Youth is a contested term which has been described as difficult to define and ‘pin down analytically’ (De Boek and Honwana 2005:3). In much youth development related issues, youth is categorised as a person between the ages of 15-24, which is defining a person only in terms of one’s chronological age. Age is a good indicator of where in life a person is, I used thus a wider range to include also older youth. Youth are often viewed in relation to other social categories as adults or children, and notions of youth are often as becomings, dependent, powerless, rebellious, risky (behaviour) and irresponsible, a focus merely on ‘negative’ aspects of youthhood, are these notions really describing the general youth? This study explores given youth identities in terms of behavioural patterns of being ‘in place’ and/or ‘out of place’. Identities are in this thesis approached as socially constructed, and people can hold multiple identities. This thesis therefore presents different identity narratives of Jamaican Youth ‘faces’. I used qualitative research methodology to collect and analyse the empirical data generated during fieldwork in Jamaica, Port Antonio in the period of February to beginning of May 2009. Methods such as informal conversations, observations, key informant interviews and photography is the main sources of the collected data, but also secondary data has been used in the analysis to grasp the surrounding realities. The youth participants of this study, 37, are persons who define themselves as youth and are viewed as youth by the Jamaica society based on their activities and behaviour, and are not dependent of their age, gender, class or occupation. In addition twelve (12) adults have contributed to the outsider’s views. The analytical concept of place is used to examine youth’s different behavioural patterns, based on socially accepted activities which are preformed in socially constructed youth places. The social meanings that identity performance have for the sense of being ‘in place’ and belonging to a place are explored to examine how this affects their identity building processes within a specific place. Also outside processes as national youth policy making, media representations and statements from ‘locals’, are evaluated as contributing to the present perceived Jamaican youth identities. I found multiple constructed ‘faces’of Jamaican youth; ‘the naughty’, ‘the nice’, the sexy’, ‘the wise’ and ‘the runner’ , are presented. These identities are fluid and transferable between different places in society and in time. The participants in this study each hold several of these ‘faces’, but often one which are more prominent in relation to the place one uses at that time. The located youth places; the youth centre place, the marina place and the dancehall place, are sites where the identity building processes takes form and social identities are constructed in relations to the socially acceptable conventions in the places in which youth occupy. These social conventions and identities may be negotiated, modified, reconstructed, challenged, contested or resisted in the ‘never-ending’ identity and place production processes. Identity, which is a complex term, holds several of attributes within categories as gender, race, age ect., but none of these attributes exist alone, and place as a contributor to the identity building processes is in this thesis seen as significant in the dynamic relation to all the attributes a person holds, which are preformed at different scales in society, both to be ‘in place’ and/or ‘out of place’. The youth ‘faces’ in Jamaica are also related and part of the national identity, they should therefore be accepted rather than rejected as ‘unwanted behaviour’, since a person rarely just hold one identity.

The study is based on Lev Vygotskijs and John Dewey's learning theory. Such is “the zone for immediate development” and “learning by doing”. Purpose: The study's purpose was to examine how four teachers´ work with bilingual children's language development in a preschool and in a preschool class. These questions will be answered in my study: 1). which view of bilingualism have been the educators? 2). which language development approach has been the educators of preschool/ preschool class have chosen to promote the bilingual children's language development in the Swedish language? 3). what similarities and differences, I find the teachers' way of working with bilingual children? Method: To investigate and answer the purpose of this study was therefore qualitative approach through interviews are used. Results: The results show that both teachers in a preschool and preschool class are working with language development in order to encourage bilingual children's language development. Conclusions: The conclusions are to be able to speak several languages is an asset. Teachers should encourage bilingual children to speak their native language. To encourage bilingual children's language development using a variety of language development methods in the form of music, singing, rhymes and chants. Reading many books and to retell.

Sammanfattning Enligt Migrationsverket har andelen invandrare i Sverige ökat avsevärt de senaste åren vilket har lett till att vissa stadsområden fått ekonomiska och sociala problem. För att förbättra utsatta stadsområden slöt regeringen år 2007 ett avtal med nio kommuner i landet. Växjö kommun var en av dem som ingick i avtalet och år 2013 blev kommunen tilldelad 4,8 miljoner kronor i prestationsbaserade medel. Araby är en utsatt stadsdel i Växjö där alltfler blir bidragsberoende och behöver jobb. För att stärka arabybornas levnadsvillkor driver kommunen ett stadsutvecklingsarbete. De 4,8 miljoner kronorna som Växjö kommun blev tilldelade beslutades att gå till projekt riktade mot arabyborna med Växjö kommun som samordnare.  Syftet med uppsatsen var att genom användandet av verksamhetsteorins modell, öka förståelsen av hur en offentlig samordnare av ett utvecklingsarbete påverkar de projekt som är involverade. För att uppfylla vårt syfte hade vi först en ostrukturerad intervju där vi också fick tillgång till dokument för att få övergripande förförståelse av Araby stadsutvecklingsarbete. Därefter genomfördes fyra semi-strukturerade intervjuer med fyra av de projektledare som blev tilldelade pengar av de 4,8 miljonerna. Resultatet vi fick fram visar på att Växjö kommun som offentliga samordnare av Araby stadsutvecklingsarbete påverkar projekten på olika sätt, bland annat genom att de satte riktlinjerna i form av övergripande mål för arbetet som skulle genomföras av projekten, mängden pengar varje projekt blir tilldelade, regler i form av krav och kriterier samt hur samarbetet ska gå till mellan Växjö kommun och projekten. Vår uppsats speglar en studie där projektledarna anser att Växjö kommun endast har haft en liten påverkan på dem och deras arbete, något som varit väldigt uppskattat ur projektledarnas synvinkel. I och med det visar denna uppsats hur offentliga aktörers påverkan på projekten varit positivt enligt projektledarna. / The proportion of immigrants in Sweden has increased considerably in recent years and as a result some districts have economic and social problems. To improve the vulnerable urban areas with these issues, the government signed an agreement back in 2007 with nine municipalities of Sweden. One of the municipalities that signed that agreement was Växjö. In the year of 2014 Växjö was allocated 4.8 million Swedish crowns in performance-based funding by the government. Araby is a district in Växjö municipality where more and more people have become dependent on subsidy and in need of jobs. In order to strengthen the residents' living conditions in Araby, the municipality has an urban development work. The 4.8 million crowns that Växjö were assigned, was decided to go to projects targeting the residents of Araby with Växjö Municipality as a coordinator. The purpose of this paper is through the use of the activity theory model, increase the understanding of how a public coordinator of an urban development work affects the projects involved. In order to fulfill our purpose we have had an unstructured interview and access to documents in order to obtain comprehensive understanding of the Araby urban development work. This was followed by four structured interviews with four of the project managers that were assigned funds of the 4.8 million crowns. The interview questions were based on the activity theory. The results we concluded show that the municipality of Växjö as a public coordinator of Araby urban development work affects the projects in various ways. The municipality of Växjö has affected the projects through setting guidelines in terms of overall objectives for the work to be carried out of the projects the amount of money each project is assigned, rules in terms of requirements and criteria, just to name a few. Our essay shows a case in which the projects considers that the municipality of Växjö only has a small impact on them and their work, something that has been highly appreciated among the project managers. This shows how public actors influence on the projects has been positive according to the project managers.

The purpose of this study was to explore the reasons and motivations behind voluntourism in reference to working with children, and how these can be understood and analyzed within the framework of voluntourism research. A qualitative approach was used, and data was collected through semi-structured interviews and then evaluated with the use of a thematic analysis. This data was then analyzed in correlation to previous voluntourism research and through the theoretical frameworks of postcolonialism and neocolonialism. Eight interviews were conducted, with six voluntourists and two representatives from voluntourist organizations. Our findings were that the respondents had well-meaning intentions, along with complex and nuanced thoughts in relation to culture shocks, reflections, relationships with the children and rules and regulations given by the voluntourism organizations they traveled with. The conclusions drawn from these findings were that while intent does not trump impact, this phenomenon should be examined in relation to power dynamics and the privatization of development work.

In this thesis I discuss workplace learning during international assignments in a variety of work sectors. In addition to normal adjustments to a new workplace, foreign language acquisition and cultural adaptation are necessary. By collecting and analyzing narratives of a group of Swedish professionals with international work assignments, I have found some regularities and variations of workplace learning as well as some significant effects that these assignments had on their identity. Recommendations are given to providers of preparatory courses for international work assignments as well as sending organizations and employers. The main finding is that workplace learning for international workers follows a trajectory starting already long before departure and continues throughout different phases of the assignment. It also has effects on work life after the return to one’s home culture. The learning resulting from the work assignment affected all areas of life (not only work life) and contributed towards an intercultural identity. This kind of assignment often included networking with several organizations and groups of people of varying nationalities. Instead of working towards becoming full members of one work community, the participants in this study often found themselves in the peripheries of multiple ones. This peripheral albeit influential situation provided many opportunities for learning, both for the individual and the groups they work with. In this way, these international workers have the potential to be agents of change and development in all work communities they relate to.

Sverige är sedan decennier tillbaka ett flerspråkigt land och flerspråkighet är en naturlig del av dagens samhälle. Minst en femtedel av alla elever i skolan har ett annat modersmål än svenska. För lärare blir det mer aktuellt att bedriva språkutvecklande undervisning som ger eleverna förutsättningar att utveckla både språk och ämneskunskaper. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur lärare i åk 4–6 beskriver hur de arbetar språkutvecklande inom ämnet svenska med flerspråkiga elever. Studien utgår från det sociokulturella perspektivet och grundar sig i semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar att lärarna arbetar språkutvecklande hela skoldagen och de poängterar hur viktigt det är att arbeta språkutvecklande för elevernas språk- och kunskapsutveckling. Modellering och EPA- modellen är två konkreta och effektiva arbetssätt som lärarna använder i undervisningen. Dock framkom det att lärarna oftast inte reflekterar över sitt arbetssätt då det sker per automatik och att elevernas modersmål inte används som en resurs i klassrummet. / For decades, Sweden has been a multilingual country and multiligualism is a natural part of today’s society. At least one fifth of all pupils in the school have a different mother tongue than Swedish. For teachers, it will be more relevant to conduct language development teaching which gives students the conditions to develop both language and subject knowledge. The purpose of this study is to investigate how teachers in elementary school describe their language development methods with multilingual pupils in the Swedish subject. The study is based on the sociocultural perspective as well as semistructured interviews. The result shows that the teachers work on language development throughout the school day and they point out how important it is to work on language development for students’ language and knowledge development. Modelling and the EPA- model are two concrete and effective working methods that are used by the teachers. However, it emerges that the teachers usually do not reflect on their way of working as it happens automatically and that the students mother tongue is not used as a resource in the classroom.

Current research show challenges in teacher recruitment as well as challenges in schooloperations with regard to high staff turnover. Part of the development work of the schools isprimarily to ensure that the organization is doing well. Not least in order to be able to conductsuccessful development work, but also to get teachers to appreciate their work, be motivatedin it and want to stay for a long time in their profession. The study aims to analyze how theprovision of skills is conducted with the aim of reducing staff turnover in the teachingprofession. The method used is of a qualitative nature with emphasis on interviews. The resultshows that all respondents emphasize the importance of good leadership and that managerswithin the profession bear the main responsibility for creating inclusive learning environmentsthat provide the right conditions for well-being and organizational development. The study'sconclusion is that the opportunities for knowledge and skills development within the schoolcontribute to less staff turnover it would therefore, be interesting to compare the two differenttypes of resources, the knowledge and competence that is needed to create an inclusivelearning environment along with good leadership, that enable this development / Tidigare forskning pekar på utmaningar i lärarrekryteringen samt utmaningar inomskolverksamheter med avseende till hög personalomsättning. En del i skolornasutvecklingsarbete är framförallt att se till att organisationen mår bra. Inte minst för att kunnabedriva ett framgångsrikt utvecklingsarbete men också för att få lärare att uppskatta sitt arbete,motiveras i det samt vilja stanna länge inom professionen. Studien avser undersöka hurkunskap samt kompetensförsörjningen bedrivs med syfte att minska personalomsättningeninom läraryrket i grundskolan. Metoden som används är av kvalitativ natur med tonvikt påintervjuer. Resultatet visar att samtliga respondenter betonar vikten av ett gott ledarskap ochatt chefer inom verksamheten bär huvudansvaret för att skapa inkluderande lärmiljöer som gerrätt förutsättningar för trivsel och organisationsutveckling. Studiens slutsats visar attmöjligheterna till kunskap och kompetensutveckling inom skolan bidrar till mindrepersonalomsättning. För vidare forskning vore det av intresse att jämföra de två olika typernaav resurser, dvs. den kompetens som krävs för att skapa inkluderande lärandemiljöer samt detgoda ledarskapet, som möjliggör denna utveckling

Denna kvalitativa studie fokuserade på effektiviteten av svenskt utvecklingsbistånd i Zimbabweutifrån på organisationernas synpunkter samt hur de arbetar med utvecklingen i landet. Sammanlagt genomfördes fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvalificerade biståndsarbetare somrepresenterade svenska utvecklingsorganisationer och partnerorganisationer i Zimbabwe.Dessa organisationer var Diakonia, Zimbabwe Women's Resource Center & Network, Afrikagrupperna och Unionen. Resultaten har visat att det finns positiva och identifierbara inverkanav utvecklingsbistånd trots utmaningarna i landet. Dessutom presenteras i denna uppsats deförändringar som biståndsorganisationerna har genomfört i olika städer i Zimbabwe. Slutsatsensom studien har kommit fram till är, för att de möjligheter som biståndsorgan skapar ska varahållbara bör regeringen välkomna aktörerna i det civila samhället och den privata sektorn somhar resurser för att komplettera det som regeringen inte har. Samt skapa en bra politisk miljödär regeringen och det civila samhället kan samarbeta. / This qualitative study focused on the effectiveness of Swedish development aid in Zimbabwe,based on the organizations' views and how the aid organizations work with development in thecountry. A total of four semi-structured interviews were conducted with qualified developmentworkers representing Swedish development organizations and partner organizations in Zimbabwe from, Diakonia, Zimbabwe Women's Resource Centre & Network, Afrikagrupperna andUnionen. The results have shown that there is a positive impact of development aid despite thechallenges in the country. We have presented in this essay the positive and identifiable changesthat aid agencies have accomplished in various cities in Zimbabwe. The conclusion of this studyis, for the opportunities created by aid agencies to be sustainable, the government should welcome the civil society actors and the private sector that have the resources to complement thosethat the government does not have. As well as create a good policy environment in which government and civil society can cooperate.

<p>“Unemployment is a restriction of people’s social</p><p>networks and the feeling of participation in the society”</p><p>-Marita Eastmond & Lisa Åkesson</p><p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>The main aim of this study is to discuss integration in the labour market by analyzing and discussing a governmental Proposition and a Pilot Project as well as the results of the field work herein carried out. In order to understand how integration in the labour market occurs and to provide some suggestions to improve the governmental documents, the concepts of securitization of migration and transnationalization of migration were used as analytical frameworks. The Pilot Project chosen is <em>Pilotverksamhet med etableringssamtal och etableringsplan – Uppdaterad projektplan med mål och riktlinjer för den utvidgade försöksverksamheten </em>based on the Proposition <em>2009/10:60</em> ”<em>Nyanlända invandrares arbetsmarknadsetablering – egenansvar med professionellt stöd”. </em>The research questions are 1) which questions are left aside from the Proposition and which are possible suggestions to the questions found? 2) How are the interviewees and the Pilot Project/Proposition affected by securitization of migration and transnationalization of migration? Furthermore, suggestions to improve the proposition were discussed. Interviews with primary and secondary stakeholders were also carried out. This analysis was carried out together with the results of the field work in Kronoberg (focused on residents of Araby, Arbetsförmedlingen and Växjö Kommun) in the view of the concepts of securitization and transnational migration issues. The method of this research is qualitative with an abductive approach. The result of this study indicates a number of issues to be improved in the Proposition document before the law be promulgated by the government, as well as some issues that hinder the integration process of the primary stakeholders. Reflection for future studies concerning the influence of securitization and transnationalization phenomena, as well as suggestions to improve people’s integration processes are presented in the conclusion of this study. </p><p>Keywords: Arbetsförmedlingen, Araby, county, immigration, integration, international migration, municipality, Kommun, policy, Proposition, securitization, Sweden, Swedish, Växjö</p>

The aim of this thesis is to map areas of development work with Roma in the Czech Republic after 1989. It is mentioned the situation before the Velvet Revolution to better understanding the context. A number of problems were caused at that time. These problems are addressed by development work today. In the thesis the current situation of Roma is outlined as well as the problems that the Roma have to solve. It is emphasized the shift from state solutions of problems of Roma to non-governmental organizations that have taken part of the states tasks in relation to Roma. The thesis also deals with the concept of international development. It tries to show its influence on local development which can draw and learn from its mistakes. The most important part of the thesis is the chapter that is dedicated to areas in which it is working with Roma. General information in this section are completed by practical findings from research which was conducted with staff of three non-governmental organizations.