L’autonomie de la volonté demeure aujourd’hui encore, et heureusement, un fondement central du droit civil des contrats. Les principes de liberté contractuelle et de force obligatoire du contrat laissent aux contractants le choix d’aménager les différents paramètres et conditions d’exécution de leur entente, y compris de prévoir à l’avance la limitation ou même l’exclusion de la responsabilité découlant de l’inexécution du contenu contractuel. Cette liberté n’est cependant pas sans borne. Celle-ci doit, depuis l’adoption du Code civil du Québec, obligatoirement s’insérer dans une philosophie morale du rapport contractuel. Ainsi, la question de savoir si l’autonomie de la volonté des contractants va jusqu’à permettre à ceux-ci de s’exonérer d’une obligation essentielle dans le rapport contractuel fait l’objet du présent mémoire. Seront donc étudiés, d’abord, les principaux concepts juridiques interpellés par une telle problématique, soit l’exonération conventionnelle de responsabilité, d’une part, et le concept d’obligation essentielle du contrat, d’autre part. Par la suite, sera observée, dans quelle mesure les principes de liberté contractuelle et de force obligatoire du contrat sont susceptibles de fonder, sous le Code civil du Bas-Canada, d’abord, et sous le Code civil du Québec, ensuite, l’exonération conventionnelle de l’inexécution d’une obligation essentielle. La dernière partie de l’étude sera réservée à l’impact de la moralité contractuelle du Code civil du Québec sur l’exonération conventionnelle de responsabilité. Au regard de la jurisprudence contemporaine, cette conception morale du contrat s’oppose visiblement à ce que l’exonération conventionnelle puisse servir à dégager un contractant de l’inexécution d’une obligation essentielle. / Party autonomy still remains, thankfully, one of the key foundations of civil contract law. The principles of contractual freedom and of the binding force of contracts leave the contracting parties with the choice of defining the different parameters and terms of implementation of their agreement, including a provision for the limitation or even the exclusion of liability arising from a breach of contract. However, freedom has its limits. Since the adoption of the Civil Code of Quebec, this freedom must necessarily be considered within the context of a moral philosophy of the contractual relationship. The subject of the present thesis thus raises the question of whether the contracting parties’ autonomy goes as far as allowing them to release themselves from an essential obligation within the contractual relationship. Firstly, we shall study the main legal concepts raised by this issue: the exclusion of liability clause, on the one hand, and the concept of essential obligation, on the other. Secondly, we shall see to what extent the principles of contractual freedom and binding force of contract are likely to justify the enforcement of an exclusion clause in the event of a fundamental breach of contract, first under the Civil Code of Lower Canada, then under the Civil Code of Quebec. The last part of the study will be dedicated to the impact of contractual morality within the Civil Code of Quebec on the exclusion of liability clause. In light of contemporary jurisprudence, the moral conception of the contract clearly conflicts with using the exemption clause to release a party in the event of his or her breach of an essential obligation.

La conception de la théorie de l’interprétation est constante. Elle repose sur une distinction entre les textes contractuels clairs et les textes contractuels ambigus. L’interprétation des textes ambigus relève du pouvoir souverain des juges du fond tandis que l’interprétation des textes clairs est considérée comme une dénaturation, cas d’ouverture à cassation. Toutefois, cette conception classique de la théorie de l’interprétation semble contestable. Les textes législatifs relatifs à cette théorie ne justifient pas le clivage entre les textes clairs et les textes ambigus, que nous proposons d’écarter au profit de l’admission de l’absoluité du pouvoir d’interprétation des juges du fond. Par ailleurs, l’opération d’interprétation des contrats est régie par les directives déclaratives, les directives protectrices de la partie faible et les directives complétives. Elle est marquée par l’emprise de l’équité sur l’interprétation complétive. L’ensemble des directives d’interprétation conduit à la mise en oeuvre de « l’équité subjective originelle », ou subsidiairement de « l’équité complétive », « subjective » par référence à la volonté contractuelle sinon « objective » en se fondant sur la conception raisonnable de la société. L’interprétation s’avère un processus au service de l’équité contractuelle. Elle contribue à la préservation de l’équité subjective contractuelle et conduit à défaut à l’élaboration d’une équité objective contractuelle. Différentes conceptions juridiques constituent des applications avérées de cette lecture de la théorie de l’interprétation, à savoir l’interdiction de détournement de la finalité d’un droit, l’abandon de l’acte ostensible simulé pour l’application de l’acte secret sincère et l’adjonction d’obligations à certains contrats. En parallèle, de nouvelles applications sont proposées. La théorie de l’interprétation peut constituer le complément de la notion de cause, le dénouement de la problématique de la révision pour imprévision et une technique de révision des contrats nés déséquilibrés. / The concept of the theory of interpretation has been always based on the distinction between the clear contractual texts and the ambiguous contractual texts. The ambiguous texts are interpreted freely by the judges on merits whereas the interpretation of the clear texts is considered as a denaturation and a cause to claim cassation. However, this classic concept of the theory of interpretation seams disputable. As the difference in the interpretation of the clear and ambiguous texts is not justified by legal texts, we suggest to drop out this distinction and to give the judges the absolute authority to interpret all texts. Besides, the interpretation of contracts is governed by three rules: the declaration of the real common intention of the contracting parties rather than paying attention to the literal meaning of the terms, the protection of the weak party and the completion of the intention of the parties. The interpretation theory leads to the application of the equity which prevails over the completion rules. The judges will initially ascertain the “original subjective equity”. If not applicable, they will then establish the “subjective completive equity” depending on the contractual will, or the “objective completive equity” based on the reasonable conception of the society. The interpretation theory favors the contractual equity. It contributes to preserve the subjective contractual equity and creates an objective contractual equity. Several legal concepts constitute a genuine application of our understanding of the theory of interpretation, such as the interdiction of using a contractual right contrary to the reason created for, the abandonment of the fake apparent act in order to apply the real unrevealed one, and the addition of obligations to some contracts. In parallel, new applications are suggested. The theory of interpretation may complete the notion of cause, handle the problem of the unforeseen circumstances and permit to revise the imbalanced contracts.

La législation sur les clauses abusives, issue de l’article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation, est d’application quotidienne. La notion de clause abusive n’en demeure pas moins confuse. Il est vrai que trente-cinq années d’applications erratiques ont contribué à la rendre peu accessible et peu prévisible, ce qui nuit à la sécurité juridique. Pour restaurer cette notion, une double démarche s’impose. Il faut, d’abord, la délimiter afin de réserver son application uniquement aux personnes qui méritent d’être protégées contre les clauses abusives et aux seules stipulations qui créent véritablement un déséquilibre significatif entre les droits et obligations des parties au contrat. La notion de clause abusive apparaît alors comme un mécanisme destiné à sanctionner les abus de la liberté contractuelle dans les contrats de consommation. Il faut, ensuite, procéder à l’identification de la notion de clause abusive en cherchant à définir et à caractériser le standard du déséquilibre significatif, notamment à l’aune des critères dégagés de la pratique. Chemin faisant, la notion de clause abusive s’impose comme une notion incontournable du droit de la consommation et, plus largement du droit des contrats, notamment en ce qu’elle participe au renouveau de la théorie générale du contrat. / The legislation on unfair terms set out by Article L. 132-1 of the French Consumer Code is applied on a daily basis. The notion of unfair terms nevertheless remains unclear. Thirty-five years of inconsistent and erratic application have indeed contributed to making this legislation inaccessible and difficult to predict, thereby damaging legal security. The reinforcement of this notion necessitates a two-pronged approach. First of all, the concept must be delimited in order to restrict application solely to those individuals requiring protection against unfair terms and only to those terms that genuinely do generate a material imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. The notion of unfair terms then becomes a mechanism aimed at sanctioning abuses of contractual freedom in consumer agreements. The concept must then be identified, by seeking to define and characterize the standard of material imbalance, in particular against the yardstick of criteria generated by practical application. In doing so, the notion of unfair terms becomes a central notion of consumer law and, more widely, of contract law, in particular with regard to its participation in the renewal of general contract theory.

The first part of the thesis deals with a description of legal relationships in the international trade and explains the term "international element." Further there is a short description of private international law and international trade law. The second part of the thesis is focused on securing of contractual obligations in the international trade. The third part concerns with explanation of the basic forms of legal relationships in the international trade regulation with regard to securing of contractual obligations. The final part of the thesis deals with a description of securing instruments used in the international trade. At the end of this part there are listed factors which influence the choice of a suitable securing instrument.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cesar Barbosa Martins.pdf: 608331 bytes, checksum: 4584e50f9cd7a57b92b5627c52ad4a22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-24 / The dissertation focuses on the analysis of conditions which allow judicial review and intervention of contracts when supervening facts that cause substantial variation to the terms and conditions occur. Thus, the objective was to make an approach towards the legal requisites for contractual review and dissolution, based on principles of Brazilian Law, once the contract is distorted due to a subsequent fact. Such work required a historical study, in order to obtain the elementary premises that authorize judicial review and intervention of contracts. In this manner, among other topics, the study of the classic and origin-debated rebus sic stantibus clause was the main theoretical reference for research of the topic. Furthermore, judicial contractual review and dissolution requisites in both Brazilian and foreign legal systems were likewise studied. Without doubt, the approach towards international legal investigation was the primary source of progressive research of the possibilities of relativization of the pacta sunt servanda dogma / A presente dissertação possui o escopo central de analisar os pressupostos que possibilitam a intervenção judicial nos contratos quando este é atingido por um fato superveniente que altere, significativamente, as bases que existiam no momento da contratação. Ou seja, buscou-se pesquisar, segundo o sistema jurídico moderno, baseando-se em princípios do Direito, os requisitos necessários para a revisão ou resolução contratual quando lhe sobrevêm modificações posteriores à sua formação. Para tanto, foi necessária uma regressão histórica que serviu de fundamento para a possibilidade de intervenção judicial nos contratos. Neste ponto, foi analisada, entre outros tópicos, a velha cláusula rebus sic stantibus, de origem controversa, que, sem dúvida alguma, foi a construção teórica que mais estimulou as pesquisas acerca do tema. Foram estudados os requisitos para a aplicação da revisão ou resolução contratual decorrente de fato superveniente no nosso Direito pátrio e no estrangeiro. Este último, sem dúvida alguma, foi a grande fonte que indicou os caminhos para a concretização, entre nós, da possibilidade de relativização do dogma pacta sunt servanda

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The establishment of the limits between the public law and the private law has been a hard to clarify. For that reason, the author brings a perspective about this division, focusing on the case of public procurement. Thus, in the first part he will explain the division between public law and private law, and how this division has evolved. Then, he will explain the consequences of the disruption of unitary theory on public procurement. Finally, he will show the inequality of the parts, the public prerogatives and the compensatory guarantees, all involved in the peculiarities of management contract, that distinguishes it from an private contract. / La determinación de la frontera ente el derecho privado y el derecho público siempre ha sido una situación complicada de esclarecer. Por tal motivo, el autor brinda una perspectiva sobreesta división pero enfocándola, principalmente, al escenario de la contratación pública. Así,en un primer momento explicará la división entre el derecho privado y el derecho públicoy cómo esta ha ido evolucionando con el devenir del tiempo; luego nos explicará quéimplica el abandono de la tesis unitaria en el escenario de la contratación pública, para,finalmente, mostrarnos que la desigualdad de las partes, las prerrogativas del poder públicoy las garantías compensatorias se encuentran dentro de las peculiaridades que exhibe lateoría del contrato administrativo y la distinguen de un contrato entre particulares que se circunscribe en el ámbito de derecho privado.

In this article, the author highlights the benefits of incorporating the concepts “concession contract” and “long term contract” within the new Civil and Commercial Code of the Nation in Argentina. For the author, these contractual arrangements are fundamental in Administrative Law to understand the scope of the concession of public services, specifically in regard to the introduction of changes in the contract. This also means that foreign police concepts or theories as ius variandi, which only add authoritarian elements under the contract, are not longer required. / En el presente artículo, el autor resalta los beneficios de la incorporación de los conceptos “contrato de concesión” y “contrato de larga duración” dentro del nuevo Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación argentina. Así, para el autor, estas figuras contractuales son fundamentales en el Derecho Administrativo para poder comprender los alcances del contrato de concesión de servicios públicos, específicamente, en cuanto a la introducción de variaciones en la ejecución del contrato. Ello conlleva, además, que ya no se tenga que recurrir a conceptospoliciales extraños o a teorías como la del ius variandi que únicamente añaden elementos autoritarios en el marco del contrato.

La contractualisation est une tendance contemporaine qui traverse de nombreuses branches du droit. Elle est un procédé de régulation impliquant la participation des acteurs privés à l'élaboration et à l'évolution du droit. Cette thèse a pour objet d'en vérifier la pertinence et d'en déterminer la portée en droit de la propriété intellectuelle, domaine dominé par l'ordre public, mais sujet à une perte profonde de légitimité. Traduisant aussi bien un recul de l'ordre public qu'une véritable dynamique de normativité, la contractualisation s'illustre sur deux niveaux. D'abord, dans le rapport contractuel, la contractualisation permet au titulaire d'un droit subjectif de négocier l'exercice de ses prérogatives individuelles et de conférer, au mieux offrant, une certaine liberté, une faculté ou un pouvoir d'agir qu'il pourra exercer en lieu et place de son cocontractant. Elle est alors un vecteur renouvelé des droits subjectifs. Ensuite, à l'échelon supérieur, la contractualisation apparaît comme un nouveau mode de régulation. Les acteurs des milieux professionnels sont associés à l'élaboration de la règle de droit, soit par délégation, soit par incitation. Cette contractualisation complémentaire s'inscrivant au cœur du droit objectif se destine à produire des normes autorégulées reposant tout à la fois sur l'idée de flexibilité et d'adhésion volontaire. Ces normes privées seront enfin réceptionnées dans l'ordre juridique à la condition qu'elles réalisent un équilibre entre l'utilité économique de l'aménagement proposé et la valeur sociale portée par la règle du droit imposé / The contractualization is a contemporary trend which crosses numerous branches of the law. As a process of regulation, it implies the participation of the stakeholders in the elaboration and the evolution of the law. This thesis aims at verifying its relevance and determining its impact in intellectual property law, domain dominated by the law and order, but subject to a deep loss of legitimacy. Reflecting a withdrawal of the law and order and a real dynamics of rule-making, the contractualization covers two levels. First of all, in the contractual relationship, the contractualization allows the holder of a subjective right to negotiate the exercise of its individual prerogatives and to confer a certain freedom and power to act that he can practice instead of his cocontracting party. In this case, the contractualization is presented as a vector of subjective rights. Then, in the upper level, the contractualization appears as a new mode of regulation. The stakeholders are associated to the elaboration of the law, either by delegation, or by incentive. This additional contractualization intends to produce private standards basing quite at the same time on the idea of flexibility and voluntary consent. These private standards will finally be received in the legal order assuming that they realize a balance between the economic utility of the proposed arrangement and the social value carried by compulsory rule. In this second prospect, the contractual standard appears as a legal model which should be encouraged, halfway between the spontaneous legal rule and the negotiated legal rule

The topic of this Master's degree thesis is "Legal consequences of breach of contract in civil law". The aim of this thesis is especially to analyse the legal consequences of the breach of contract under civil law. The text is divided into six chapters. Each chapter characterizes the particular consequence of the breach of contract. Each chapter also shows main differences and and possible advantages or disadvantages its enactment in the new Civil Code that came into effect on 1st January 2014. The first chapter deals with the pre-contractual liability. This chapter includes description of the pre- contractual negotiation and its main elements recognized within the framework of the Czech legal system. The chapter two analyzes aspects of delay in civil commitments in the law system of the Czech Republic with focus on the consequences a delay may cause. The third chapter explains essential points of the withdrawal from a contract. The fourth chapter describes and analyzes the legal institute of liability for defects, the issues regarding the liability for defect, its impact and also mentions some practical aspects related to it.Chapter five deals with the civil liability for damage. The aim of this chapter is to provide a basic overviewand to clarify crucial aspects of this legal institute. Chapter six...