Esta tese apresenta um processo para a criação de um catálogo de modelos de computação para apoiar o design de DSMLs, e a primeira versão do catálogo, com atributos que ajudam a selecionar os modelos de computação mais adequados para cada desenvolvimento de DSML, e as características dos sistemas de software para os quais esses modelos de computação são mais adequados. O contexto de aplicação desse catálogo é o Model-Driven Development (MDD desenvolvimento dirigido por modelos) a abordagem em que o desenvolvimento de software é baseado em modelos gráficos que são posteriormente traduzidos (transformados) em modelos de nível mais baixo e, no final, em código de linguagens de programação, tais como Java ou C#. A aplicação do processo gerou uma versão inicial do catálogo com os seguintes modelos de computação: diagramas BPMN, diagramas de classe da UML e regras de negócio. Visa-se contribuir para popularizar a abordagem de MDD com base em DSMLs e, em particular, a elaboração do design das DSMLs a partir de modelos de domínio, para o que o uso do catálogo efetivamente contribui. / This thesis presents a process for the creation of a catalog of models of computation to support the design of Domain-Specific Modeling Languages (DSMLs), and the first version of the catalog, which comprises attributes that aim to help the selection of the most suitable models of computation for each DSML development, and characteristics of software systems for which these models of computation are more appropriate. The context for the use of the catalog is the Model-Driven Development (MDD) - the approach where software development is based on graphical models that are subsequently translated (transformed) into lower-level models and, in the end, in source code in programming languages, such as Java or C #. The process was applied to generate an initial version of the catalog with the following models of computation: BPMN diagrams, UML class diagrams and business rules. It aims to contribute to popularize the MDD approach based in DSMLs, and in particular, the development of the DSMLs design from domain models, for which the use of the catalog effectively contributes.

Esta tese apresenta um processo para a criação de um catálogo de modelos de computação para apoiar o design de DSMLs, e a primeira versão do catálogo, com atributos que ajudam a selecionar os modelos de computação mais adequados para cada desenvolvimento de DSML, e as características dos sistemas de software para os quais esses modelos de computação são mais adequados. O contexto de aplicação desse catálogo é o Model-Driven Development (MDD desenvolvimento dirigido por modelos) a abordagem em que o desenvolvimento de software é baseado em modelos gráficos que são posteriormente traduzidos (transformados) em modelos de nível mais baixo e, no final, em código de linguagens de programação, tais como Java ou C#. A aplicação do processo gerou uma versão inicial do catálogo com os seguintes modelos de computação: diagramas BPMN, diagramas de classe da UML e regras de negócio. Visa-se contribuir para popularizar a abordagem de MDD com base em DSMLs e, em particular, a elaboração do design das DSMLs a partir de modelos de domínio, para o que o uso do catálogo efetivamente contribui. / This thesis presents a process for the creation of a catalog of models of computation to support the design of Domain-Specific Modeling Languages (DSMLs), and the first version of the catalog, which comprises attributes that aim to help the selection of the most suitable models of computation for each DSML development, and characteristics of software systems for which these models of computation are more appropriate. The context for the use of the catalog is the Model-Driven Development (MDD) - the approach where software development is based on graphical models that are subsequently translated (transformed) into lower-level models and, in the end, in source code in programming languages, such as Java or C #. The process was applied to generate an initial version of the catalog with the following models of computation: BPMN diagrams, UML class diagrams and business rules. It aims to contribute to popularize the MDD approach based in DSMLs, and in particular, the development of the DSMLs design from domain models, for which the use of the catalog effectively contributes.

系統設計階段的主要目的是將系統分析模型轉換成足以規範實作人員進行程式撰寫的設計模型，以提昇系統效能及再用效益。並且讓設計結果符合非功能需求、實作環境以及效能需求等限制。其重心應放在將系統的設計最佳化，並確保設計模型已涵蓋全部的需求。但對於物件導向程式設計經驗較為不足的開發人員而言，這樣的過程不但費時費力，而且往往浪費資源於解決已有標準解答的問題。若是能將設計樣式的概念融入元件式系統的設計過程中，將可導引系統設計人員快速的將前人所累積的物件導向程式設計經驗應用於開發中元件式系統的設計上，避免無謂的資源浪費。本研究將以Gamma等四位學者所提出的二十三個設計樣式為基礎，發展一套設計樣式導入流程。並以一雛型系統為例，說明系統設計者如何在進行元件式系統設計時，以本研究提供的設計樣式導入流程，將設計樣式逐步導入開發中系統，藉此縮短系統開發時程、提升系統功能擴充性和元件再用性、降低日後維護系統的困難度，並可在系統開發過程中，對所有曾採用的設計樣式進行記錄，做為專案管理以及日後開發類似系統的重要參考。 / The primary purpose of system design phase is to transform the analysis model into the design model which is definite enough to generate programming code. Besides, the result of design should satisfy the nonfunctional requirement, implementation environment and efficiency requirement. The focus should be on the optimization of design to ensure the design model satisfying all kinds of requirements. However, the inexperienced object-oriented system designers usually spend a lot of time and energy to solve problems which already have standard answers. The concept of design patterns can be used in the design phase to guide system designers to apply the accumulated object-oriented programming experience to avoid wasting resources. This research intends to establish a systematic approach for applying the design patterns to the component-based system development process. This approach is based on the most popular twenty-three design patterns provided by Gamma et al. A prototype is also established to demonstrate the step by step process in adopting the design patterns during the component-based system development process. The proposed approach should increase the software reusability and maintenance, as well as reduce the developing schedule and cost. Furthermore, the systematic approach of adopting the design patterns can be incorporated into the project management guidelines as the important reference for future system development.

預測技術是一個不斷變動的領域，本研究提出一個高彈性的預測模型應用框架，供使用者開發各種預測系統，且使用者能夠很容易的將新的預測技術增加到系統之中。本研究先分析現有預測模型的建構過程，提出一共通流程。並依此共通流程定義應用框架，該框架可用以產生各種實際的預測系統。此應用框架具備了高度的彈性，除了在流程上可整合OASIS的WS-BPEL流程描述語言外，且可整合各種不同的預測技術所需的運算方法與資料。 / With the rapidly changing forecast technique, this paper introduces a flexible application framework to develop different forecast systems. When you develop a system by this framework, you can add a new forecast technology easily. This paper provides a common process for model building by analysis exiting processes　and use this common process to develop application framework. In addition to using an XML-based language, Web Services Business Process Execution Language（WS-BPEL）, to describe the details of model building process, this framework can integrates methods and data from different forecast technologies by defining method and data configuration.

In this bachelor thesis we have studied how interaction designers describe their profession. The research material is based on nine interviews with interaction designers. Questions cover areas such as interaction design tasks, what abilities they consider important, how they describe their relationship to the users, and cooperation with colleagues. We have analyzed the results using key terms such as habitus, field, and capital, as described by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The interviewees express humanistic views, and ask for more cooperation between interaction designers, as well as other people within the field of IT production. We suggest possible solutions, like design patterns, with the goal of sharing knowledge within the IT field.

This thesis describes a methodology presented in a pattern language for design of questionnaire / survey information systems. It is intended to be used by professional programmers with negligible experience in the domain of questionnaire / survey software. A system of individual and discrete design patterns of various types is interconnected by varying relations enabling the user to navigate effortlessly and to implement a customizable level of expertise contained within the language. The design patterns contain expert knowledge about construction and contents of a universal high-end questionnaire / survey information system. Data structures, graphical user interface and psychological ramifications of questions’ formulations are discussed in detail. The descriptions of two different prototypes of information systems are supplied. They were created using the expertise of the pattern language and serve as a proof of eligibility for it. The innovation in the thesis is driven by the absence of pattern language for questionnaire design, usage of various types of design patterns / relations in the created language and the very design of universal metadata-based questionnaire information system described in the created language.

La co-construction et la réutilisation de modèles font l'objet de plusieurs travaux dans le domaine de la simulation. Cependant, dans le domaine plus spécifique de la Simulation Orientée Agent (SOA), nous pouvons constater un manque sur ces deux points malgré un besoin fort de la part des thématiciens. La co-construction est essentielle pour optimiser la mise en commun du savoir de différents experts, mais nous faisons souvent face à des divergences de points de vue. Les méthodologies existantes pour la co-construction en SOA ne permettent qu'un faible niveau de collaboration entre thématiciens durant la phase initiale de modélisation, ainsi qu'entre les des thématiciens avec les modélisateurs ou les modélisateurs-informaticiens... Pour faciliter cette co-construction, nous proposons de suivre une méthodologie de conception favorisant cette collaboration. La réutilisation de modèle octroie un gain de temps significatif, une amélioration du modèle et l'apport de nouvelle connaissance. Les méthodologies en SOA dans ce domaine existent. Cependant, dans le spectre de réutilisation, elles sont souvent limitées au niveau du modèle complet ou de l'agent avec l'impossibilité de "descendre" plus bas. L'expérience de EDMMAS, un cas concret d'un modèle issu de trois réutilisations successives, nous a permis de constater une nouvelle complexité qui découle de la démultiplication des comportements des agents et crée un décalage conséquent entre le modèle opérationnel et le modèle conceptuel. Notre objectif est de promouvoir la réutilisation aussi bien des modèles, que des agents et de leurs comportements.Pour répondre à ces questionnements, nous proposons dans ce manuscrit une manière de codifier et d'intégrer la connaissance provenant de disciplines différentes dans le modèle, tout en utilisant des modules "composables" qui facilitent la réutilisation. Nous proposons (i) une nouvelle architecture Agent (aMVC), appliquée dans un cadre multidynamique (DOM), avec l'appui (ii) d'une approche méthodologique (MMC) basée sur la décomposition et réutilisation des comportements. Cet ensemble de propositions, (i) et (ii), permet de conduire un projet pluridisciplinaire de SOA avec un grand nombre d'acteurs, facilitant la co-construction des modèles grâce à l'instauration de nouvelles synergies entre les différents acteurs participant à la modélisation. Les concepteurs pourront travailler de manière autonome sur leur dynamique et la plateforme fera l'intégration de ces dernières en assurant la cohésion et la robustesse du système. Nos contributions offrent la capacité de créer les briques élémentaires du système de manière indépendante, de les associer et de les combiner pour former des agents, selon des dynamiques conformément à l'approche DOM. Elles permettent ainsi de comparer la logique selon différentes possibilités pour une même dynamique et d'ouvrir la perspective d'étudier un grand nombre d'alternatives de modélisation d'un même système complexe, et de les analyser ensuite à une échelle très fine.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the documentation of software architecture, it must be considered two relevant points: i) the architecture is composed by several visions, and ii) each vision identifies a set of components and interactions which allows a better understanding between developers and system programmers. The documentation of the components, when treating reusability, must present a set of information concerning its functionality and applicability in order to adapt them in applications of same domain. When we think of interaction among components, the information concerning the communication messages must be well identified so that the process of working may be clearly understood. This work shows the creation of a catalog of documentation patterns for the architecture of image processing and analysis systems approaching on the concept of design patterns and architecture visions of UML which will be used as the base for designing the Patterns. Through its use, the developers will be more sure of which is necessary to document and safer when reusing components previously tested and documented. It is also shown in this work the development of templates environment of the Patterns in the tool MoinMoinWiki aiming at creating a scenery for collaborative work and also a repository of information on documentation of systems architecture and frameworks within image domain. / Na documentação da arquitetura de software deve ser considerado dois pontos relevantes: i) a arquitetura é composta por várias visões, e ii) cada visão identifica um conjunto de componentes e interações, permitindo melhor compreensão entre desenvolvedores e projetistas do sistema. A documentação dos componentes, quando se tratando de reusabilidade, deve apresentar um conjunto de informações referente a sua funcionalidade e aplicabilidade a fim de adaptá-los em aplicações de mesmo domínio. Quando pensando em interação entre componentes, as informações relacionadas às mensagens de comunicação devem ser bem identificadas, para que o processo de funcionamento seja claramente entendido. Este trabalho apresenta a criação de um catálogo de Padrões de Documentação da Arquitetura de sistemas e frameworks para processamento e análise de imagens, abordando o conceito de design patterns e visões arquiteturais da UML, as quais servirão de base para elaboração dos padrões. Através do uso desses, os desenvolvedores sentirão mais clareza do que é necessário documentar e mais seguros em reusar componentes previamente testados e documentados. Apresenta-se também neste trabalho, o desenvolvimento de um ambiente de templates dos Padrões na ferramenta MoinMoinWiki, com o objetivo de criar um cenário para o trabalho colaborativo, e também um repositório de informações sobre a documentação da arquitetura de sistemas e frameworks no domínio de imagens.

This thesis discusses a set of information/intelligence patterns that impact the resilience and sustainability of systems. These patterns are organized into the form of design patterns for later reuse during design processes. The information dynamics of some typical examples of product- service systems are modeled. This model provides a context for further discussions on the application of those information design patterns. The combination of the information dynamics model, together with the set of the behavioral and structural information design patterns, are intended to provide a playground for innovation in designing resilient and sustainable systems. Better knowledge capture and communication, uniformity in the approach to both products and services, and modular extensibility are also considered to be amongst the benefits of such an approach. The discussions and ontological models of those patterns and their impact on resiliency of systems are based on the elements of information theory from Shannon and Kolmogorov and the resilience theory from Holling. Sustainability is considered as the holistic extent of resiliency, especially in the course of product-service systems design. The discussion has been supported by some simple mathematical models, and in one case by the simulation of an agent-based model. Examples have been drawn from different disciplines to provide additional clarity and to demonstrate the versatility and generality of those design patterns.

Modern logistics is strongly influenced by ongoing outsourcing. Numerous logistics service providers as stakeholders, as well as fragmented logistics networks and supply chains, result from this outsourcing and specialization on distinct core competencies. These stakeholders have to collaborate in order to enable complex supply chains. The collaboration is difficult with the inherent heterogeneity between stakeholders in terms of differing naming conventions and differing IT systems. An inadequate integration and poor communication as well as incorrect information lead to mistakes and inefficiency. One promising approach to solve these problems is the interdisciplinary paradigm of Cloud Logistics. Several parallels can be drawn between services of cloud computing and services of logistics. The paradigm of Cloud Logistics is based on these parallels and focuses on the adoption of the basic principles from cloud computing to logistics. These principles comprise the virtualization of all resources and their encapsulation within reusable modules, the so called cloud logistics services. The essential aspect of the cloud logistics paradigm is to bridge the logistics service providers' heterogeneity and differing naming conventions and IT systems with a semantic approach. The systematic literature review contained in the thesis reveals existing research gaps in the field of cloud logistics. Shortcomings are, next to others, basic aspects such as a definition and a conceptual framework to set the field of cloud logistics in context to both affecting disciplines - cloud computing and logistics. Essential explicit artifacts describing concepts and semantics of cloud logistics services are missing as well. Following a design oriented information systems research approach, the contribution of the cumulative thesis comprises the development of these mentioned essential artifacts. Especially the reusable generic ontology design patterns that semantically describe the cloud logistics services and their structuring are important contributions. Summarizing, the thesis contains a basic set of artifacts to enable the paradigm of cloud logistics. The development of a first prototype and the elaboration of an application example in the context of systematic engineering and evaluation of logistics process alternatives complement the course of the thesis.:Contents List of Figures III List of Tables V List of Abbreviations VI 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Objective and Research Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.3 Reflections on Research in IS and Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.4 Outline and Structure of the Thesis’ Contributions - Included Publications 25 2 Landscape - Conceptual 33 2.1 'Go with the Flow - Design of Cloud Logistics Service Blueprints' . . . 33 2.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 Landscape - Technical 46 3.1 'LoSe ODP - An Ontology Design Pattern for Logistics Services' . . . . 46 3.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4 Map - Conceptual 62 4.1 'Metamodel of a Logistics Service Map' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5 Map - Technical 77 5.1 'Ontological Structuring of Logistics Services' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6 Service Granularity Framework 88 6.1 'How Low Should You Go? - Conceptualization of the Service Granu- larity Framework' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 6.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7 Prototype 108 7.1 'Logistics Service Map Prototype' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 8 Application 116 8.1 'Planning of Composite Logistics Services: Model-Driven Engineering and Evaluation' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 8.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 9 Consolidation and Research Roadmap 140 9.1 'Towards the Conception of Cloud Logistics - Engineering and Manage- ment of Modular Cloud Logistics Services in the Context of Flexible Future Supply Chains' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 9.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 10 Conclusion and Future Work 189 10.1 Developed Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 10.2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 10.3 Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 10.4 Limitations and Threats to Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 10.5 Outlook and Subsequent Research Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Bibliography VIII Curriculum Vitae XXVIII Selbständigkeitserklärung XXIX / Logistik ist heutzutage durch eine wachsende Arbeitsteilung und von einem Outsourcing-Trend geprägt. Daraus resultieren fragmentierte Logistiknetzwerke und Supply Chains, welche durch eine Vielzahl von Logistikdienstleistern als Stakeholder geprägt sind. Diese Stakeholder müssen miteinander kollaborieren, um innerhalb der Supply Chains zusammen zuwirken. Die Kollaboration geht mit Herausforderungen einher, welche aus der inhärenten Heterogenität zwischen den Stakeholdern sowie abweichenden Namenkonventionen und IT-Systemen der beteiligten Stakeholder resultiert. Unzureichende Integration, mangelhafte Kommunikation sowie Fehlinformation führen zu Fehlern und Ineffizienzen. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz, um diese Probleme zu lösen, ist das interdisziplinäre Paradigma Cloud Logistics. Zwischen Diensten des Cloud Computing und Diensten der Logistik können diverse Parallelen gezogen werden. Das Cloud Logistics Paradigma basiert auf diesen Parallelen und überträgt die Grundprinzipien des Cloud Computing auf die Logistik. Zu diesen Grundprinzipien gehören unter anderem Aspekte wie die Ressourcenvirtualisierung und -kapselung in wiederverwendbaren Modulen, den so genannten Cloud Logistics Services. Essentieller Aspekt des Cloud Logistics Paradigmas ist die Überbrückung der Heterogenität der Logistikdienstleister und ihrer abweichenden Namenskonventionen und IT-Systeme mittels eines semantischen Ansatzes. Die vorliegende Dissertation deckt mit Hilfe einer systematischen Literaturrecherche bestehende Lücken innerhalb des Forschungsfeldes Cloud Logistics auf. Defizite bestehen, neben anderen Aspekten, vorallem in essentiellen Artefakten des Forschungsfeldes, wie bspw. einer angemessenen wissenschaftlichen Definition, und eines konzeptuellen Frameworks, um das Forschungsfeld in den Kontext der beiden tangierenden Disziplinen - Cloud Computing und Logistik - einzuordnen. Weiterhin mangelt es an essentiellen und explizit beschriebenen Artefakten, welche Konzepte und die Semantik des Engineering und Managements der Cloud Logistics Services beschreiben. Der Methodologie der gestaltungsorinetierten Wirtschaftsinformatik folgend, besteht der Beitrag dieser Dissertation in der Entwicklung der vorgenannten Artefakte. Besonders die wiederverwendbaren generischen Ontology Design Pattern zur semantischen Beschreibung der Cloud Logistics Services und ihrer Strukturierung stellen einen wichtigen Beitrag dar. Zusammenfassend enthält die Dissertation ein notwendiges Grundset an Artefakten für die Umsetzung des Cloud Logistics Paradigmas. Die Entwicklung eines ersten Prototypen, sowie die Erarbeitung eines Anwendungsbeispiels im Kontext systematischer Entwicklung und Evaluation von Prozessvarianten in der Logistik runden die Arbeit ab.:Contents List of Figures III List of Tables V List of Abbreviations VI 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Objective and Research Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.3 Reflections on Research in IS and Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.4 Outline and Structure of the Thesis’ Contributions - Included Publications 25 2 Landscape - Conceptual 33 2.1 'Go with the Flow - Design of Cloud Logistics Service Blueprints' . . . 33 2.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 Landscape - Technical 46 3.1 'LoSe ODP - An Ontology Design Pattern for Logistics Services' . . . . 46 3.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4 Map - Conceptual 62 4.1 'Metamodel of a Logistics Service Map' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5 Map - Technical 77 5.1 'Ontological Structuring of Logistics Services' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 6 Service Granularity Framework 88 6.1 'How Low Should You Go? - Conceptualization of the Service Granu- larity Framework' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 6.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7 Prototype 108 7.1 'Logistics Service Map Prototype' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 8 Application 116 8.1 'Planning of Composite Logistics Services: Model-Driven Engineering and Evaluation' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 8.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 9 Consolidation and Research Roadmap 140 9.1 'Towards the Conception of Cloud Logistics - Engineering and Manage- ment of Modular Cloud Logistics Services in the Context of Flexible Future Supply Chains' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 9.2 Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 10 Conclusion and Future Work 189 10.1 Developed Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 10.2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 10.3 Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 10.4 Limitations and Threats to Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 10.5 Outlook and Subsequent Research Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Bibliography VIII Curriculum Vitae XXVIII Selbständigkeitserklärung XXIX