Este trabalho tem por objetivo conhecer a influência religiosa posta ao Serviço Social, assim como compreender como se deu a constituição da profissão, o papel das mulheres e os desafios que a mesma enfrenta nos dias atuais. O objetivo é colaborar na construção de conhecimentos na área de Serviço Social, bem como aprofundar os estudos na área teológica, tendo em vista que vivemos em um mundo globalizado, neoliberal, onde a mudança nas demandas para a profissão são uma constante. Desta forma, buscou-se uma releitura de vários autores para atingir o objetivo, fazendo na realidade uma ressignificação de seus escritos. O Serviço Social é aqui analisado considerando a influência religiosa em seu surgimento através da convocação da Igreja à sociedade, para o desenvolvimento da ação social, da prática da ajuda, do exercício da caridade e da solidariedade. Destaca-se, portanto, a influência católica e protestante e a filosofia tomista em sua origem. Por conseguinte, hoje o Serviço Social é uma profissão que trabalha as questões sociais, visando à efetivação da cidadania e a garantia de direitos aos cidadãos. A relação com a religião vem sendo negada, apresentando-se o Serviço Social como surgindo com o agravamento da questão social advinda do capitalismo. Portanto, seu desenvolvimento enquanto profissão legitimada socialmente e seu projeto ético político transportam-na para o olho do furacão, na luta pelos direitos sociais. / The goal of this work is to know the religious influence at the Social Work, and understand the beginning of the profession, the womans function and its challenges knowdays. The objective is to collaborate at the knowledge construction of Social Works area, as well deepen the studies on theological area, considering that we all live in a globalized word, neoliberal, where the change on the demands for the construction are constants. This way, it looks for a rereading of many authors to hit teh objective, actually doing a re on his rights. The Social Work is here analyzed considering the religious influence in its surges beyond the Catholic Churchs convocation to the charities ladies, to the developing of the catholic social action, the practice of helping, the charity exercise and the solidarity. The protestant influence and the Thomism philosophy in his origin, also highlights. Therefore, nowadays, the Social Work is a profession that works the social questions, looking for the citizenship effect and the guaranties to citizens rights. The relation with religion has been being denied, presenting the Social Work surging with the worsening of social question coming from capitalism. That is why in its developing like socially legitimized profession and its political ethical project carries it to the hurricanes eye on the fight to the social rights.

HCl ist ein Nebenprodukt bei vielen organischen Chlorierungsprozessen. Die Aufarbeitung von HCl wäre wirtschaftlich sinnvoll. Eine der möglichen Optionen ist die Rückgewinnung des Chlors durch die katalytische HCl-Oxidation mit O2 (Deacon-Prozess). Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war es, die katalytische Aktivität von kupferchlorid-haltigen Schmelzen in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und dem Verhältnis der Reaktionsgase zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden Versuche unter stationären und instationären Reaktionsbedingungen im Temperaturintervall zwischen 400 und 500 °C durchgeführt. Für das bessere Verständnis des Katalysator-Systems wurde ein thermodynamisches Modell für das Stoffsystem MeCl-CuCl-CuCl2-CuO-HCl-H2O-Cl2-O2 (Me = Li, Na, K) erstellt. Weiterhin wurden mithilfe von kinetischen Untersuchungen Hinweise auf die Rolle der gelösten oxidischen Zwischenverbindungen im stufenweisen Reaktionsmechanismus gefunden. Mit den Versuchsergebnissen wurde gezeigt, dass die MeCl-CuCl-CuCl2-Schmelzen eine genügende katalytische Aktivität besitzen und damit eine Alternative zu den mit Feststoffträgern arbeitenden Katalysatoren darstellen. Zur Minderung von Korrosionsproblemen wurden mehrstufige Prozessführungen kritisch diskutiert.:1 Einleitung. . . . . . . . . . .7 2 Theoretische Grundlagen zum Deacon-Prozess in Salzschmelzen. . . . . . . . . . .9 2.1 Thermochemie des Deacon-Prozesses. . . . . . . . . . .9 2.1.1 Oxidation von HCl mit O2 ohne Katalysator. . . . . . . . . . .9 2.1.2 Oxidation von HCl mit O2 in Gegenwart von CuCl2-haltigen Katalysatoren. . . . . . . . . . .10 2.2 Kinetik der Teilreaktionen in kupferchlorid-haltigen Salzschmelzen. . . . . . . . . . .13 2.2.1 Zersetzung des CuCl2. . . . . . . . . . .14 2.2.2 Oxidation von CuCl. . . . . . . . . . .15 2.2.3 Reaktion zwischen CuO-haltiger Schmelze und Chlorwasserstoff. . . . . . . . . . .17 3 Thermodynamische Modellierung der Mischungen aus LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CuCl und CuCl2. . . . . . . . . . .19 3.1 Thermodynamische Daten der reinen Stoffe. . . . . . . . . . .20 3.2 Mischungsmodelle. . . . . . . . . . .22 3.3 Vorgehensweise bei der Optimierung. . . . . . . . . . .25 3.4 System LiCl-NaCl-KCl. . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.5 System LiCl-CuCl. . . . . . . . . . .26 3.6 System NaCl-CuCl. . . . . . . . . . .28 3.7 System KCl-CuCl. . . . . . . . . . .29 3.8 System LiCl-CuCl2. . . . . . . . . . .30 3.9 System NaCl-CuCl2. . . . . . . . . . .33 3.10 System KCl-CuCl2 . . . . . . . . . . .34 3.11 System CuCl-CuCl2. . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.12 Ternäre Systeme. . . . . . . . . . .39 4 Untersuchungen zur CuO-Löslichkeit und der Stabilität von Oxidchloriden des Kupfers. . . . . . . . . . .46 4.1 Präparation von Cu2OCl2 und K4Cu4OCl10. . . . . . . . . . .46 4.2 Untersuchungen zur CuO-Löslichkeit. . . . . . . . . . .47 4.2.1 Thermodynamische Reaktionsdaten. . . . . . . . . . .47 4.2.2 Auswertung der Literatur. . . . . . . . . . .48 4.2.3 O2-Titration kupferchlorid-haltiger Schmelze. . . . . . . . . . .49 4.2.4 Hochtemperatur-Filtration und CuO-Analyse. . . . . . . . . . .53 4.2.5 Thermischer Zerfall von Cu2OCl2. . . . . . . . . . .55 4.2.6 Thermischer Zerfall von K4Cu4OCl10. . . . . . . . . . .57 4.3 Thermodynamische Modellierung CuO-haltiger Systeme. . . . . . . . . . .59 4.3.1 Cu2OCl2. . . . . . . . . . .59 4.3.2 K4Cu4OCl10. . . . . . . . . . .60 4.3.3 CuO-Löslichkeit. . . . . . . . . . .62 4.3.4 Salzschmelzenmodell mit oxidhaltigen Systemen. . . . . . . . . . .63 4.4 Thermochemie des Deacon-Prozesses mit Modell-Daten. . . . . . . . . . .69 5 Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur katalytischen Oxidation von HCl in Salzschmelzen. . . . . . . . . . .72 5.1 Versuchsprogramm. . . . . . . . . . .72 5.2 Allgemeine Vorgehensweise. . . . . . . . . . .72 5.2.1 Versuchsapparatur. . . . . . . . . . .72 5.2.2 Vorbereitung der Salzmischungen. . . . . . . . . . .74 5.2.3 Bestimmung der Gaszusammensetzung und Umsatzberechnungen. . . . . . . . . . .75 5.2.4 Bestimmung der Schmelzenzusammensetzung. . . . . . . . . . .77 5.2.5 Charakteristik der Reaktoreinsätze Spirale und Fritte. . . . . . . . . . .77 5.3 Versuche mit Salzmischungen auf der Basis von Kupferchlorid. . . . . . . . . . .81 5.3.1 Stationäre Strömungsverhältnisse. . . . . . . . . . .81 5.3.2 Instationäre Bedingungen. . . . . . . . . . .95 6 Vorschläge zur Technologie. . . . . . . . . . .106 7 Zusammenfassung. . . . . . . . . . .112 Literaturverzeichnis. . . . . . . . . . .115 Anhang. . . . . . . . . . .124 A.1 Thermodynamische Standard-Daten. . . . . . . . . . .124 A.2 Thermodynamische Daten für das Modell LiCl-NaCl-KCl-CuCl-CuCl2-CuO-H2O-HCl-O2-Cl2. . . . . . . . . . .126 A.3 Charakteristika der kupferoxidhaltigen Verbindungen. . . . . . . . . . .133 A.3.1 P-XRD- und Raman-Aufnahmen der synthetischen Oxidchloriden. . . . . . . . . . .133 A.3.2 O2 -Titration kupferchlorid-haltiger Schmelze. . . . . . . . . . .134 A.3.3 Thermischer Zerfall von Cu2OCl2 und K4Cu4OCl10. . . . . . . . . . .137 A.3.4 Phasendiagramm KCl-CuCl2-CuO. . . . . . . . . . .138 A.4 Katalytische Oxidation von HCl in Salzschmelzen. . . . . . . . . . .138 A.5 Physikalische Eigenschaften von (Alk-Cl)-CuCl-CuCl Salzschmelzen. . . . . . . . . . .156 A.6 Chemikalien. . . . . . . . . . .161 A.7 Geräte, Anlagen. . . . . . . . . . .162 A.8 Methode zur titrimetrischen Bestimmung von Cu+, Cu+2 und CuO. . . . . . . . . . .164 A.9 Berechnete Chlor- und Sauerstoffpartialdrücke für (Alk-Cl)-CuCl-CuCl2-Schmelzen. . . . . . . . . . .164 A.10 Berechnete Aktivitäten der geschmolzenen Kupferchloride in (Alk-Cl)-CuCl-CuCl2-Schmelzen. . . . . . . . . . .171

In a press release from the Swedish church it says that the pressure from people who are in need is increasing on the deacons in Sweden and that it’s getting higher each year. This study contains the search of knowledge about the deacons of the Swedish church, if they actually feel an increasing pressure and in what way, how they are handling the possible pressure from people in need, if that pressure is too high and if the deacons feel that they can assist the people seeking their help. The study also aim to provide more knowledge about the deacons experiences of the opportunities and boundaries (or obstacles) they meet in their line of work and how they handle the boundaries when/if they can’t provide the help that the people need. This is a qualitative study, using interviews as a tool to get the appropriate information to answer the questions at hand. Six deacons in different parishes in Blekinge and Skåne participated and the interviews took place at the parishes. The empirical material has been analyzed thematically. The theoretical viewpoints has been liberation theology, solution focused approach and empowerment. The analysis shows that the deacons experience an increasing pressure from the people seeking help especially from some groups in the community, especially from people feeling lonely. It shows that the deacons especially feel like the people mostly turn to them because they have a need to talk to someone, for example about their difficulties in life. It also shows that the deacons want to be sufficient, enough, and when they leave their work at the end of the day they want to feel that they’ve done everything they can to help the people in need. It also shows that they want to see the boundaries more as challenges to find new solutions. The analysis also shows that the deacons seem to use empowerment and that they have a solution focused approach in their work with the people in need. They also seem to have a viewpoint that looks like liberation theology. When the deacons experience that they have internal conflicts the analysis shows that they use different ways to deal with these. For example retreat, their faith, supervision/tutoring and a balanced free time.

The issue of ecclesiastical ministries, services and offices has always attracted attention of theological scholars and church ministers. The early Christian Church shows a great variability of its organizational models. The suitable starting point for their explanation is the charismatic phenomena in the earliest Church. In the Epistle to the Ephesians, prophets stand alongside the apostles as those who form the fundaments of Church teaching. According to Luke's Acts, the imposition of hands accompanies the mediation of the Spirit during the process of being entrusted with various services in the Church. There are numerous specifications of charismata in St Paul's letters; at the same time, some of these gifts can transform into permanent offices, like those of leadership or teaching. Early Christians especially revered martyrdom, particularly that of their pastors. Itinerant prophets also enjoyed high esteem. Their pronouncements in ecstatic moments were considered inspired by the Holy Spirit. Nevertheless, itinerant missionaries potentially also presented a grave danger of heresies that could spread among the faithful. However, the constitutive role in the Church belonged undoubtedly to the apostles, the only ministry established by the Lord himself. According to Luke's writings, the concept of apostles is reduced only to the Twelve. Nevertheless, Paul in his letters appeals to his personal apostolate. Besides that, a clearer concept of apostolate in the early Church there can be found also, namely that of the missionaries. In the Jewish Christian milieu, the early Church followed in the exercise of the presbyter's ministry, known from the synagogue life. In the Pastoral Epistles, presbyters operate together with deacons and bishops as leaders of the various Churches. In the epistles of Ignatius of Antiochia, dated to the beginning of the second Christian century, the three grades of Church hierarchy, i.e. the deacons, the presbyters and the sole bishop, are mentioned as already existing. This type of monarchic episcopacy soon became the prevalent leadership model of Church organization, known throughout its history.

(in English): This thesis focuses on the first book of Historia Langobardorum (History of the Lombards), a historiographical work written by Paulus Diaconus (Paul the Deacon), a Benedictine monk and Lombard historian. The thesis consists of three parts - an introductory essay, a translation of the book and a commentary. An edition of the Latin text is attached as an appendix. In the introductory essay, having given the necessary facts, I summarise previous research on Historia Langobarorum and discuss Paul's use of sources with focus on some of the questions connected to this topic (especially the question of Paul's knowledge of the Lombard oral tradition). In the following part of the essay, the book is analysed within the conventions of so-called origo gentis-genre. The emphasis is laid especially on the legendary elements that are dominant in the initial passages of the narrative. The translation is accompanied with a commentary in which the information provided by the text are set in a broader cultural and historical context.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilken betydelse det kan ha för diakoner i Svenska kyrkan att vara vigd åt sitt uppdrag. Inom ramen för studien genomfördes nio kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med diakoner från fem olika församlingar i Stockholms stift. Materialet bearbetades i hermeneutisk tradition och analyserades utifrån teorin om rollövergångar. Studien pekar på att vigningen innebär en identitet som medför en känsla av mening, kontroll och tillhörighet. Denna identitet genomsyrar inte bara diakonens sociala arbete utan diakonens hela liv. Vigningen kräver att diakonen lever ett integrerat liv, vilket innebär samstämmighet mellan vem man är på arbetet och vem man utanför arbetet, och för med sig förväntningar från olika håll som diakonen måste förhålla sig till. Studien pekar också på en ambivalens hos intervjupersonerna; samtidigt som diakonrollen genomsyrar diakonens hela liv måste diakonen sätta upp gränser av olika slag för att kunna kliva ur sitt arbete. / The aim of this study was to examine what significance it may have for deacons within the Church of Sweden to be consecrated to their mission. Within the framework of the study, nine qualitative research interviews were conducted with deacons from five different parishes in the Stockholm diocese. The material was processed in hermeneutical tradition and analysed based on the theory of role transitions. The study indicates that the ordination implies an identity that brings a sense of meaning, control and belonging. This identity permeates not only the deacon's social work but the deacon's entire life. The ordination requires that the deacon lives an integrated life, which means coherence between who one is at work and who one is off work, and brings with it expectations from different directions that the deacon must relate to. The study also indicates an ambivalence among the interviewees; while the role of the deacon permeates the deacon's entire life, the deacon must set boundaries of various kinds in order to be able to step out of her or his work.

The focus of this study was on traumatic suicide attempt due to lack of remuneration to the clergy by the church: a pastoral care perspective. The assumption was that no one in the church took responsibility of caring for clergy families. Trauma referred to a spiritual wound in the soul of humankind and it is a spiritual event when humankind was experiencing loss of faith, loss of hope, loss of trust, loss of meaning, loss of innocence and when the spiritual wound was being healed spiritually. Suicide was defined as purely personal act that appeared to be entirely the outcome of the extreme personal unhappiness of the minister who as a result of non-payment of their stipend by the church. The operational framework of research methodology included: the research design, literature review and interviews; data collection method and data analysis and interpretation. The Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa belongs to the Reformed family of the Protestant churches. In this project, semi-structured scheduled interview open-ended Questions were designed to allow interviewers free movement. The concluding chapter dealt with research findings and recommendations to the church. / Dissertation (MA Theol)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Practical Theology / unrestricted

CHARLES UNIVERSITY PRAGUE Catholic Theological Faculty Department of Theological Ethics and Spiritual Theology ThLic.Mgr. Ing. David Seifert THE POST-CONCILIAR RENEWAL OF THE PERMANENT DIACONATE HISTORY - THEOLOGY - SPIRITUALITY Doctoral thesis Resume Thesis adviser: ThLic. Vojtěch Kohut Th.D. PRAHA 2011 2 CONTENT CONTENT ................................................................................................................................. 2 RESUME.................................................................................................................................... 3 List of sources and literature ...................................................................................................... 4 3 RESUME The trends of the contemporary theology of diaconate are based on the old-christian practice of diaconate mainly in sense of the variety of the services in church and plurality within the frame of the church office, which is justified richly theologically, namely trinitarily. In the light of relationship between the service and the community is just the variety of services in the local church understood as the fullness of the mission, which just the local Church is called to accomplish and live. The question therefore is to answer the question of identity of diaconate through...

Diakonie as one of the most important services combines helping the needy and spiritual support. This service was already established in the early church and it focused on both material and spiritual area. The diploma thesis "The Work of Diaconia" with the subtitle "A Short Overview of the History of Diaconia, Czech Diaconia and Diaconia of the Evangelical Church of the Czech Brethren" describes diaconia from the point of view of the New Testament where it becomes helping a fellow man with the motivation of faith, i.e. following Jesus Christ. In next parts, diaconia is described from the period of early church until the Reformation. It is followed by the early days of diaconia in the Czech lands, the role of Kaiserswerth institute in Germany where Czech girls studied and some of them then used their knowledge about taking care of the ill and educating in their diaconic activities in the Czech lands. However, many of them continued living abroad. Priest Václav Šubert significantly contributed to the foundation of a first diaconic institution, girls' school or an orphanage in Krabčice, the birthplace of diaconia in the Czech lands. He and our first two deaconesses, Marie Karafiátová and Eleanora Kašparová, occupy more space in this work. In the next part, a historical development of Czech Diaconia...

En studie av förståelser av diakoni och diakonat i tre nya storpastorat i Svenska kyrkan genom analys av styrdokument för diakoni. Tre diakoniförståelser lever samtidigt i de tre undersökta pastoraten, diakoni som omsorg, röstbärare och välfärdsaktör. Stora pastorat innebär möjligheter för diakonalt nytänkande genom att organisera diakoni på nya sätt, med specialiserade roller som ges ansvar för att driva utvecklingsarbete. De tre undersökta pastoraten vill i första hand utveckla en samarbetsroll gentemot välfärdssamhället. Pastoraten vill utveckla diakoni som professionell praktik genom gemensamma riktlinjer, metodutveckling och kvalitetssäkring av det diakonala arbetet. En tendens i materialet är att det gemenskapande diakonala arbetet i framtiden i högre grad kommer bäras av ideella medarbetare. Den liturgiska gestaltningen av diakoni har inte i något av pastoraten behandlats som en del av strategin för diakoni vilket innebär att möjligheter till en djupare förankring av diakoni som teologisk praktik inte tas tillvara. Avgränsningar och prioriteringar av pastoratens diakonala verksamhetsfält har inte lyfts till den strategiska nivån trots att omfattande arbete föreslås läggas till. Innebörden av detta är att pastoratsgemensamma mål kan bli svåra att realisera eller att de i förlängningen riskerar att utmatta en redan ansträngd diakoni.