The development of the human built environment is an essential component to achieving and maintaining a sustainable society. Much has been done to develop tools, techniques and approaches for creating ‘green’ or ‘sustainable’ neighbourhoods yet they rarely demonstrate the capacity to address the wider socio-ecological requirements for achieving success. This paper studies the current approaches to green design and planning, proposes a new approach called Needs Based Design (NBD), and identifies the gaps that exist between the two. Results indicate that NBD is based on a firm foundation, is widely applicable, and can support and spur regional sustainable development initiatives and positive behaviour change within communities. It fills three major gaps identified in current green design by utilising systems thinking and a shared language and framework, and focusing on the needs of individuals within communities. Concerns exist, however, about its reliance on broad community participation and ongoing education. In theory, NBD allows project teams to implement their work within the context of a strategic sustainable development perspective. Recommended now is practical application and testing. / Both a Master's thesis and an introductory guide, as a supplement to the thesis, are included. / <p>Natalie Haltrich 144 1st Boulevard Terrasse-Vaudreuil Quebec J7V 5T1 Canada</p>

Abstract Station-nearness principles as we will discuss in this paper, deals with the coordination of urban functions with the public transportation network. When we talk about functions, we mean residences, workplaces, commercial services, entertainment venues, places of culture, etc. These functions should be high density, there should be a mix of them and they should be pedestrian friendly in nature. Effective integration of functions around train stations brings many benefits and is one of the best means by which you can increase public transport use and increase the accessibility for people in a region. More and more, cities in North America, Europe and other places, are exploring the idea of how this concept can be applied. The Copenhagen region as we will discuss, has placed station-nearness principles at the forefront of their finger plan. Since the Copenhagen region has applied these principles, they have seen clear results with increased public transit ridership, as well on the overall, an increase in the standard of living. As many places are exploring the concept, not everyplace has been able to make the concept work. When we look at Scania, the concept is under utilized to a degree. There continues to be many populated and dense areas in Scania where the coordination of urban functions with public transit is lacking. The automobile is also gaining stronger competition over public transportation; this is a concern in terms of the sustainable future and quality of life for the region. It is not always the solution to simply expand the public transportation network, rather it can be significant to explore more upon the concept of station-nearness principles so that the existing public transit network can be made more effective. It is important to compare places, see in our case study how the concept has worked in the Copenhagen region and look into why the concept is lacking in Scania, as well, what can be done to implement it more in Scania. It is also important how the Öresund region as whole, can play a role with developing the concept, as well, how the concept can benefit the Öresund region vice versa.

The aim of this thesis was to study the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) Programme and the North Sea Region (NSR) Programme within the Transnational Interreg IV B Programme for the period 2007-2013, by making a comparison between Sweden and Denmark. The thesis looked at the level of involvement of both National Planning Authorities in the designing process of the programmes and projects, and investigated whether the Interreg programmes influence the authorities in their work with future policy-making, and the national spatial planning policies in general. The ambition of the thesis was also to clarify the links between the Interreg Programmes, the ESDP document, the Territorial State and Perspectives of the European Union and the Territorial Agenda, and how these documents have influenced the EU Territorial Cohesion debate and the creation of the EU Baltic Sea Strategy. The reason was to better understand the role of the National Planning Authorities in the implementation of the transnational programmes and their work towards territorial cohesion. The methods used for the thesis consisted of secondary research and analysis of the intergovernmental “Territorial Documents”, the Interreg programmes and their specific projects, and not least, the study of books, articles, and other documents and sources of interest for this topic. Interviews were made with people working at Swedish “Boverket”, Danish “By- og Landskabsstyrelsen” (BLST) and “Danske Regioner” (Danish Regions). Some of the main findings have been the different approaches among the Planning Authorities towards their potential leadership in the Interreg projects, the little time dedicated to the Interreg work in general at Swedish Boverket, and Boverket’s scarce intervention in the development-process of the EU Baltic Sea Strategy. On the Danish side there is very little priority given to the diffusion and transfer of knowledge, while in Sweden on the other hand, this is one of the main issues for all the authorities involved. The conclusion is that, even if Sweden and Denmark are close neighbours and are collaborating in many fields, there are some substantial differences in attitude and action towards their role as participators of the Transnational Interreg projects, differences which, if emphasised, could be useful knowledge for both parts in order to develop their own Interreg-work, responding to the growing interest of the EU in territorial concerns. / m.bengtsson@tiscali.it

This thesis deals with the Kosovar agricultural economy and the introduction of new approaches. Kosova is an economy in transition with high unemployment, young population and structural problems. The privatization process promises a better future and economic growth. However, hard work and new approaches are needed. Privatization does not mean immediate growth. Hereby, clusters are considered as an appropriate approach to develop rural areas. Especially the wine sector in Kosova could be an example for cluster development as it is a promising sector. Wine has a long history in Kosova although wine consumption is not widespread. This sector is a rare example where exports are higher than imports. Climate conditions cheep working force and as stated the background make this sector attractive. Foreign agencies and investors are very interested in this sector. This thesis will show the main problems and main opportunities of this sector. It will describe the structural changes and current developments. Cluster creation is not a government function. Further, it is not a tailor-made solution. In fact, clustering involves many roles. Each participant has certain duties but the whole process needs coordination. The monitoring and supervision of the whole process, the identification of needs and permanent exchange of the participants are organized in a cluster. At the end, a win-win situation is created even if competition is raised to a high level. Competition and the functioning of free markets guarantee the success of the sector and as a results regional development. One cluster helps to create another. Starting one process means that many others could follow. By reading this thesis, the reader should recognize potentials and understand the local circumstances. This is the aim of the study. / Faton Deva "Shkodra" 14, Prishtina 10000 Kosova mob: +377(0)44122883 e-mail:faton99d@gmail.com

Hur samverkar de nationella folkhälsomålen med fysisk planering, och på vilket sätt kan folkhälsomålen beaktas för att förbättra förutsättningarna för ökad fysisk aktivitet hos barn? Denna studie är en fallstudie i Hjo kommun. Studien tar utgångspunkt i kommunens folkhälsoproblematik som visar att det finns en hög förekomst av övervikt hos barn. Intentionen är att undersöka vilka organisatoriska processer som kan underbygga det kommunala arbetet med folkhälsomålen, liksom att ta reda på vilka faktorer i den fysiska miljön som skapar förutsättningar för barns fysiska aktivitet. Avsikten med studien har varit att skapa ett underlag för Hjo kommuns översiktliga planering. Resultatet av studien tydliggör vilka strukturella processer som påverkar arbetet med folkhälsa, men även hur utformningen av folkhälsomålen kan påverka den fysiska planeringens beaktande av folkhälsan. Resultatet åskådliggör även faktorer i den fysiska miljön som påverkar barns förutsättningar till fysisk aktivitet, liksom vikten av beaktandet av barnkonventionen. ABSTRACT How does national public health objectives cooperate with spatial planning, and in which way can public health objectives be considered in order to improve the conditions for increasing physical activity in children? This study is a case study in the municipality of Hjo. The starting point of the study is the municipal public health problem which indicates that there is a high prevalence of obesity in children. The intention is to examine the organizational processes that can underpin the municipal work of public health objectives, as well as to find out which factors in the built environment that can establish the conditions for children&apos;s physical activity. The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for the conceptual planning for the municipality of Hjo. Results of the study illustrates the structural processes that affect the work of public health, but also how the design of public health objectives may influence on the physical planning considerations of public health. The result also illustrates factors in the built environment that affect children&apos;s opportunities for physical activity, but also the importance of taking into account of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).

This master thesis ”Urban Mobility in the 21st Century” gives an insight into the challenges that come with car usage in today’s society. Even though decision makers are trying to encourage people to use other means of transport, the car is still the predominant choice of transport for many people. With this thesis I have tried to answer the question of why people generally prefer to commute and travel by car instead of using public commuting systems. The answers to this question are many. Different scientists have given their view of why people generally prefer to travel by car. One of the explanations is given by Zygmunt Bauman. He argues that we live in a society that demands consumption of both travel and merchandise as well as experiences. In this the car becomes the ultimate choice of transport, due to its apparent sense of speed, flexibility and safety. This appealing sense of speed, flexibility and safety also partly explains why people prefer to use the car, instead of public commuting systems. The society we live in today is complex with many activities spanning a wide geographical area, giving the car many advantages both in flexibility and speed. The decision makers in the European Commission, the Swedish government and the British government have tried to handle this usage of the car in different ways, sometimes by encouragement in using other means of transport, and other times by hard measures like road pricing or increased tax on petroleum. When analyzing these different methods and comparing with the dominating theories on urban mobility, I found that some methods are more successful than others and also that certain methods can have side effects that are less desirable.

The purpose of the present work is to provide a brief survey of the process of urban sprawl. What are its origins, how did it develop and why? Moreover, focus will be on envi-ronmental concerns in the framework of urban sprawl. The thesis concentrates on develop-ments in Europe and North America, where cities can look back on a long history of sprawl, and where processes have become very sophisticated. Based on a detailed description of the origins and history of urban sprawl in Europe and the United States, potentially sprawl-induced effects on the environment will be presented and discussed. In a further step, urban sprawl in two case studies (Stuttgart and Leipzig) will be highlighted and discussed with special focus on environ-mental effects. The purpose in doing so is basically to provide a basis and a starting point for further discussions concerning potential and actual effects of sprawl on environment con-cerns.

The national spatial planning guidelines and the subsequent legal regulation in the Natural Resources Act and the Environmental Code has been a part of the Swedish planning system for almost 40 years. In the recent years, critics have claimed that the regulations are outdated and does not work the way it was intended. This paper examines closer why it is perceived that the regulations does not work, with a focus on how the national interests are managed in the municipal planning. Why is the national interests not applied in the municipal planning as intended? Is the error in the system or in the implementation of it? The aim of this essay is to study the gap between theory and practice by studying how the land management provisions in the Environmental Code is applied in five selected municipalities. The aim is also to find interesting issues for futher studies of the topic. The problem is specified as the differense between how the legal clauses are applied and how they were intended to be applied. Amongst other aspects, the essay studies how the organisation of the municipality and the political governing affects the practice. Three methods is used. Intervention theory is used to interpret the the Environmental Code’s land management provisions, comparative analysis to identify factors which are likely to affect the municipal planning and qualitative inteview to attain deeper knowledge about how the planning is implemented in the municipalities. The land management provisions of the Environmental Code’s 3 and 4 chapters can be traced directly to the national spatial planning during the 70’s and 80’s. Since the national spatial planning until today, several system models have been used to visualize the procedure and coordination between different public agencies. In chapter 5 an intervention theory is summarized and two new models are created. Chapter 6 descibes how the five selected municipalities have specially accounted for the national interest in the comprehensive plan. Three factors are studied; how the national interests are accounted for in the comprehensive plan; if all land management provisions are accounted for; and if the municipality describes how they intend to protect the national intresets from palpable damage. The study shows that three of the municipalities specially account for the national interests in a seperated chapter or annex. Two of the municipalities acount for all management provisions and three of the municipalites descibes at least one of the protection of the national intrerest in detail. Thus, two of the municipalities are assessed to have a complete knowledge base in the comprehensive plan for continuing working with the national intrerest in detailed planning and building permit processing. (94) 7 In chapter 7 a number of factors which are believed to affect the municipalities way of account for the national interests are compared through comparative analysis. Factors such as population, access to enhanced knowledge base from a national agency and political governance is studied and compared between the municipalities. Chapter 8 presents interviews with officals and politicians in the selected municipalities and county administration. From the interviews a number of interesting topics are detected. A good knowledge and planning base is very important for the municipal planning, and the comprehensive plan is important for the land management provisions to work the way they were intended. Chapter 9 presents the conclusion of the essay. The first conclusion is that there are a lack of guidelines in the municipalities’ comprehensive plans for how to process detailed plans and building permits in areas of national interest. The second conclusion is that some national interests are descibed better than others in the comprehensive plan. The third conclusion is that the couty board is affecting the way the municipalities view the national interests. / Den fysiska riksplaneringens riktlinjer och den senare lagregleringen av dem i NRL och MB har varit en del av det svenska planeringssystemet i snart 40 år. De senaste åren har kritik riktats mot att systemet är föråldrat och inte fungerar på det vis det var tänkt. Denna uppsats undersöker närmare uppfattningen av att hushållningsbestämmelserna inte fungerar, med fokus på hur man i den kommunala planeringen hanterar riksintressena. Varför fungerar inte planeringen av riksintressena som tänkt? Ligger felet i systemet eller i tillämpningen av det? Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera vad som orsakar glappet mellan teori och praktik, genom att studera hur hushållningsbestämmelserna tillämpas i fem utvalda kommuner. Syftet med studien är också att hitta intressanta frågeställningar för vidare studier av ämnet. Problemet preciseras till skillnaden mellan tillämpningen av lagstiftningen och hur det var tänkt att tillämpas. I uppsatsen studeras bland annat hur kommuners organisation och politiska styrning påverkar tillämpningen. Tre metoder används. Interventionsteori för att tolka hushållningsbestämmelserna, komparativ analys för att identifiera faktorer som kan påverka kommunernas arbete med riksintressen och kvalitativ intervju för att uppnå fördjupad kunskap om kommunernas arbete. Hushållningsbestämmelserna i miljöbalkens 3 och 4 kapitel kan härledas direkt till riksplaneringen under 70- och 80-talet. Naturresurslagen trädde i kraft 1987, och hushållningsbestämmelserna överfördes oförändrade till Miljöbalken 1998. Flera modeller har används för att visualisera hur samordningen mellan myndigheterna ska ske, både under fysiska riksplaneringen och under senaste året. I kapitel 5 sammanfattas interventionsteorin och två systemmodeller konstrueras. I kapitel 6 beskrivs hur kommunernas särskilda redovisning av riksintressen i översiktsplanen. Tre faktorer studeras: hur riksintressena redovisas; om samtliga hushållningsbestämmelser redovisas; om kommunen beskriver hur säkerställandet av riksintresseanspråken ska ske. Studien av översiktsplanerna visar att tre av kommunerna redovisar riksintressen i ett särskilt kapitel eller bilaga. Två av kommunerna redovisar samtliga hushållningsbestämmelser och tre av kommunerna beskriver säkerställandet av åtminstone något riksintresse mer utförligt. Två av kommunerna bedöms ha ett i huvudsak fullständigt underlag i översiktsplanen för att arbeta vidare med riksintressen i planeringen och bygglovshandläggning. I kapitel 7 jämförs kommunerna i ett antal faktorer som tros påverka hur kommunen redovisat riksintressen i översiktsplanen. (94) 5 Faktorer som invånarantal, tillgång till fördjupat kunskapsunderlag och politisk styrning studeras och jämförs mellan kommunerna. I kapitel 8 redovisas intervjuer med tjänstemän och politiker i de studerade kommunerna samt de berörda länsstyrelserna. Från intervjuerna identifieras ett antal teman som viktiga att belysa. Kunskaps- och planeringsunderlaget är mycket viktigt för kommunernas planering, och översiktsplaneringen är viktig för att riksintressesystemet ska fungera. I kapitel 9 redovisas slutsatser. Slutsatsen är att det finns brister i kommunernas översiktsplaner när det gäller översiktsplanen som vägledande dokument för hur kommunen ska arbeta med områden av riksintresse i detaljplanering och bygglovshandläggning; att det finns skillnad i hur utförligt de olika riksintressena redovisas; att den kommunala organisationen kan påverka hur väl riksintressen redovisas och att det kan finnas samband mellan hur länsstyrelsen presenterar sin roll och hur kommunerna ser på sin roll.

Stadsdelar med en utpräglad hållbarhetsprofil planläggs runt om i Sverige och övriga världen, och har haft en stor genomslagskraft sedan millenniumskiftet. Sedan 90-talet har dessa projekt stått högt på den politiska agendan och i Sverige startade satsningen i samband med det gröna folkhemmet då Sverige skulle bli ett föregångsland inom hållbar utveckling. Sedan 1998 har miljontals statliga kronor lagts på hållbara stadsutvecklingsprojekt vilket har lett till att ett flertal stadsdelar bebyggts i Sverige med en utpräglad hållbarhetsprofil varav Västra Hamnen i Malmö med start i Bo01- området, Hammarby Sjöstad i Stockholm och Norra Älvstranden i Göteborg är bland de största pilotprojekten. Det som områdena har gemensamt är att de alla är centralt belägna på industrimark med byggnader av miljövänliga material och diverse ekosystemtjänster finns på området. Stadsdelarna anses hållbara ur ett ekonomisk, ekologisk och socialt perspektiv. En del kritiserar dock dessa stadsdelar för att stärka segregationen i städerna eftersom det enbart är höginkomsttagare som har råd att bo i områdena. Enligt urbanteoretikerna Savage, Ward, Warde och Mayer finns det en trend mot ett samhälle som mer är intresserat av lokala ekonomiska investeringar. Enligt dessa teoretiker beror denna utveckling på globaliseringen, vilket innebär en ökad konkurrens mellan länder och städer om de ekonomiska resurserna. Syftet med denna undersökning är att se hur globaliseringen och den ökade konkurrensen påverkar stadsutvecklingen och urskilja om och/eller hur hållbara stadsdelar är ett utfall av denna nya stadspolitik. Fallstudien grundar sig på Bo01 området i som var starten på den hållbara stadsdelen Västra Hamnen i Malmö. Jag undersöker hur Malmö motiverade Bo01 och hur de hanterade konsekvenserna. Undersökningen grundar sig på material hämtade från översiktsplanen år 2000 och andra plandokument som har varit betydelsefulla vid utarbetandet av visionerna. Plandokumenten har därefter kompletterats av empiriskt material från tidigare forskning och tidningsartiklar. Undersökningen inleds med en beskrivning av Malmös historik och planeringsförutsättningar. Därefter följer en redogörelse för Malmös övergripliga visioner för staden, Västra Hamnen och avslutningsvis Bo01. Genom att börja i ett uppifrån perspektiv ser man att Bo01 var ett strategiskt projekt inför omvandlingen av Malmö från en industristad till en ren och hållbar stad. Genom att locka höginkomsttagare till området kunde man genera staden ekonomisk tillväxt och antagligen gjorde hållbarhetsprofilen denna bekostade satsning legitim. Kommunen är medveten om de sociala konsekvenserna av att satsa på höginkomsttagare men det är desto viktigare, med tanke på konkurrensen från Köpenhamn att satsa på den kreativa klassen som Richard Florida skriver om. / En undersökning om motiven till planläggningen av den hållbara stadsdelen Bo01 i Västra Hamnen, Malmö. En analys sker även om hur staden hanterade konsekvenserna i val av strategi.

For decades, the peaks of Sharr Mountains had defined the border between two federal units of Former Yugoslavia, but after the political changes in Central and Eastern European Countries this massif became an intersected mountain. In this thesis work I saw of interest to analyze the status change from a massif unit as part of one state, to a cross-border mountain between two states and its affect on spatial development; - was there any cooperation on mountain management in the past; - how is the current mountain management proceeding on both sides; - which were the opportunities of cross-border cooperation in previous European experiences; - what can be expected from independent mountain side management on report to other side without any environmental assessment; and in the end to find and highlight the possible cross-border cooperation opportunities toward sustainability and eco-management of the Sharr Mountains in the future. / Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning DSP - Officer for International Cooperation Prishtina - Kosovo tel: + 381 38 517 712