A supremacia da Constituição exige que a Suprema Corte tenha a última palavra sobre o sentido da Constituição? As Supremas Cortes norte-americana e brasileira afirmam que sim, respaldadas pelo conhecimento convencional. O objetivo principal da tese é demonstrar que esta assertiva é simplesmente equivocada. Será reconstruída a história da expansão do papel político do Judiciário, no âmbito da interpretação constitucional, com vistas a elucidar os seus verdadeiros pressupostos. A evolução do constitucionalismo brasileiro será analisada à luz de tais critérios, para que se possa perceber que só há no Brasil algo parecido com uma supremacia judicial após 1988. Após o exame das críticas institucionais e democráticas, será explorado o potencial da doutrina dos diálogos constitucionais para explicar a realidade das interações entre os Poderes Legislativo e Judiciário na interpretação constitucional, e para prover um suporte normativo que logre reconciliar o fenômeno da judicialização da política com a democracia no Brasil. / The supremacy clause requires that the Supreme Court shall have the last word on constitutional matters? The brazilian and north-american Supreme Courts confirms, endorsed by the traditional wisdom. The thesis aims proving that such statement is mistaken. The history of the global expansion of the judicial power, in refer to the constitutional intepretation, will be reconstructed, in order to clarify its real presuppositions. The brazilian constitutional evolution will be analyzed to prove that before 1988 there was no judicial supremacy in Brazil. After the analysis of the institutional and the democratic criticisms, the potencial of the constitutional dialogues doctrine will be explored to explain the interactions between the legislative and the judicial branches in constitutional interpretation, and its ability to provide a normative basis to reconcile the judicialization of politics with democracy in Brazil.

After presenting assumptions of neo constitutionalism impact incriminal law, this article raises the possibilities of rebuild contents of categories on crime’s theory towards fundamental principles and rights recognized (explicitly or implicitly) in the Constitution. / Tras presentar los presupuestos del impacto del neoconstitucionalismo en el derecho penal, el presente artículo plantea las posibilidades de reconstruir los contenidos de las categorías de la teoría del delito hacia los principios y derechos fundamentales reconocidos (explícita o implícitamente) en la Constitución.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-05T16:57:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Sousa Freitas - 2012.pdf: 1158443 bytes, checksum: b3534192d1f7599a779d9f1366d38026 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-05T16:58:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Sousa Freitas - 2012.pdf: 1158443 bytes, checksum: b3534192d1f7599a779d9f1366d38026 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-05T16:58:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Sousa Freitas - 2012.pdf: 1158443 bytes, checksum: b3534192d1f7599a779d9f1366d38026 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The theme of this master thesis is the interpretation of the agrarian property, from constitutionalized legal grounds, based on the Philosophy of Liberation hermeneutic proposal developed by the philosopher Enrique Dussel and on the changes in the agrarian property caused by the Latin-American New Constitutionalism. The work aims to provide new foundations for the study of agrarian law, in a context of paradigmatic crisis, through the development of new theoretical models that rearticulate legal thought before institutional transformations. The research is theoretical and it is based primarily in the works of Dussel, and in the constitutions of Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia. It can be concluded, according to Dussel, that praxis is the foundation and condition to the understanding of subjects in community and that linguisticity, instrumentality, historicity and intersubjectivity are articulated in the necessarily intentional and projective constitution sense, in view of, ultimately, the care of specific needs of the subjects living in community. Law is constituted in the praxis of subjects such as mediation institutionalized by power to satisfy those needs in everyday life and in multiple fields of existence. The Philosophy of Liberation, in turn, worries about the situation of domination, victimization, denial of rights, alienation that precludes the exercise of authentic interpretation, non participation in the institutionalization of law and its meaning as well as the instrumentalization of the interpreter for strange understanding that are negativ to their needs. In this sense, the modern property is interpreted in itseconomic, ecological, cultural, legal and geopolitical negativity, from the revelation of the mechanisms that make it servesto a project that denies the dignity of nature and human work for the benefit of a economic world system that pressuposes and asserts itself with the generation of systemic poverty, non-central countries dependency in the world-system, environmental and cultural destruction, and denial of rights. The crisis of this world system opens new institutional possibilities and demands the affirmation of new projects for Latin American peoples, with the consequent need for statement of rights. In this context, the Latin-American Transformative Constitutionalism faces the issue of access to land and denies the negativity of modern agrarian property in its various dimensions, through his transformation, and in view of new rights. This positivity from the victimsconstitute new foundations for the legal use of the land and transform the agrarian property models of interpretation. / O tema da presente dissertação de mestrado é o da intepretação do direito de propriedade imobiliária agrária, a partir de fundamentos jurídico-constitucionais, com base na proposta hermenêutica da Filosofia da Libertação elaborada pelo filósofo latino-americano Enrique Dussel e nas mudanças da propriedade agrária decorrentes do Novo Constitucionalismo Latino-americano. O trabalho visa constituir novos fundamentos para o estudo do direito agrário, num contexto de crise paradigmática, por meio da concepção de novos modelos teóricos que rearticulem o pensamento jurídico diante de transformações institucionais. A pesquisa realizada tem caráter teórico e está fundamentada, primeiramente, nas obras de Dussel, e nas constituições da Venezuela, Equador e Bolívia. Pode-se concluir, de acordo com Dussel, que a práxis é o fundamento e a condição da compreensão dos sujeitos em comunidade e que linguisticidade, instrumentalidade, historicidade, e intersubjetividade se articulam na constituição necessariamente intencional e projetiva de sentido, tendo em vista, em última instância, o atendimento de necessidades concretas dos sujeitos viventes em comunidade. O direito é constituído na práxis dos sujeitos como a mediação institucionalizada pelo poder para a satisfação dessas necessidades na cotidianidade e em múltiplos campos da existência. A Filosofia da Libertação, por sua vez, se preocupa com a situação de dominação, de vitimização, de negação de direitos, de alienação que impossibilita o exercício autêntico da interpretação, de não participação na institucionalização do direito e de seu sentido, bem como com a instrumentalização do intérprete por compreensões alheias e negadoras de suas necessidades. Nesse sentido, a propriedade moderna é interpretada em sua negatividade econômica, ecológica, cultural, geopolítica e jurídica, a partir da revelação dos mecanismos que a fazem servir a um projeto de negação da dignidade da natureza e do trabalho humano, em benefício de um sistema econômico mundial que pressupõe e se afirma com a geração de pobreza sistêmica, dependência dos países não-centrais no sistema-mundo, destruição ambiental e cultural, e negação de direitos. A crise desse sistema-mundo inaugura novas possibilidades institucionais e exige a afirmação de novos projetos para os povos latino-americanos, com a consequente necessidade de afirmação de direitos. Nesse contexto, o Constitucionalismo Transformador Latino-americano encara a questão do acesso à terra e nega a negatividade da propriedade agrária moderna em suas diferentes dimensões, por meio de sua transformação, e tendo em vista novos direitos. Essa positividade, desde as vítimas, constitui novos fundamentos para conceber juridicamente o uso da terra e transformar os modelos de interpretação do direito de propriedade imobiliária agrária.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T13:51:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertaçao - Laís Vaz Cordeiro - 2015.pdf: 1207315 bytes, checksum: 9a8ac4fc3a56663968d94918c5dbe810 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T13:56:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertaçao - Laís Vaz Cordeiro - 2015.pdf: 1207315 bytes, checksum: 9a8ac4fc3a56663968d94918c5dbe810 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-05T13:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertaçao - Laís Vaz Cordeiro - 2015.pdf: 1207315 bytes, checksum: 9a8ac4fc3a56663968d94918c5dbe810 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-25 / Since the promulgation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by members of the United Nations (UN) in 1948, major historical changes occurred in the international arena. The intensification of the complexity of global society led to the need for development of new legal models for new cross-border problems. It seeks, in this work, display and critically analyze the multilevel constitutionalism, transconstitucionalism and interconstitucionality and approach these perspectives in relation to the Inter-American System of Human Rights Protection (ISHR) in order to try to understand the phenomena of constitutional integration and exchanges in Latin American countries. From this objective, it seeks to present the current Project of ISHR and in particular the Inter-American Court (IACHR).It is understood that jurisprudence built by the IACHR, as well as the "conventionality control”, represent new factors in the legal systems that undergo a process of integration and therefore are relevant to understanding the contemporary dynamic. It presents a brief statement about the ISHR's performance in the Brazilian context and its consequences, as the critical position of Brazil in relation to certain requests and determinations issued by the Commission and Inter-American Court, respectively. Through the exposure of the Inter-American Court jurisprudence in cases of amnesty laws, we intend to identify, in the current Latin American scene, the placement of this Court, I try to view the prospects discussed and delineate potential consequences of each of the three constitutional integration models analyzed with regard the hypothesis of functioning as theoretical references at the Latin American experience of human rights promotion. It is recognized that neither model completely correspond to legal or political dynamics of the ISHR, however, it is expected to identify the approach and the distance of this system about these new emerging constitutional models of Constitutional Law, considering the conceptual delimitation of Human Rights used for the construction of this analysis, that is, they are constituted as an open content class, which is incompatible therefore with a universal-abstract and unifying bias. / Desde a promulgação da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos pelos membros da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) em 1948, grandes transformações históricas ocorreram no cenário internacional. A intensificação da complexidade na sociedade mundial acarretou a necessidade de elaboração de novos modelos jurídicos para os novos problemas transfronteiriços. Busca-se, nesse trabalho, apresentar e analisar criticamente o constitucionalismo multinível, o transconstitucionalismo e a interconstitucionalidade e a aproximação dessas perspectivas em relação ao Sistema Interamericano de Proteção dos Direitos Humanos (SIDH), com o fim de se tentar compreender os fenômenos de integração e intercâmbio constitucional no âmbito dos países latino-americanos. A partir desse objetivo, procura-se apresentar o atual projeto do SIDH e, em especial, da Corte Interamericana (Corte IDH), seu órgão jurisdicional. Entende-se que a jurisprudência construída por este Tribunal, bem como o “controle de convencionalidade” por ela exercido, representam fatores novos nos sistemas jurídicos que passam por um processo de integração e, por isso, são relevantes para entender a dinâmica contemporânea. Apresenta-se uma breve exposição acerca da atuação do SIDH no âmbito brasileiro e suas decorrências, como o posicionamento crítico do Brasil em relação a certas solicitações e determinações emanadas pela Comissão e Corte Interamericana, respectivamente. Por meio da exposição da jurisprudência da Corte IDH nos casos das Leis de Anistia, pretende-se identificar, no atual cenário latino-americano, o posicionamento deste Tribunal, tento em vista as perspectivas discutidas, bem como delimitar potenciais consequências de cada um dos três modelos de integração constitucional analisados, no que diz respeito à hipótese de funcionarem como referentes teóricos da experiência latino-americana de promoção consertada dos direitos humanos. Reconhece-se que nenhum dos modelos corresponderia completamente a dinâmica política e jurisdicional do SIDH, contudo, espera-se identificar a aproximação e o distanciamento do sistema com esses novos modelos constitucionais emergentes na seara do Direito Constitucional, levando-se em consideração a delimitação conceitual de diretos humanos utilizada para a construção dessa análise, qual seja, que estes se constituem como uma classe de conteúdo aberto e variável, incompatível, portanto, com um viés universalista-abstrato e uniformizador.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-05-04T20:02:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Ragonezi Martins - 2015.pdf: 1783548 bytes, checksum: 8e2ed9d2f33a6dffad2709c58dfa655d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-05T13:01:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Ragonezi Martins - 2015.pdf: 1783548 bytes, checksum: 8e2ed9d2f33a6dffad2709c58dfa655d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-05T13:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Camila Ragonezi Martins - 2015.pdf: 1783548 bytes, checksum: 8e2ed9d2f33a6dffad2709c58dfa655d (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study investigates the New Latin American Constitutionalism and its contribution to the rebuilding of the appropriation and expropriation modern agrarian model. There will be a reflection on constitutional reforms experienced by some countries on the continent, especially Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador, considering that those countries recently rebuilt their democratic political projects in order to make themselves more suited to the multiple social and existential conditions of their people. Indeed, this transformer constitutional movement brought categories that, aimed at priority respect for nature and biodiversity, recognized the identity, the cultural awareness, the specific values and territoriality of the Andean native people, who have been historically put in a subaltern role. Thus, was formally opened on the continent a diverse logic than that modern, colonial and individualistic rationality, from which was built the Brazilian land appropriation and expropriation model. Furthermore, it is object of this work the analysis of the economic model adopted so far of evaluating the land in the expropriations that take place in Brazil, a model that ultimately reward owners who do not give their land any social destination. In this context, this work will try to demonstrate how the New Latin American Constitutionalism is presented as an alternative development project capable of breaking old conceptions of property that, guided by a legal owner speech, give it almost absolute character and a place in the core of the legal system. The central role of cultural practices and worldviews of the continent in the new constitutional texts, especially the philosophy of buen vivir, sumak kawsay, sumak qamaña or ñande reko and the recognition of the Pachamama rights, questioned the modern idea of rupture between man and nature and allowed consideration about alternative ways of relating to the land. In this perspective, the innovations brought by this transformer constitutionalism are able to refound the modern Eurocentric legal system regarding the models of appropriation and expropriation of the land from a different concept of development for the good life recovered from the collective Latin American subjects, who use natural sources in a harmonic and equilibrated way, preserving the spaces they occupy and territorialize and that are essential for their physical and cultural reproduction. The recognition of various territorialities sets the guidelines for the transformation of the contents of land property, which, in addition to commodity and private law contract object, is transformed in collective space where a variety of rights are fulfilled. For the development of this study, we adopt the relational perspective of Joaquín Herrera Flores, that allows reflection on the fundaments of the Latin American land appropriation and expropriation model without losing sight of its relations to the social context in which is inserted. / O presente estudo investiga o Novo Constitucionalismo Latino-americano e a sua contribuição para a crítica e refundação do modelo de apropriação e desapropriação agrária moderno. Será realizada uma reflexão acerca das reformas constitucionais vivenciadas por alguns países do continente, com destaque para a Colômbia, Venezuela, Bolívia e Equador, tendo em vista que, recentemente, reconstruíram seus projetos políticos democráticos a fim de torná-los mais adequados às múltiplas condições sociais e existenciais dos seus povos. Com efeito, este movimento constitucional transformador trouxe categorias que, voltadas ao respeito prioritário à natureza e à biodiversidade, reconheceram a identidade, a consciência cultural, os valores e as territorialidades específicas dos povos originários andinos que foram historicamente subalternizados. Dessa forma, foi inaugurada, formalmente, uma lógica diversa daquela racionalidade moderna, colonial, economicista, mercantilizadora e individualista que determinou o modelo de apropriação e desapropriação agrária em todo o continente latino-americano. Ainda, será objeto do presente trabalho a análise do modelo econômico adotado no momento de valorar a terra quando das desapropriações agrárias que, no Brasil, acaba por premiar aqueles proprietários que não conferem à sua terra destinação social. Nesse contexto, buscar-se-á demonstrar como o Novo Constitucionalismo Latinoamericano apresenta-se enquanto projeto alternativo de desenvolvimento capaz de desconstruir a colonialidade ainda presente no continente andino e de romper antigas concepções acerca da propriedade que, pautadas em um discurso jurídico proprietário, conferem-lhe caráter quase absoluto e a colocam como nucleo central da ordem jurídica. O protagonismo das práticas culturais e das cosmovisões próprias do continente nos novos textos constitucionais estudados, notadamente da filosofia do buen vivir, sumak kawsay, sumak qamaña ou ñande reko e o reconhecimento dos direitos da Pachamama, questionou a ideia moderna de rompimento entre o homem e a natureza e permitiu a reflexão sobre modos alternativos de se relacionar com a terra. Nesta perspectiva, as inovações trazidas por este constitucionalismo transformador são capazes de refundar o sistema jurídico moderno eurocêntrico a partir de um conceito distinto de desenvolvimento para o bem viver. Com o resgate dos conhecimentos e práticas dos sujeitos coletivos latino-americanos, que utilizam das fontes naturais de modo harmônico e equilibrando, preservando os espaços que ocupam e territorializam, é realizada uma crítica aos modernos paradigmas jurídicos, no que tange à questão da apropriação e desapropriação agrária. O reconhecimento das diversas territorialidades latino-americanas dá as diretrizes para a transformação do conteúdo da propriedade agrária, que, além de mercadoria e objeto de contrato de direito privado, tranforma-se em espaço coletivo no qual se realiza uma multiplicidade de direitos. Para o desenvolvimento do presente estudo, parte-se da perspectiva relacional de Joaquín Herrera Flores, a qual permite a reflexão sobre os fundamentos do modelo de apropriação e desapropriação agrária latino-americano, a partir de suas relações com o contexto social no qual está inserido.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-07T17:12:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wendel Rosa Borges - 2016.pdf: 965552 bytes, checksum: 872cf14c8c3b274dcf164c5483632439 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-13T15:38:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wendel Rosa Borges - 2016.pdf: 965552 bytes, checksum: 872cf14c8c3b274dcf164c5483632439 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-13T15:38:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Wendel Rosa Borges - 2016.pdf: 965552 bytes, checksum: 872cf14c8c3b274dcf164c5483632439 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Rural Environmental Registry – RER (in Portuguese, Cadastro Ambiental Rural – abbreviated “CAR”) is a legal institution established by the Federal Brazilian Act No. 12,651/2012 (usually referred to as "new Forest Code") for recording protected areas of all rural properties in Brazil, as well allow his georeferenced monitoring. However, the survey also addressed the relative uncertainty, due to the wording of the legal provision that establish and regulate the RER, specifically about the possibility of being granted environmental licensing of unregistered real estate, when there is a intent to locate the enterprise subject of license in the property under farm lease; i.e., with no real relation of property nor animus sibi habendi on the land. From this point emerged the discussion, if registration may be mandatory in these cases, since the legal requirement is targeted to owners and rural possessors. Therefore, a consideration about the rules and principles of the Brazilian Constitution and legislation was made to clarify the interpretation of the regulatory provisions of the RER, as its systematic purpose in Brazilian law, especially under the influence of environmental constitutional rights. / O Cadastro Ambiental Rural (CAR) é um instituto jurídico previsto pela Lei nº 12.651/2012 (denominada geralmente como “novo Código Florestal”), destinado a registrar e permitir a fiscalização georreferenciada das áreas de proteção ambiental de todos os imóveis rurais do Brasil. Contudo, a pesquisa também abordou a relativa indefinição decorrente da redação dos dispositivos que instituem e regulam o CAR, especificamente quanto à possibilidade de serem deferidos licenciamentos ambientais de imóveis não inscritos no Cadastro, quando se pretende instalar o empreendimento objeto da licença em imóvel sob regime de arrendamento; ou seja, não havendo relação real de domínio ou animus sibi habendi sobre a terra. Desse ponto emana a discussão sobre obrigatoriedade ou não da inscrição, posto que a exigência legal é voltada aos proprietários e possuidores rurais. Portanto, se buscou ponderarem regras e princípios de matriz constitucional e infraconstitucional, para precisar a interpretação dos dispositivos regulatórios do CAR, quanto a sua finalidade sistemática no direito brasileiro, especialmente, sob a regência dos direitos fundamentais ambientais.

A tese tem como objeto compreender, no campo da história das ideias jurídicas, a forma pela qual se equacionou a relação entre democracia e direitos sociais na Constituição brasileira de 1934, utilizando como perspectiva de análise e como baliza comparativa o constitucionalismo francês dos anos 1920 e 1930. Trata-se de um período de particular interesse para o estudo constitucional, tendo em vista a crise das premissas liberais, premissas que, por certo, haviam permitido a expansão democrática, mas que, até mesmo em função disso, se viram insuficientes como resposta única diante da irrupção da questão social. Na França, não há alteração constitucional, e é a doutrina do direito público que absorve a tarefa de responder à nova realidade, o que faz de diferentes modos. No Brasil, se por um lado as premissas liberais não são postas em prática, afastando a massificação democrática nos anos 1930, por outro lado a revolução que leva Getúlio Vargas ao poder e a necessidade de uma nova Constituição obrigam a Assembleia Constituinte a lidar com novas e velhas questões, isto é, tanto com a democracia liberal ainda por se concretizar quanto com os novos direitos sociais que marcam as Constituições modernas. O objetivo da tese é descrever de que forma se travou esse debate no processo constituinte brasileiro, por meio sobretudo dos registros da época, buscando identificar tanto influências quanto semelhanças e divergências com o caso francês, reposicionando a matéria na história das ideias jurídicas. / This work examines, from the standpoint of the history of legal ideas, the way in which the relation between democracy and social rights was dealt with in the Brazilian Constitution of 1934, using the French constitutionalism of the 1920s and 1930s both as an analytical perspective and as a point of comparison. This historical period has great interest to constitutional studies due to the crisis of liberal propositions that was taking place; propositions which, of course, had allowed a democratic expansion, but, and even because of that, had proved themselves insufficient as a unique response to the outburst of the so-called social question. In France, there is no change in the Constitutional regime, and it is the legal doctrine that assumes the task of responding in various ways to the new reality. In Brazil, on the one hand, the liberal propositions had not been fully materialized, something that restrained any significant democratic expansion during the 1930s. On the other hand, the revolution that had led Getúlio Vargas into power and the claim for a new Constitution forced the Constitutional Assembly to deal with both old and new problems, in other words, with both the liberal democracy yet to be materialized and the new social rights that characterized modern Constitutions. The aim of this work is to describe the way this debate developed during the Brazilian constitutional process, specially by analyzing the historical sources, and searching to identify influences from, as well as similarities and differences with the French case, repositioning the subject in the history of ideas.

Doctor Legum - LLD / Poverty and inequality are deeply entrenched in Kenya, with the country being one of the mostunequal countries in the world. To eradicate poverty and inequality, enhance the achievement ofsocial justice, fast-track human development, as well as to entrench participatory democracy and a culture of justification in governance, Kenya has, for the first time, entrenched justiciable socio-economic rights (SERs) in its 2010 Constitution. In this thesis, I undertake a criticalanalysis of the prospects for the implementation and enforcement of the entrenched SERs as well as the probable challenges that Kenya may face in their realisation. In this endeavour, the thesis develops a theoretical and interpretive approach for the realisation of these entrenched SERs. It entails an expansive analysis of the nature, scope, content and extent of the SERs entrenched in the 2010 Kenyan Constitution, and especially the place of international human rights obligations contained in customs and ratified international human rights treaties due to the provisions of the 2010 Constitution which espouse the direct application of international law in Kenya’s domestic legal system. It is submitted in this thesis that in order to improve the socio-economic conditions of the poor, vulnerable and marginalised groups in Kenya, there is a need for their socio-economic as well as political empowerment to enable them to effectively take part in societal decision-making in both the public and private spheres with regard to resource (re)distribution. The theory of dialogical constitutionalism, based on the constitutionally entrenched principle of popular participation in governance and public decision-making, is aimed at the realisation of both political and socio-economic empowerment of these groups. Even though the theory of dialogical constitutionalism underscores the importance of litigation in the achievement of the transformative aspirations of the 2010 Kenyan Constitution contained in the entrenched SERs, it acknowledges that litigation is not the panacea of SER enforcement, and that other political and advocacy strategies play an important role in the emancipation of the socio-economically deprived groups in society. The thesis thus advocates a multi-pronged strategy which espouses the equal participation of all sectors of society in a collaborative and cooperative deliberative effort aimed at the full realisation of the entrenched SERs. To accompany the above theoretical framework for the interpretation and implementation of the entrenched SERs, the thesis further proposes a transformative and integrated approach which combines the progressive aspects of the minimum core approach and the reasonableness approach. This is an approach of purposive interpretion which, in the first instance, envisages the courts undertaking a strict and searching scrutiny of the SER implementation framework developed by the political institutions of the State to ensure that sufficient provision has been made for the basic necessities of the most poor and vulnerable groups in society, basically the espousal of a minimum core content approach. The approach entails the requirement that should the SER implementation framework fail to provide this basic minimum to vulnerable groups, and the political institutions do not provide a substantive justification as to the failure, then the courts should find the relevant SER implementation framework per se unreasonable and thus invalid. However, should the implementation framework provide sufficiently for the basic essentials for vulnerable groups, the courts should then proceed to review it using the reasonableness standards that have been developed by the South African Constitutional Court. The rationale for this searching analysis is the acknowledgement that if the needs and interests of the most indigent and marginalised in society are not catered for, the entire corpus of rights in the Bill of Rights becomes redundant. The thesis then undertakes a case study of two rights, the right to food and the right to housing, using the theoretical and interpretive approaches developed in the previous chapters of the thesis. On food security, the thesis finds that Kenya is a food insecure country with a declining food production capacity. This is basically due to a lack of subsidy to farmers, global warming leading to intermittent rainfall, lack of investment in sustainable agriculture as well as a fragmented and contradictory legislative and policy agenda. In response to this situation, the thesis proposes the adoption of a livelihoods approach to food security in Kenya, based on the constitutionally entrenched right to food and other supporting rights. This approach advocates the enhancement of the food entitlements of the different sectors of the Kenyan society to ensure their access to adequate and nutritious food, be it through self-production or through the market. On the right to housing, the thesis finds that housing plays a crucial role in ensuring that people are able to have a holistic, dignified and valuable existence. However, Kenya faces a dire housing situation, with the majority of Kenyans, both in rural and urban areas lacking adequate shelter and sanitary conditions, evidenced by the large informal settlements in urban areas and the squatter phenomenon in rural areas. With the entrenchment of a justiciable right to adequate housing in the 2010 Constitution, the study finds that several legislative and policy reforms are underway to improve the housing situation, with efforts being made to draft the Landlord and Tenant Bill 2007, the Housing Bill 2011, the Evictions and resettlement Guidelines and the Evictions and Resettlement Procedures Bill, 2012, among others. The thesis proposes that these legal reforms must be undertaken within an environment of cooperative and collaborative strategic partnership involving all sectors of society so as to ensure that the housing concerns as well as interests of all are catered for.

Le thème de l’Etat de droit connaît depuis les années quatre-vingt une grande fortune. Aucun Etat ne peut aujourd’hui bénéficier d’un minimum de respectabilité internationale s’il ne se déclare expressément être un Etat de droit. Il est désormais admis en Afrique subsaharienne et au Bénin que l’Etat ne peut fonctionner uniquement par la violence au nom du développement. Les constituants et les populations décident alors de passer d’un pouvoir arbitraire auquel tout est permis à un Etat qui accepte d’être limité par le droit et de le respecter, un Etat de droit.Par sa Conférence nationale tenue à Cotonou du 19 au 28 février 1990 et l’adoption de sa nouvelle Constitution le 11 décembre 1990, le Bénin adhère à l’idéal de l’Etat de droit avec la « juridictionnalisation » de la sphère politique par la Cour constitutionnelle dont la saisine est ouverte à tous les citoyens. Cette thèse fait l’inventaire de la concrétisation de l’Etat de droit au Bénin et en constate la délicatesse. La justice et la primauté du droit ne sont que relativement effectives. Le patrimonialisme et la corruption perdurent. / The theme of Rule of Law has been particularly popular since the 80’s. No State can be internationally respected nowadays if it does not expressly declare itself to practice a Rule of Law. It is now admitted in sub-Saharan Africa and in Benin that the State can no longer function only through violence in the name of development. The constituents and populations decided to go from an arbitrary power where everything is permitted to a State that agrees to be limited by the law and to respect it, in other words, a Rule of Law.Benin has proven its adherence to the idea of Rule of law since its National Conference held in Cotonou from 19 to 28 february 1990 and the adoption of its new Constitution on 11 december 1990, followed by the “jurisdictionalisation” of the political sphere through the creation of the Constitutional Court that every citizen can refer to. This thesis presents the history of the consolidation of the Rule of Law in Benin and points out its weaknesses. The Justice and Rule of Law are only relatively effective. Patrimonialism and corruption prevail.

This article addresses diverse perspectives concerning relationship between reviewing (laws) for compliance and the process of putting international law of human rights on a constitutional footing. Therefore, a parallel is established between reviewing (laws) for compliance and constitutional review (laws) in order to outline features and application impact of this research. The design of a multi-level protection system for fundamental rights in Latin America is also discussed in this article. / El presente artículo aborda aspectos relativos a la relación entre el control de convencionalidad y el proceso de constitucionalización del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Así, se establece un paralelo entre el control de convencionalidad y el control de constitucionalidad, a fin de determinar las características y el impacto de la aplicación del examen mencionado. El documento da cuenta de la configuración de un sistema de protección multinivel de los derechos fundamentales en Latinoamérica.