Dans le cadre de l’exercice de ses activités professionnelles, le médecin développe avec ses interlocuteurs des liens d’intérêts susceptibles d’influencer ses décisions et la manière dont il pratique la médecine. Ces influences peuvent s’avérer bénéfiques lorsqu’elles lui permettent de perfectionner ses connaissances et ses compétences. Toutefois, lorsqu’elles sont contraires à l’intérêt supérieur des patients, ces influences sont constitutives d’un conflit d’intérêts que le droit médical se fait un devoir d’encadrer avec plus ou moins de succès. Par ailleurs, les autorités institutionnelles sanitaires et les acteurs de la relation médicale sont également à l’origine de la production des normes de droit souple, a priori sans valeur coercitive, que le droit va faire sienne et intégrer à la norme juridique. Ainsi, les autorités éthiques, sanitaires et scientifiques, mais également les acteurs de la relation de soin et leurs représentants influencent la norme juridique médicale. L’étude du droit médical démontre, en résumé, une ambivalence de la matière à l’égard des influences exercées par les acteurs du système de santé sur la pratique de la médecine et sur les sources des normes qui l’encadre. / During the exercise of his professional activities, physician develops with his interlocutors links of interests likely to influence his decisions and the way he practices medicine. These influences can be beneficial when they allow him to perfect his knowledge and skills. However, when they are contrary to the best interests of patients, these influences constitute a conflict of interest that medical law try to manage with more or less success. In addition, the health institutional authorities and the actors of the medical relationship are also produce soft laws, without coercive value, that the law will adopt and integrate them into the legal norm. Thus, the ethical, health and scientific authorities, but also the actors of care relationships and their representatives influence medical law. In short, the study of medical law shows an ambivalence of the subject with regard to the influences exerted by the actors of the health system on the practice of medicine and on the sources of the norms that frame it.

We study the effect of conflicts of interest on credit ratings and analyze the rating maintenance of credit rating agencies for various clienteles. By examining the rating-transition path, we found that rating agencies favor their valued clients by stepwise downgrades and full and timely upgrades. Favored clients could, therefore, save capital cost and possibly gain a larger investor base for their new issues. However, such rating behavior would undermine the rating quality and reputation of rating agencies in the long term. Our results provide evidence for the meager literature on rating-agency conflicts from the rating-maintenance perspective. Our findings also lend support to the growing literature that rating agencies do not provide quality services to investors when the regulation is indulgent or the competition within the rating industry is severe.

A tese tem por objeto a análise do instigante tema do abuso de minoria em direito societário, sobre o qual muitos possuem uma noção geral empírica, extraída da sua vivência profissional, mas que, no direito brasileiro, não havia sido objeto de análise sistemática por parte dos juristas pátrios, que ao tema dedicaram não mais do que algumas breves considerações, malgrado a sua inegável importância e a riquíssima experiência acumulada noutros países, em especial na França, Itália e Alemanha. Partindo das constatações inegáveis de que a minoria, ainda quando atue em face de um grupo controlador preestabelecido, exerce um verdadeiro poder e de que, onde há poder, existe sempre a possibilidade de sua degeneração, do seu desvirtuamento, procurou-se apontar quais são os pressupostos caracterizadores do abuso de minoria no direito societário brasileiro, com apoio em subsídios de direito comparado. De fato, tanto a maioria como a minoria podem exercer os seus direitos de maneira abusiva dentro de uma sociedade, de modo que o estudo do tema não pode ser entendido como um golpe à posição dos grupos minoritários, e sim o contrário: só quem conhece os limites dos seus poderes tem condições de exercê-los de forma eficaz, sem temer as reações de seus atos. Elaborado sob tal perspectiva, o estudo encontra-se dividido em cinco partes. A primeira delas, composta por dois capítulos, tem por objetivo caracterizar o abuso de minoria em direito societário analisando, para tanto, os vários institutos empregados pela doutrina nessa tarefa edefinindo os seus elementos constitutivos. Na segunda parte, procura-se apresentar a tipologia do abuso de minoria e a sua casuística, com destaque para as situações mais interessantes ou corriqueiras. A terceira parte, por sua vez, trata do delicado e intrigante problema dos meios de repressão dos abusos de minoria e as possíveis técnicas contratuais e estatutárias de auto-tutela. A quarta parte, a seu turno, traz breves considerações sobre a hipótese, também pouquíssimo explorada na doutrina, do abuso de igualdade, que pode se instalar em sociedades em que o capital votante é igualmente dividido entre dois sócios e que, assim, só consegue operar sob o signo da unanimidade. Por fim, na quinta e última parte são apresentadas as considerações finais, com o apanhado das principais conclusões construídas ao longo da tese. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the exciting theme of minority abuse in the corporate law, of which many legal professionals have general empirical knowledge, extracted from their professional experience, but that, in the Brazilian law system, had not been the subject matter of a systematic analysis on the part of Brazilian law experts, that dedicated no more than some brief considerations to the theme, in spite of their undeniable importance and very rich experience accumulated in other countries, especially in France, Italy and Germany. Based on undeniable verifications that the minority, even if acting against a pre-established controlling group, exercises a true power and that, where there is power, there is always a possibility for degeneration and distortion of power, we sought to point out the assumptions characterizing minority abuse in the Brazilian corporate law, supported on inputs from comparative law. Actually, both the majority and the minority may exercise their rights abusively in a society, so that the study of the theme should not be understood as an attack on the position of minority groups, much on the contrary: only those who know the limitations of their powers are in a position to exercise them effectively, without fearing any reactions to their actions. Prepared under such perspective, this study is divided into five parts. The first of them, consisting of two chapters, intends to characterize minority abuse in corporate law analyzing for such, the several institutes employed by the doctrine in that task and defining their constitutive elements. In the second part, the author seeks to present the typology of minority abuse and its casuistry, highlighting situations that are most interesting or ordinary. The third part, in turn, discusses the delicate and intriguing problem of manners to repress minority abuses and possible contractual and statutory self-protection techniques. The fourth part brings brief considerations on the hypothesis, also very little explored in the doctrine, of equality abuse, that may get settled in societies where the voting capital is equally divided among shareholders and therefore, can only operate under the sign of unanimity. Finally, the fifth part presents the final considerations, with a summary of the main conclusions developed throughout the thesis.

Under de senaste decennierna har världen upplevt en kraftig urbanisering. Denna utveckling innebär ianspråktagande av grönområden vilket för med sig negativa effekter på grönstrukturen. För en god förvaltning av grönstruktur på lokal nivå krävs god vägledning från regional nivå. Denna studie skrivs i samverkan med Region Jönköpings län där syftet är att undersöka och jämföra grönstrukturarbetet i tre svenska regioner med skilda förutsättningar. Vidare undersöks vilka möjligheter och utmaningar de tre regionerna kan möta i grönstrukturarbetet. Regionerna i fråga är Region Jönköpings län, Region Skåne och Region Stockholm. Materialet samlas in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med tjänstepersoner från respektive region samt Boverket, vidare genomförs även dokumentanalys av regionernas strategidokument. Studiens resultat visar att regionernas arbetssätt till viss del skiljer sig åt utifrån organisatoriska samt geografiska förutsättningar. Vidare uppmärksammas att dessa arbetssätt medför flertalet möjligheter och utmaningar gällande bland annat ansvarsfördelning, kompetens, samverkan och hållbar utveckling. / In recent decades, the world has experienced intensive urbanization. The utilization of greenareas brings negative effects for the green structure. To reach a sufficient management of green structure at the local level guidance from the regional level is required. This study is produced in collaboration with Region Jönköpings län and aims to investigate and compare green structure planning in three Swedish regions. The regions included are Region Jönköpings län, Region Skåne and Region Stockholm. The empirical data is gathered through qualitative interviews with representatives from each region and Boverket, additionally studies of the regional strategic planning documents. The results show that regions methods in management differ to some extent based on organizational and geographical conditions. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the fact that these methods entail several opportunities and challenges regarding for instance responsibility, comptetens, cooperation and sustainable development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abrao Miguel Arabe Neto.pdf: 1811372 bytes, checksum: d92c705a8bb1f274f06a37eec85529da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-15 / The WTO World Trade Organization dispute settlement system stands out as one of the most significant developments in contemporary international law. Created with strong jurisdictional features, it serves as the main forum for the resolution of conflicts of interest in international trade. Success in this task, however, is dependent upon the degree of compliance achieved by its decisions. As a consequence, it is important to assess whether WTO rules provide suitable instruments in order to secure implementation, especially when opposed by respondents. Guided by this challenge, this paper seeks to examine the current performance of WTO enforcement tools, particularly from the perspective of developing countries. After exposing the shortcomings of these instruments, the analysis focuses on its reform proposals, aiming to identify the most viable alternatives for enhancement / O sistema de solução de controvérsias da OMC Organização Mundial do Comércio destaca-se como um dos avanços mais significativos do direito internacional contemporâneo. Revestido por feições marcadamente jurisdicionais, é o principal foro para a apreciação dos conflitos de interesse do comércio internacional. O êxito nessa tarefa, no entanto, está condicionado ao grau de observância de suas decisões. Assim sendo, cumpre indagar se a normativa da OMC prevê instrumentos aptos para garantir a implementação de suas soluções, especialmente quando dificultada por seus respectivos destinatários. Motivado por esse desafio, o presente trabalho analisa o desempenho das atuais medidas de indução ao cumprimento das determinações da OMC, sobretudo a partir da perspectiva dos países em desenvolvimento. Expostas as deficiências do instituto, o exame avança sobre as propostas para sua reforma, concluindo pelas alternativas mais apropriadas em direção ao seu aperfeiçoamento

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-22T13:23:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizHenriqueFigueiraMarquezan.pdf: 938223 bytes, checksum: a0f654a722bdbab2d35f3dd82200a349 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-22T13:23:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuizHenriqueFigueiraMarquezan.pdf: 938223 bytes, checksum: a0f654a722bdbab2d35f3dd82200a349 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Nenhuma / A separação entre propriedade e controle nas empresas origina a chamada relação de agenciamento, na qual os sócios (principal) delegam a autonomia das decisões a executivos contratados (agente). A Teoria de Agência, que estuda este fenômeno, tem como um de seus pressupostos o autointeresse das pessoas. Diante disso, um dos objetivos do controle de gestão é assegurar ou diminuir as eventuais divergências entre os interesses dos proprietários e dos executivos. Essa Teoria indica a concessão de incentivos, como a remuneração variável, com essa finalidade. Nesse contexto, este estudo propôs-se a estudar este fenômeno, sobre como funciona um sistema de remuneração variável para executivos utilizado como forma de controle de gestão. Para isso realizou-se uma pesquisa aplicada sobre a realidade de uma empresa, que atua no ramo de bebidas, e possui planos de remuneração variável por desempenho. Os procedimentos de coleta das evidências foram: observação direta; análise documental; e entrevistas semiestruturadas com dez executivos contemplados nestes planos. O tratamento dessas ocorreu por meio da combinação entre as técnicas de análise de conteúdo e de discurso. Dentre outros resultados, as evidências indicam que a empresa premia o desempenho com remuneração variável, por participações nos lucros e gratificações em dinheiro. Essas formas de recompensa, os momentos de pagamento ao final de cada ano, o uso de indicadores de desempenho financeiros, e o padrão de desempenho anual, combinados, podem gerar um problema de agência por direcionar o foco dos executivos ao curto prazo. Compensando isso, verificou-se o uso de uma forma de avaliar o processo do desenvolvimento profissional do executivo de forma qualitativa, com efeitos de curto e longo prazos. A composição de três planos de remuneração por desempenho propicia alinhamento de interesses: (a) entre executivos e os demais funcionários; (b) entre os executivos, por serem remunerados por metas que não apresentem divergências matemáticas e pelo uso de metas coletivas e organizacionais; (c) entre sócios e executivos tendo esses a maior possibilidade de remuneração variável vinculada ao alcance da meta principal para empresa, o indicador EBITDA. Quanto aos interesses, os executivos que são sócios demonstram tranquilidade quanto ao risco deste tipo de remuneração, apresentando preocupação maior com a continuidade da empresa a longo prazo. Constatou-se também que o desejo de possuir metas como desafios e o desenvolvimento profissional foram apontados como motivos dos executivos preferirem a remuneração variável. Além dos planos de remuneração, a presença de dois sócios entre os executivos indica redução da assimetria informacional e maior facilidade no processo de alinhamento dos interesses de ambos. / The separation of ownership and control in companies originating the call agency relationship, in which shareholders (principal) delegate decisions to empower executives hired (agent). The Agency Theory, which studies this phenomenon has as one of their self-interest of those assumptions. Thus, one of the goals of management control is to ensure or reduce any differences between the interests of owners and executives. Theory indicates that the granting of incentives such as variable pay, for this purpose. In this context, this study aimed to study this phenomenon, about how a variable compensation system for executives used as a form of management control. To this end we carried out a survey applied to the reality of a company, which operates in the beverage industry, and has variable remuneration plans for performance. The procedures for collection of evidence were: direct observation, document analysis and semistructured interviews with ten executives included in these plans. The treatment of these occurred through the combination of the techniques of content analysis and discourse. Among other results, the evidence indicates that the company rewards performance with variable pay for bonuses and cash bonuses. These forms of reward, the times of payment at the end of each year, the use of financial performance indicators, and the pattern of annual performance, combined, can create an agency problem by directing the focus of executives to the short term. Offsetting this, there was the use of a way to evaluate the process of professional development executive in a qualitative manner, with effects of short and long term. The composition of three plans pay for performance provides alignment of interests: (a) between executives and other employees, (b) between the executive, to be paid by targets that do not show differences by using mathematical and collective goals and organizational; (c) between these members and executives with the greatest possibility of variable compensation tied to the achievement of the ultimate goal for the company, the EBITDA. As for interests, executives who are members demonstrate tranquility about the risk of this type of compensation, showing more concern about the continuity of the company's long-term. It was also the desire to own goals and challenges and professional development were identified as reasons for preferring executive incentive compensation. In addition to the compensation plans, the presence of two members among executives indicates a reduction of information asymmetry and greater ease in aligning the interests of both.

Financial intermediaries are recognized to promote the efficiency of resource allocation by mitigating problems of incentives, asymmetric information and contract incompleteness. The role played by financial intermediaries is perceived so crucial that these institutions have received all over the world the greatest attention of regulators. Differences in regulatory regimes as well as in the real economies have produced a large variety in the characteristics of financial sectors and of individual intermediaries. In particular, in different places and times it is possible to observe banking sectors more or less competitive, populated by credit intermediaries of different sizes and with different levels of specialization. This variety of institutions raises interesting questions about the features of a well functioning financial intermediation sector. These questions have inspired an important body of economic literature which, however, is still inconclusive in many aspects. This dissertation includes three studies all intending to contribute in this direction. Chapter 2 Recent empirical works have found evidence consistent with larger banks having lower incentives to collect soft information and, in particular, to lend to small firms which are typically regarded as relatively opaque borrowers. Another market segment affected by relatively high levels of opaqueness is that of long-term loans and the reason is that, as emphasized in the corporate finance literature, short-term maturities are useful for the purpose of screening and monitoring investment projects. It is therefore interesting to assess whether large and small banks differ in their propensity to issue long-term loans, a type of investigation which has not been conducted yet. The reason why small and large banks might be expected to have a different propensity to issue long-term loans has to do with two notions. First, the effectiveness of a short-term maturity as a screening and monitoring device is preserved only if parties anticipate that, when payments are due, the lender will not be willing to extend the maturity, otherwise the initial short-term loan is de facto a long-term one. The problem may rise if the liquidation of insolvent firms produces lower payoffs than their refinancing: under these circumstances, as suggested by theories on renegotiation, liquidation is not implemented no matter what is written on the contract (parties can easily avoid the inefficiency that would result from liquidation, for example by simply granting a new loan). Second, at a more specific level theories on renegotiation suggest that the ability to commit to not extend thematurity decreases with bank size.1 Small banks are therefore predicted to issue shorter-term loans and to make a better selection of projects. The results are consistent with this prediction. Controlling for other characteristics of both the demand- and the supply-side as well as for the type of guarantee supplied, small banks have lower proportions of long-term loans to total loans and lower proportions of non performing loans to total loans. It should be pointed out that this does not imply that small banks are necessarily more efficient since short-term maturities also have costs; in particular, short-term maturities can interfere with the incentives of good types by inducing short-termism (the inflation of shortterm results at the expenses of total profitability). Moreover, beyond the ability to commit other supply-side features are shown to be relevant in the determination of the maturity, at least with specific classes borrowers. In particular, the findings are also consistent with the presence of economies of scale in lending at long maturities to firms in more technical and innovative industries. Since providing the right incentives to high quality entrepreneurs and to firms in innovative sectors is more likely to be a priority in more advanced countries, a policy implication is that these economies need more the presence of large credit institutions and the more so if venture capital and stock market are of limited size. Chapter 3 As already emphasized, theories on renegotiation suggest that the ability of banks to commit to a given course of action is an important factor for efficiency and that such ability depends on observable characteristics, like bank size. An important aspect which has not been analyzed in the theoretical literature is the effect that competition among banks exert on their ability to commit. The theoretical model presented in chapter 3 tries to provide an answer to this question. More specifically, the model studies the effects of competition among banks when these are subject to dynamic commitment problems which may result in excess refinancing of insolvent borrowers (soft budget constraint) as well as in excess termination of profitable ones (ratchet effect and short-termism). The building assumption is that, because of priority schemes and relationship lending, competition is harsher for new lending than for lending to ongoing projects. The main conclusion is that there exists a trade-off between the benefits that competition brings by disciplining low quality borrowers and the costs implied by worsening the incentives of good ones. The model also allows to look at the effects of competition on stability. This is done in two ways by looking at the extent to which competition interferes with the procyclicality of the banking sector and by studying if competition may eliminate or add inefficient equilibria. The main policy implication is that the optimal level of competition of a banking system is positively related to the quality of the underlying economy. If taken together, the results of chapters 2 and 3 also provide a theory about local or regional banks which is not based on any aprioristic assumption about the technology of these type of intermediaries. As long as these institutions can be seen as banks with a relatively high market power and a relatively small size (they are often important players at a local level although of limited size), both chapters 2 and 3 suggest that these intermediaries can more easily commit to a tough stance at the refinancing stage, with positive effects on their ability to screen out bad projects but with negative effects on their ability to incentivize good types and to fund more technical and innovative firms. In other words, these institutions might promote growth at earlier stages of development, although they are not sufficient to address the incentive issues of more advanced economies. Interestingly, this interpretation of the role of local banks is totally distinct from the traditional one which is based on the aprioristic assumption that these banks are good in doing relationship lending. Chapter 4 Conflicts of interest of economic institutions carrying out a variety of functions are considered a widespread phenomenon severely limiting the efficiency that can be achieved. These worries are often taken as justification for regulations imposing transparency requirements or tougher measures like separation of functions. At the same time, contract theory suggests that the effects of opportunistic behavior can be limited by adopting appropriate incentive schemes. The third study, chapter 4, tries to understand from a theoretical point of view to what extent the use of incentive schemes can address the distortions posed by the presence of conflicts of interest. The universal bank is regarded as a (common) agent serving different clients with potentially conflicting interests: for example, it may buy assets on behalf of investors and sell assets on behalf of issuing firms. The clients offer incentive schemes to the bank and they behave non-cooperatively. The bank decides a level of effort and, when firewalls are absent, a level of collusion, modelled as a costly and unproductive redistribution of wealth among the clients (for example, the banks can at no cost sell the securities it is underwriting to the funds it manages and can do so at the price it likes). Firewalls are defined as all legal or economic devices imposing a real separation of functions and therefore preventing the bank from colluding as specified above. The main conclusion is that in the absence of firewalls the equilibrium incentive schemes are steeper. This means that the equilibrium level of effort is higher and may compensate the (ex post) inefficiency of collusion. In other words, not only appropriate incentive schemes can eliminate the distortions posed by conflicts of interest but, at least in principle, their presence may even be necessary for efficiency (this happens if effort is a public good for the two principals so that the allocation without firewalls is characterized by under-provision of effort). At the same time, the allocation without firewalls is shown to be the least efficient in the presence of one naive player who does not recognize the existence of the conflict of interest. As long as transparency requirements can be considered tools to improve market participants’ sophistication, these results suggest why and how this type of regulation can work. Moreover, the model allows to draw conclusions about the desirability of tougher regulation prescribing a more or less neat separation of functions. With sophisticated economic agents, who can address the distortions posed by conflicts of interest by choosing appropriate incentive schemes, separation of functions is unnecessary or even detrimental for efficiency. On the other hand, more or less powerful firewalls are desirable if market participants are not considered sufficiently sophisticated to be able to react to the presence of conflicts of interest and if transparency requirements cannot increase their sophistication. In few words, the optimal regulation of conflicts of interest is softer in situations involving professionals who are more likely to realize and to react by choosing an appropriate incentive scheme or, more generally, for institutions operating in advanced economies where the average level of market participants sophistication is higher.

Klimato kaita tampa vis akivaizdesnė (pasaulyje bei Lietuvoje) ir greitai progresuojanti, todėl ateityje pasaulyje gali kilti precedento neturinčių saugumo problemų. Nors Lietuvos įtaka klimato kaitai nėra didelė, tačiau bendras mažų valstybių indėlis globalios problemos vystymuisi išties nemažas. Taip pat Lietuva turi tarptautinių įsipareigojimų susijusių su klimato kaitos mažinimu ir jų neįvykdymas galėtų iššaukti tam tikras sankcijas Lietuvos atžvilgiu. Todėl klimato kaitos problema turi būti neatmestinai sprendžiama Lietuvoje. Kadangi pagrindinis šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujų šaltinis yra energetikos sektorius, o didžiausius šio sektoriaus išmetimus įtakoja Lietuvos elektrinės, gaminančios elektros energiją tradiciniu būdu, todėl kaip priemonė klimato kaitos mažinimui yra atsinaujinančioji energetika. Darbe nustatyta, kad Lietuvoje elektros gamybai iš atsinaujinančių energijos išteklių didelį potencialą turi vėjo energija, tačiau šio atsinaujinančio šaltinio plėtrą stabdo interesų konfliktai. Daugiausiai konfliktai vyksta su privačių sklypų savininkais. Darbe nustatyta, kad visuomenė palankiai vertina vėjo energetikos plėtrą Lietuvoje (91 proc. vertina teigiamai), tačiau taip pat nustatyta, kad visuomenė yra per mažai informuota apie vėjo energetikos poveikį žmogaus sveikatai, aplinkai bei klimato kaitai, o tai sudaro prielaidas konfliktų atsiradimui. Atsižvelgiant į tyrimų rezultatus pateikiamos rekomendacijos ir pasiūlymai problemų sprendimui. Rekomenduojama vėjo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Climate change is becoming more and more obvious (in the world and in Lithuania) and fast progressing, therefore there may emerge unprecedented safety problems in future. Although Lithuania’s influence on the climate change is rather small, total input of small countries into the development of the global problem is really big. What is more, Lithuania has got international commitments related to the decrease of climate change and their noncompliance might evoke certain sanctions regarding Lithuania. For this reason, the problem of climate change must be inevitably solved in Lithuania. Since the main source of greenhouse gas emission is the energy sector, and the biggest emissions of this sector in Lithuania come from power-stations, which produce electricity in traditional way, renewable energy sources (RES) are the best means to reduce the climate change. It has been observed in the work, that wind power has great potential for electricity production from RES in Lithuania; however, the development of this renewable source is impeded by conflicts of interests. Most conflicts arise with private land owners. It has been found, that the majority of the society (91 per cent) welcomes the development of wind power in Lithuania, however, it was also found, that there is too little public awareness about the effect of wind power on people’s health, environment and climate change, and this establishes conditions for conflicts. Wind power developers are recommended to cooperate with... [to full text]

The dissertation analyses legal aspects of shareholders’ agreements concluded in listed companies using theoretical model provided by agency theory. The author provides qualitative research which identifies the nature, qualifying characteristics of the shareholders’ agreement, as well as different aims of contracting shareholders. Voting agreements and transfer of voting right agreements constitute part of the academic analysis provided in the dissertation. Lithuanian regulation of shareholders’ agreements is compared with Belgian and the UK legal systems. An extensive empirical research is carried out regarding the shareholders’ agreements concluded in companies listed on stock exchanges of the selected jurisdictions. The author concludes that extensive and detailed statutory regulation of shareholders’ agreements is unnecessary. In order for shareholders’ agreements to be a feasible solution for dealing with agency problems, statutory acts have to provide that shareholders’ agreement is a valid contract which can be enforced by courts. Restrictions on the subject matter of the agreement are necessary only to limit possible abusive behaviour of contracting shareholders and expropriation of other corporate constituents. Empirical research has revealed that shareholders in jurisdictions with concentrated ownership structure, compared with jurisdictions where dispersed ownership structure prevails, conclude more shareholders’ agreements. Shareholders’ agreements are mainly used... [to full text] / Disertacijoje, remiantis ekonomikos mokslininkų suformuluota atstovavimo teorija, nagrinėjami akcininkų sutarčių, sudaromų biržinėse bendrovėse, teisiniai aspektai. Autorius pasitelkdamas kokybinio tyrimo metodus analizuoja akcininkų sutarties prigimtį, jos pagrindinius kvalifikuojančius bruožus, vertina pagrindinius susitariančių akcininkų tikslus. Disertacijoje taip pat pateikiamas balsavimo sutarties ir balsavimo teisės perleidimo sutarties mokslinis tyrimas. Lietuvos Respublikoje įtvirtintas teisinis akcininkų sutarčių reguliavimas yra lyginamas su Belgijos ir Jungtinės Karalystės teisinėmis sistemomis. Moksliniame darbe atliekamas išsamus akcininkų sutarčių, sudaromų pasirinktų jurisdikcijų vertybinių popierių biržose, empirinis tyrimas. Autorius daro išvadą, kad išsamus ir detalus akcininkų sutarties instituto reglamentavimas teisės aktuose nėra reikalingas. Tačiau siekiant, kad akcininkų sutartis taptų veiksmingu teisiniu instrumentu, įstatymų leidėjas turėtų pripažinti ją kaip teisėtą ir priverstinai vykdytiną teisinį sandorį. Akcininkų sutarties turinio ribojimai yra reikalingi tik tam, kad būtų išvengta akivaizdžių piktnaudžiavimo atvejų. Empiriniai tyrimai atskleidė, kad jurisdikcijose, kuriose vyrauja koncentruota nuosavybės struktūra, palyginti su jurisdikcijomis, kuriose bendrovių nuosavybės struktūra yra išskaidyta, akcininkų sutarčių skaičius yra ženkliai didesnis. Akcininkų sutartys daugiausia yra naudojamos kaip teisinė priemonė vidutinio dydžio akcininkams... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The dissertation analyses legal aspects of shareholders’ agreements concluded in listed companies using theoretical model provided by agency theory. The author provides qualitative research which identifies the nature, qualifying characteristics of the shareholders’ agreement, as well as different aims of contracting shareholders. Voting agreements and transfer of voting right agreements constitute part of the academic analysis provided in the dissertation. Lithuanian regulation of shareholders’ agreements is compared with Belgian and the UK legal systems. An extensive empirical research is carried out regarding the shareholders’ agreements concluded in companies listed on stock exchanges of the selected jurisdictions. The author concludes that extensive and detailed statutory regulation of shareholders’ agreements is unnecessary. In order for shareholders’ agreements to be a feasible solution for dealing with agency problems, statutory acts have to provide that shareholders’ agreement is a valid contract which can be enforced by courts. Restrictions on the subject matter of the agreement are necessary only to limit possible abusive behaviour of contracting shareholders and expropriation of other corporate constituents. Empirical research has revealed that shareholders in jurisdictions with concentrated ownership structure, compared with jurisdictions where dispersed ownership structure prevails, conclude more shareholders’ agreements. Shareholders’ agreements are mainly used... [to full text] / Disertacijoje, remiantis ekonomikos mokslininkų suformuluota atstovavimo teorija, nagrinėjami akcininkų sutarčių, sudaromų biržinėse bendrovėse, teisiniai aspektai. Autorius pasitelkdamas kokybinio tyrimo metodus analizuoja akcininkų sutarties prigimtį, jos pagrindinius kvalifikuojančius bruožus, vertina pagrindinius susitariančių akcininkų tikslus. Disertacijoje taip pat pateikiamas balsavimo sutarties ir balsavimo teisės perleidimo sutarties mokslinis tyrimas. Lietuvos Respublikoje įtvirtintas teisinis akcininkų sutarčių reguliavimas yra lyginamas su Belgijos ir Jungtinės Karalystės teisinėmis sistemomis. Moksliniame darbe atliekamas išsamus akcininkų sutarčių, sudaromų pasirinktų jurisdikcijų vertybinių popierių biržose, empirinis tyrimas. Autorius daro išvadą, kad išsamus ir detalus akcininkų sutarties instituto reglamentavimas teisės aktuose nėra reikalingas. Tačiau siekiant, kad akcininkų sutartis taptų veiksmingu teisiniu instrumentu, įstatymų leidėjas turėtų pripažinti ją kaip teisėtą ir priverstinai vykdytiną teisinį sandorį. Akcininkų sutarties turinio ribojimai yra reikalingi tik tam, kad būtų išvengta akivaizdžių piktnaudžiavimo atvejų. Empiriniai tyrimai atskleidė, kad jurisdikcijose, kuriose vyrauja koncentruota nuosavybės struktūra, palyginti su jurisdikcijomis, kuriose bendrovių nuosavybės struktūra yra išskaidyta, akcininkų sutarčių skaičius yra ženkliai didesnis. Akcininkų sutartys daugiausia yra naudojamos kaip teisinė priemonė vidutinio dydžio akcininkams... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]