Este trabalho tem por objetivo debater a contribuição e o papel que a jurisprudência do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia desempenhou no processo de produção e desenvolvimento do direito internacional penal costumeiro sobre crimes contra a humanidade e sua influência na formação do conteúdo normativo atual do art. 7o(1),(2)(a), do Estatuto de Roma, que trata do crime contra a humanidade. Para isso, analisa-se como a Corte determinou o costume válido sobre as elementares do crime contra a humanidade nos casos Duko Tadie Draen Erdemovi, julgados antes da conferência de Roma. Em seguida, examina-se a teoria das fontes, mais especificamente, o costume internacional, seu fundamento, seus dois elementos (combinação de prática e opinio iuris), bem como seus sujeitos criadores e veículos de exteriorização, em especial a jurisprudência internacional. Nesse percurso, apontam-se as práticas destoantes do costume e a dificuldade de sua determinação, para então indicar o binômio valor e poder como elementos que influenciam sua manifestação. Depois, procura-se verificar o contexto político e jurídico de criação do Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia, associando-o à proteção do valor paz mundial e às alterações das estruturas de poder da ordem internacional. Então, faz-se uma avaliação da contribuição dos julgados analisados como veículos para exteriorização do costume ou de seus elementos. Por fim, com a análise da coincidência de resultados no que tange à estrutura de algumas das elementares decididas pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional para a ex-Iugoslávia e o conteúdo normativo atual do art. 7o(1),(2)(a) do Estatuto de Roma, pode-se concluir que a jurisprudência estudada veiculou parte da opinio iuris do direito costumeiro sobre crimes contra a humanidade, contribuindo, assim, com o desenvolvimento do direito internacional penal sobre o tema. / This work aims to discuss the contribution and the role that the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia played in the production and development of international criminal customary law on crimes against humanity and its influence in shaping the article 7o(1),(2)(a), of the Rome Statute, about crime against humanity. In order to accomplish this task, it analyses how the Court defined valid custom on the chapeau elements of crime against humanity in the Duko Tadi and Draen Erdemovi cases. Next, it considers the theory of sources, more specifically, international custom, its basis, its two elements (combination of state practice and opinion juris), as well as its subjects and forms of externalization, including international decisions. About this, it points out the dissonant ways custom emerges and the difficulty of its determination, then indicating values and power as elements that influence its manifestation. After, it analyses the political and juridical contexts in which the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was established, relating it with the protection of world peace, as a value, and the changes in the power structures of international order. Then, it unpacks the contribution of the above decisions (Duko Tadi and Draen Erdemovi cases) as vehicles of externalization of custom or, at least, one of its elements. Finally, with the analyse of the coincidence between the chapeau elements of crimes against humanity as decided by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the current normative content of article 7o(1),(2)(a),of the Rome Statute, it can be concluded that the jurisprudence studied ran part of the opinion jurisabout crimes against humanity as an element of custom, thus, contributing to the development of international criminal law on that issue.

During the 1990s Yugoslavia and Rwanda were swept by wars accompanied by serious violations of international humanitarian law. Grave and severe crimes wiped away lives and destroyed properties. The United Nations Security Council determined that the violations committed constituted threats to international peace and security, declaring itself empowered to take action. It established international ad hoc criminal tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda with the mandate of prosecuting individuals responsible for those crimes as an enforcement measure under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. Investigating the tribunals’ effectiveness enables one to assess whether they achieved the anticipated outcomes based on the tribunals’ mission, goals, and objectives without creating other problems. The research relies on naturalism and positivism to put the tribunals in a moral and ethical perspective. By examining how the tribunals were established, their objectives, the investigation and prosecution processes, the reliance on guilty plea and judicial notice and the imputation of criminal responsibility by applying joint criminal enterprise and command responsibility doctrines; the study argues that prosecution has not been an effective tool as contemplated by the Security Council. An analytical and comparative review of various domestic and international legal resources helped to provide an insightful approach for an effective prosecution of international crimes. Credible, legitimate and legal judicial institutions in which professional judges and prosecutors discharge their function independently, impartially and are accountable may achieve justice for the victims of international crimes. Ad hoc tribunals failed to thoroughly investigate and assume the dual role of prosecution. They conveniently used legal procedural tools that fit petty domestic crimes; unfortunately demeaning the magnitude of international crimes of concern. Criminal responsibility was mostly imputed without properly scrutinising the legality, extent, actual participation and guilty mind of the alleged perpetrators. Effectiveness should be a value assessment. Imposed and overburdened ad hoc tribunals are inappropriate and should be abandoned. / Public, Constitutional, and International / LL. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Helena Bosch.pdf: 1088387 bytes, checksum: b9eba615ea7f144faa2ce7f758d6f8e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / This work, which bends on the subject of the crimes against consumer relations, through an analysis of the jurisprudence related to crimes inserted in the Consumer Protection Code (CDC) and that of the Article 7, IX, of Law 8137/90 (which have as good legally protected the consumer relation) aims to strengthen the defined thesis that the crimes specified in the CDC does not have effectiveness in the political environment , social , economic and legal Brazilians, however paradoxical it may be, because we live in a consumer society (over-indebtedness) even after twenty-four years of validity of this law. With the methodological support of the bibliographic research and examination of judgments delivered in superior courts and in eight state courts, the effort concentrates (i) in the study of the construction of consumers rights faced to his vulnerability in a dynamic and innovative mass market, (ii) the crimes defined by the legislator, that using originality elected to consumer relations as well to be protected by the state, anchored in principles, and in the general theory of criminal law that supports it, (iii) in effecting the criminal protection in jurisprudential seating extracted of selected cases. Regarding to the crime of the Article 7, IX, of Law 8.137/90 (sell, have on deposit, expose for sale or delivery of raw materials or goods unfit for consumption), based on the examined cases, it is apparent that the recognition of the crime has been systematically denied inasmuch as, through misinterpretation of the crime theory, and even faced with the dimension of new rights (third generation rights), it is required for the configuration of these crimes, effective harm to legally protected good (production of naturalistic results), despising up the doctrinal classification of this crime, which is crime of danger (presumed) / O presente trabalho, que se debruça sobre o tema dos crimes contra as relações de consumo, mediante a análise da jurisprudência relacionada com os crimes inseridos no Código de Defesa do Consumidor (CDC) e no inciso IX do artigo 7º da Lei n. 8.137/1990 (os quais têm como bem juridicamente protegido a relação de consumo), objetiva fortalecer a tese definida de que os crimes previstos no CDC, por mais paradoxal que seja, pois vivemos em uma sociedade de consumo (inclusive superendividada), mesmo depois de 24 anos de vigência do código, não têm efetividade no cenário político, social, econômico e jurídico brasileiros. Com o apoio metodológico da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica e da análise de julgamentos proferidos nas Cortes Superiores (STF e STJ) e oito tribunais estaduais, o esforço se concentra (i) no estudo da construção dos direitos do consumidor diante da sua vulnerabilidade em um mercado de massa dinâmico e inovador, (ii) nos crimes definidos pelo legislador, que usando de ineditismo, elegeu a relação de consumo como bem juridicamente protegido pelo Estado, ancorado na principiologia e na teoria de direito penal que lhe dá sustentação; e (iii) na efetivação da tutela penal do consumidor em sede jurisprudencial, extraída da casuística selecionada. Como conclusão, pode-se dizer que o número de precedentes jurisprudenciais envolvendo tipos penais próprios das relações de consumo é insignificante. Quanto ao crime do art. 7º, inc. IX, da Lei n. 8.137/1990 (vender, ter em depósito, expor a venda ou entregar matéria prima ou mercadoria imprópria para o consumo), com base nos julgados analisados, verifica-se que o reconhecimento deste delito vem sendo sistematicamente negado na medida em que, por meio de uma interpretação equivocada da teoria do crime e mesmo diante da dimensão dos novos direitos (direitos de terceira geração), exige-se, para a configuração destes crimes, efetivo dano ao bem juridicamente protegido (produção de resultado naturalístico), desprezando-se a classificação doutrinária deste crime, que é de crime de perigo (presumido)

A expansão do direito penal pelos direitos humanos tem no direito penal internacional um privilegiado campo de estudo. Entre as tendências expansivas dos direitos humanos, motivadas pela luta contra a impunidade, e a necessária contenção mecanismo punitivo, princípios, estruturas de aplicação e fundamentação entram em choque, quando se pensava que os direitos humanos e o direito penal originaram-se da mesma matriz liberal de contenção do poder estatal. O tema ganha especial impulso diante da perspectiva expansionista por que passa o direito penal na modernidade, dos influxos da globalização. As decisões dos tribunais penais internacionais, de Nuremberg a Haia, dos tribunais de direitos humanos (europeu e interamericano), fornecem um panorama de como essa relação tem sido construída, favorecendo a aplicação da norma punitiva e flexibilizando garantias clássicas penais e processuais penais. A discussão empreendida busca matizar a luta contra a impunidade que seja tributária dos avanços jurídicos do sistema de garantias, também conquistas sociais e políticas para a efetiva proteção dos direitos humanos. Nesse contexto, alerta-se para o fato de que se estaria produzindo um direito especial motivado pela luta contra os mais graves crimes contra a paz e a segurança mundiais. Finalmente, expõe-se as dificuldades de validação do conteúdo preventivo das normas em direito penal internacional, do déficit democrático de sua produção desconectada da base social sobre a qual atua, e do efeito simbólico de seus enunciados à custa das máximas garantias. / The international criminal law features a special condition for the critical analysis of the expansion of criminal law through human rights. Between the expansive tendencies of human rights, motivated by the fight against impunity, and the necessary containment of punitive mechanism, stands the international criminal law, whose principles, implementation structures and grounds clash, despite the fact that human rights and criminal law originated from the same liberal matrix for the containment of state power. The debate gained particular momentum with the expansionist perspective experienced by the criminal law in modern times of globalization inflows. The decisions of international criminal courts, from Nuremberg to The Hague, human rights tribunals (European and Inter-American), provide an overview of how this relationship has been built, favoring the application of criminal provisions and easing criminal and criminal procedural classical guarantees. The discussion undertaken shades the fight against impunity, that shall be paved by the legal achievements for the effective protection of human rights, warning to the fact that it is producing a special law, away from the legal domestic law principles, motivated by the fight against the most serious crimes against peace and world security. Finally, sets up the difficulties in accepting the preventive content of international criminal provisions, the democratic deficit of its production disconnected of the social contexts in which operates, and the symbolic effect of its legal provisions at the expense of the maximum guarantees.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-11-09T17:57:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 OrlandoMaurizRamosDissertacao2018.pdf: 901886 bytes, checksum: 651204f0a4fd8e26d90341f87258fac2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2018-11-13T15:56:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 OrlandoMaurizRamosDissertacao2018.pdf: 901886 bytes, checksum: 651204f0a4fd8e26d90341f87258fac2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-13T15:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OrlandoMaurizRamosDissertacao2018.pdf: 901886 bytes, checksum: 651204f0a4fd8e26d90341f87258fac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-15 / The Principle of Equality should be used in all situations involving legal relationships. With the advent of Law no. 9249/95, and consequently with the possibility of extinguishing punishment of authors of crimes against the tax order, after the effective payment of the helpless taxes, some controversies arose regarding the coercive effectiveness of Criminal Law. However, it is observed a differentiated treatment of non-taxable offenders, hence the importance of analyzing the instituting of punishment and acquittals in another perspective. Given that the Brazilian prison population is large, mainly due to practices of crimes against the patrimony, it is searched with the present work, to analyze the fact of the equal application of the benefit given to the authors of the crimes against the tax order, also to the authors of other crimes, who may repent of the criminal practice, restoring the injured object or, in its impossibility, repairing, in a certain way, the damage caused. Equal treatment is proposed between offenders, observing the possibility of extinguishing punishment, with an eye towards reducing new criminal practices, as well as reducing the prison population, generating a possibility of saving for the state, since it will not be obliged to costing the maintenance of the prisoners, a benefit for the victim, since they will be compensated for the damage caused by the practice of the crime, and a possibility of a second chance for the perpetrator, who will not be incarcerated. The analysis was based on bibliographical research, having as sources the doctrine, technical productions and jurisprudences. At first, the importance of taxes was analyzed for the maintenance of state activities, conceptualizing and extracting the purpose of the taxes, in order to understand the need to classify crimes against the tax order, and consequent application of a penalty to the offender. In a second moment, it is sought to understand the beneficent institutes of the Later Regret (Later Repentance) and the Acquittal Excuse (Excusive Absence). And then, the possibility of equal treatment and possible benefits, with the application of the abovementioned institutes, against the State, the victim and the aggressor was evaluated. / O Princípio da Igualdade deverá ser utilizado em todas as situações que envolvam relações jurídicas. Com o advento da Lei nº9.249/95, e, consequentemente, com a possibilidade da extinção de punibilidade aos autores de crimes contra a ordem tributária, após o efetivo pagamento dos tributos sonegados, surgiram algumas controvérsias no tocante à eficácia coercitiva do Direito Penal. Contudo, observa-se um tratamento diferenciado para com os autores de infrações que não tenham cunho tributário, daí a importância da análise dos institutos da extinção de punibilidade e das escusas absolutórias, numa outra ótica. Dado que a população carcerária brasileira encontra-se vultuosa, principalmente devido a práticas de crimes contra o patrimônio, busca-se com o presente trabalho, analisar o fato da aplicação equiparada do benefício dado aos autores dos crimes contra a ordem tributária, também aos autores de outros crimes, que porventura venham a se arrepender da prática delituosa, restituindo o objeto lesado, ou, na sua impossibilidade, reparando, de certa forma, o dano causado. Propõem-se um tratamento igualitário entre os infratores, observando a possibilidade da extinção da punibilidade, com olhos voltados à redução de novas práticas delituosas, bem como na diminuição da população carcerária, gerando uma possibilidade de economia para o estado, pois não será obrigado a custear a manutenção dos presos, um benefício para a vítima, vez que será ressarcida do prejuízo causado pela prática do crime, e uma possibilidade de segunda chance para o autor, que não será encarcerado. A análise se fundamentou em pesquisas bibliográficas, tendo como fontes a doutrina, produções técnicas e jurisprudências. Num primeiro momento foi analisado a importância dos tributos para a manutenção das atividades estatais, conceituando e extraindo a finalidade dos tributos, para se entender a necessidade da tipificação de crimes contra a ordem tributária, e consequente aplicação de uma pena ao infrator. Num segundo momento busca-se entender os institutos benéficos do Arrependimento Posterior e da Escusa Absolutória. E em seguida foi avaliado a possibilidade do tratamento igualitário e eventuais benefícios, com a aplicação dos institutos acima mencionados, frente o Estado, a vítima e o agressor.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisca Matias Ferreira Dantas.pdf: 7170434 bytes, checksum: 5d4923a1fc25ca3f52c550a1c182a5b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The current study has two goals. The first one analyses the juridical treatment against the Tax Order according to the Brazilian legislation , mainly the Law number 8.137/1990, in which the corpus of analyses , of the types of tributary crime it is , specifically tax evasion written on the 1º and 2º of the Law number 8.137/1990 , studying the beginning and the development of the tax offence and its ontological aspects , due to penal punishment , the significance principle act and its extinctive cause of punishment , focusing on the penalty under legal prevision of the article 34 of the Law 9.249/1995 , that revaluated referred form , before repealed from the texts of the Law which issued the matter. The second goal aims to study the divergence on the moment the payment should be done under doctrinaire view, Judicature and the position of the Federal Supreme Court, the Justice and their divergent points. To make this research, an evaluation of the efficacy of the Civil Law was made, its influence to work on the tributary obligation public safe reimbursement and taxpayer owed after dilation. As a result, it was considered the existence of a weak punitive system in relation to the crimes mentioned , thus it goes against the constitutional scope; the reform requirement that allows real implementation of the Democratic Law State and thus prevent tax evasion growth in the country / O presente estudo tem dois objetivos, tendo como primeiro objetivo uma análise ao tratamento jurídico dado aos Crimes Contra a Ordem Tributária segundo a legislação brasileira, em especial a Lei nº. 8.137/1990, em que o corpus de análise, dos tipos de Crimes Tributários, é, especificamente, os Crimes de Sonegação Fiscal previstos nos artigos 1º e 2º da Lei nº. 8.137/1990, estudando o nascimento e a evolução desta espécie de delito tributário e os seus aspectos ontológicos, especialmente ligados à punibilidade penal, o emprego do Princípio da insignificância e as causas de extinção da punibilidade dos mesmos, destacando o pagamento sob a previsão legal do artigo 34 da Lei nº. 9.249/1995 que revalidou referida forma anteriormente revogada dos textos de lei que tratavam da matéria. Já o segundo objetivo, visa analisar a divergência quanto ao momento em que o pagamento deverá ocorrer sob a ótica doutrinária, jurisprudencial e o posicionamento do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça em seus pontos divergentes. Para consecução deste trabalho, fez-se um levantamento acerca da atuação eficaz do Direito Penal, sua influência para o cumprimento da obrigação tributário e o ressarcimento dos cofres públicos pelo contribuinte devedor após a denúncia. O que resultou nas considerações da existência deficiente do sistema punitivo no tocante aos crimes estudados, pois contraria o escopo constitucional; e da necessidade de reforma para permitir a real implementação do Estado Democrático de Direito e assim evitar o crescimento da Sonegação Fiscal no País

The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has been both contentious and successful. By examining the ICTY from a Levinasian ethical standpoint, we might be able to understand how the court uses language to enforce ethical and moral standards upon post-war societies. Using linguistic methods of analysis combined with traditional data about the ICTY, I empirically examine the court using ordinary least squares (OLS) in order to show the impact that language has upon the court's decision making process. I hypothesize that the court is an ethical entity, and therefore we should not see any evidence of bias against Serbs and that language will provide a robust view of the court as an ethical mechanism.

Twenty women linked with the sex trade in Edmonton, Canada went missing or were murdered between 2001 and 2008. In this study, I use Foucauldian and feminist theories, via discourse analysis, to examine the ways that Edmonton’s newspapers (re)present these murders. My findings show that the newspapers’ discourse deviantises these women, thereby minimising the tragedy of their disappearances and deaths. This deviantisation is deployed in three ways; by framing sex trade workers as criminally, medically, and morally deviant. Criminal deviance places sex trade workers firmly on the ‘wrong’ side of the law, making them undeserving of police protection; medical deviance implies that only women who are mentally ill in some way would take part in the sex trade, and, simultaneously, hyperbolises the role of sex workers in the spread of venereal diseases. Finally, discourses of moral deviance place sex workers on the ‘wrong’ side of morality and femininity. iv / ix, 126 leaves ; 29 cm

Les violations aux droits humains causent des milliers de victimes chaque année, des mécanismes de justice sont élaborés afin de répondre à ces crimes, mais les victimes demeurent peu consultées. Par le biais d’entretiens semi-directifs, cette étude présente le point de vue et les attentes des victimes de crimes contre l’humanité du Cambodge et du Rwanda sur la justice. La justice sociale constitue le cadre théorique de cette étude. Les résultats montrent que la justice pénale est centrale à la définition de la justice. La réparation et la vérité en constituent aussi les éléments essentiels. Toutefois, la capacité des tribunaux à rendre compte de la vérité est critiquée par les répondants créant un écart entre ce qu’elles veulent et ce qu’elles obtiennent. La qualité de la prise de décision et du traitement interpersonnel favorise aussi la perception de justice du point de vue des victimes. Les différentes composantes de la justice perçues, comme la punition, la réparation et la procédure, varient toutefois en fonction du contexte social et historique de la victimisation. / Human rights violations cause thousands of victims every year. Justice mechanisms, such as the International Criminal Court, have been developed to respond to these crimes, but victims remain under consulted. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Rwandan and Cambodian victims of crimes against humanity. Using social justice theories as a theoretical framework, this study examines victims’ perceptions of justice. The results show that while criminal justice is central in victims’ definition of justice, reparation and truth also are essential components. However, the criminal court’s ability to achieve truth is criticized by respondents creating a gap between the truth that they seek and the truth that they obtain. The quality of decision-making as well as how victims are treated also contribute to victims’ perception of justice. However, victims’ justice objectives vary according to the social and historic context.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal