for 33% of public school enrollment (Statistics, 2007 Villegas, 2002). This study sought to explore how these changing demographics affected University Town Community Schools, the district's interventions, and teachers' perceptions to those interventions. This study also explored teachers' feelings of efficacy when teaching minority students. Using a qualitative study among third-, fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade elementary school teachers, a random sample of 9 teachers from schools comprising a minority population of at least 40% were interviewed. Data analysis involved the use of themes that emerged from the interview data, observations, and quotations from participants. The findings indicated that the district acted on a school-by-school basis, with no specific actions to target any one racial group. Meanwhile, teachers were inconsistent when discussing race, behavior, and learning. Teachers felt comfortable assigning behaviors based on race and culture, but were hesitant to assign learning strengths and weaknesses based on race or culture.

Thesis advisor: Raquel Muniz / There is an abundance of research that both supports teachers’ developing the social and emotional competencies (SEC) of students and acknowledges that doing so positively impacts students’ academic and life success, as well as improving general well-being. As of 2020, Massachusetts required teachers to provide social emotional learning (SEL) opportunities for students, but district and school leaders have done little to develop teachers' own SEC.  Yet, the literature shows that teachers’ SEC matter, both to the successful implementation of SEL programs in classrooms and to teachers’ own ability to manage their emotions and handle stress. Teaching is stressful and high emotional stress can lower resilience and impact job performance. This qualitative case study examined the practices of school-based leaders in one Massachusetts public school district to determine which leadership practices developed and supported the resilience and well-being of school-based staff and how those practices promoted SEL opportunities for staff. Data was gathered from leaders and school-based staff through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and document review. Findings revealed that leaders developed and supported staff resilience and well-being when they provided opportunities for collaboration, recognized and provided feedback to staff, included staff in decisions related to their work, and supported work-life balance and self-care. Engaging in these leadership practices allowed leaders to promote SEL opportunities for staff and often modeled SEC for staff. / Thesis (EdD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

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No description available.

Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka hur förskollärare förhåller sig kravet på barns rätt till delaktighet och inflytande i förskolans verksamhet. Detta när de både måste se till gruppens samt det enskilda barnets behov. Åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med erfarna förskollärareligger till grund för vårt empiriska material. Studien tar utgångspunkt i Foucaults styrningstekniker samt det barndomspsykologiska perspektivet ”det kompetenta barnet”. För att analysera barns delaktighet och inflytande i förskolan delades empirin in i två kategorier, ”hindrande” och möjligheter”. Sammantaget visar studiens resultat hur både barn och pedagoger i förskolan samspelar och förhandlar om barns delaktighet och inflytande. Det blir även synligt hur diverse styrningstekniker appliceras när pedagoger försöker tillgodose barns möjligheter till inflytande. Pedagogers förhållningssätt är en central del som skapar förutsättningar för barn att uppleva delaktighet och känna inflytande. Förskollärares tillvägagångssätt och förskolan som institution skapar såväl hinder som möjligheter för barns delaktighet och inflytande i verksamheten.

The purpose of this essay is to find out if there is a general understanding of what the concept of ”a competent child” is in the writings of Maria Montessori, as well as in books written about Loris Malaguzzi. The essay then compares this with the answers from pre-school teachers in two Montessori and two Reggio Emilia pre-schools about their understanding of what a competent child is, how that shows in their behaviours and attitudes towards the children and in how they use this to arrange the pre-school physical environment. The essay also takes a look at how the teachers work with documentation, how they perceive their chosen pedagogy helps them in their work with the pre-school curriculum and with the requirement that the pre-school teachings should be grounded in the scientific method, and also explores what does the teachers think about their role as a teacher. The essay then tries to analyse why Reggio Emilia has grown to be the predominant pedagogy   in the Swedish pre-schools and why Montessori has not. The investigation is based on qualitative interviews as well as observations made by the author. The study is based on Vygotskijs socio-cultural theory, which could be summarised that we all learn in social relations.   The conclusion of the study is that there is a general understanding about the competent child in the books written by Maria Montessori and Loris Malaguzzi, as well as in the teacher’s answers to interview questions and in their acting in teaching situations. The study could see some differences in the design of the physical environments, theteachers’ views of their roles in their answers about the curriculum and that the pre-school should be based on the scientific method. These answers combined with the authors’ observations, the literature used for reference and the socio-cultural theory written by Vygotskij brings the author to the conclusion that Reggio Emilia could be seen as modern version of Montessori. Reggio Emilia is more up to date with a modern take on the role of teachers in advancing children’s learning and development, and the pedagogy also has the socio-cultural theory as a base for understanding how both adults and children learn. The Reggio Emilia pre-schools visited by the author also work with aesthetic expressions in a way that the pre- schools based in the Montessori pree-schools don´t. Reggio Emilia also ”gave” the Swedish pree-schools a tool for seeing the children, the teacher´s and the pree-school itself. It gave us pedagogic documentation.

Avec le développement exponentiel de l'Internet et son corollaire l'expansion du commerce en ligne, le sort de la protection du cyberconsommateur devient un sujet préoccupant en ce 21ième siècle. En effet, dans ce monde virtuel où l'on emploie des méthodes et technologies nouvelles et plus encore des clauses abusives dans les contrats unilatéraux, s'installe indubitablement un sentiment de méfiance entre le cyberconsommateur et le cybercommerçant. Pour rétablir cette confiance et favoriser le commerce par Internet, des lois nationales, internationales et des normes communautaires ont été adoptées aux fins de l'encadrement rigoureux du processus contractuel. Toutefois, en raison de la présence fréquente d'éléments d'extranéité dans les contrats de consommation en ligne, la question fondamentale qui vient tout naturellement à l'esprit de tous ceux qui entreprennent des études aujourd'hui, en la matière, est celle de savoir si les règles classiques de droit international privé sont dépassées par le développement trop rapide de ce type de commerce ou si au contraire elles y sont adaptées. On pourrait en outre se demander si l'encadrement juridique offert au cyberconsommateur est à même de lui procurer le même niveau de protection dont il bénéficie dans le commerce traditionnel. La présente étude tente d'apporter certains éléments de réponse en analysant dans un premier temps, le droit substantiel interne de protection du consommateur dans les systèmes juridiques européen, français, canadien et québécois en vu de scruter des zones de conflits susceptibles d'exister dans le cycle de vie de ce contrat. Dans la seconde partie, elle démontre que les méthodes classiques de résolution des conflits de juridiction et des conflits de lois en droit international privé, bien que nécessitant des adaptations, sont effectivement applicables au contexte de l'internet et ce, dans l'objectif privilégié de la protection du cyberconsommateur. Le bilan de l'analyse et de l'appréciation des critères de ces règles de conflits nous conduiront à l'examen des nouvelles mesures qui s'imposent. / With the exponential development of the Internet and the consequent expansion of online commerce, the fate of cyberconsumer protection has become a topic of increasing concern in the 21st century. In fact, in a virtual world where new methods and technologies are used-as are abusive clauses in unilaterally drafted contracts-a feeling of mistrust between cyberconsumer and cybermerchant is certainly setting in. National and international laws and community norms have been adopted in order to rigorously control the contractual process and to thereby re-establish consumer confidence and further Internet commerce. However, due to the frequent presence of foreign elements in on-line commercial contracts, the fundamental question which naturally arises for those who are studying the subject is whether the classic rules of private international law have become outdated by the incredibly rapid development of this type of commerce, or whether such laws are in fact adapted. One can also question whether the legal framework offered to the cyberconsumer is able to procure the same level of protection that a consumer would benefit from in cases of traditional commerce. This study aims to present certain elements of a response, first, by analyzing substantive internal law in the realm of consumer protection in the European, French, Canadian and Quebec legal systems, in order to examine areas of conflict that are likely to exist during the lifespan of this sort of contract. In the second part, this study demonstrates that the classic methods of resolving conflicts of jurisdiction and conflicts of law in private international law, while requiring certain adaptations, can nevertheless be effectively applied to the context of the Internet with the objective of protecting cyberconsumers. The results of this analysis and evaluation of the private international rules of conflict then lead to an assessment of the new measures that are required.