Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur biståndshandläggare upplever sitt handlingsutrymme i relation till deras konkreta arbetsuppgifter, individuella bedömningar samt deras möjlighet att tillgodose klienternas behov relaterat till de ramar som sätts av lag och organisationen de verkar inom, samt deras möjlighet att använda sina teoretiska kunskaper i dessa uppgifter. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka hur biståndshandläggarna upplever de etiska dilemman som kan uppstå i deras arbete relaterat till detta. För uppfylla studiens syfte har en kvalitativ ansats tillämpats med intervjuer som huvudsaklig metod, samt med Michael Lipskys teori gällande gräsrotsbyråkrati och teorin om handlingsutrymme som en teoretisk grund. Resultaten av studien påvisar att biståndshandläggare upplever att de i de flesta fall kan tillgodose klientens behov, men att detta dock kan komma att ske på bekostnad av deras personliga etos. Vidare visar resultatet även att biståndshandläggarna uppskattar, samt ofta använder sig utav, lokala riktlinjer vid behovsbedömningar men att det även finns en efterfrågan på förtydligande av dessa samt nationella riktlinjer som ett stöd i arbetet. Gällande hur biståndshandläggarna upplever användandet utav sin teoretiska kunskap framkom det att – för att de skall uppleva att denna tillämpas till fullo – menar biståndshandläggarna att det även krävs en praktisk kunskap som kommer från arbetet, och att dessa kunskaper i kombination kan hjälpa biståndshandläggarna att öka sitt handlingsutrymme. Slutligen visar studien att etiska dilemman är mycket vanliga i arbetet, vilket är vanligt för gräsrotsbyråkrater. Detta leder till att biståndshandläggarna kan utveckla strategier för att hantera dessa inre konflikter som kan uppstå, såsom likgiltighet eller känslomässig frånkoppling. / The aim of this study is to explore how aid administrators experience their autonomy related to their assignments, individual assessments and their ability to meet the needs of their clients in regard to the framework of the law and their organization, as well as their ability to use their theoretical knowledge in these tasks. Furthermore, the study aims to explore how the aid administrators experience the ethical dilemmas that can emerge in their work related to this. To fulfill the purpose of this study, a qualitative approach has been used with interviews as the main method, and with Michael Lipsky’s theory about street-level bureaucracy, and theories about autonomy as a theoretical base. The results of this study show that the aid administrators experience that they in most cases are able to meet the needs of their clients, although this sometimes come at the cost of their personal ethics. Furthermore, the result show that the aid administrators appreciate and often use their guidelines when assessing the client’s needs, although clarifications and nationwide guidelines as an aid are requested. In regard to how the aid administrators experience the use of their theoretical knowledge, the study shows that – in order to fully use the theoretical knowledge – the aid administrator needs further knowledge in form of a practical know-how, and that together the combined knowledge can help the aid administrator fully take use of their autonomy. Last of all the study shows that ethical dilemmas between personal and professional ethics are very common in the aid administrators work, as is common among street-level bureaucrats. This results in aid administrators developing strategies to cope with the internal conflicts that can arise, such as indifference or emotional detachment.

Title Ethical Dilemmas in the Process of Selling the City's Housing Stock - a Systematic Analysis from the Perspective of Christian Social Ethics Abstract The aim of this work is to describe and analyse ethical dilemmas in decision-making in the management of the city and in one of the important segments of municipal politics - in the field of sales of the city's property to private owners. The focus of the thesis is to reflect on the ethical dilemmas that arise in the process of selling the city's property. The ethical reflection will be made from the perspective of theological ethics and Catholic social teaching. Ethical criteria for morally responsible political behaviour will be defined in the thesis in connection with selected principles of social teaching of the Church. Further, the conditions for the sale of the city's housing stock will be formulated, which would be in accordance with the principle of general good as the basic principle of Christian ethics implemented in municipal political practice so as to benefit the city management as an organizational unit and its citizens, the life of individuals and the city as a whole. In the format of one example of practical policy the contribution of Christian ethics to governance and management of the city will be examined. At the same time the criteria...

Abstract  Pedagogical documentation is a certain procedure for documenting that, in recent years, has been embraced in several Swedish preschools. Teachers document children’s actions and conversations usually by photos or video recordings. This documentation is to be used for a pedagogical purpose. However, studies and governmental inspections have shown that pedagogical documentation gives rise to many questions among preschool teachers. The purpose of this study is to gain insight into what is being expressed when preschool teachers discuss pedagogical documentation, focusing on themes of content and on the participants’ expressions of their points of view. The data is comprised of transcriptions from audio recordings of discussions conducted in a research circle. The participants are eight preschool teachers that met over the course of one year. Each meeting focused on the documentation provided by a different participant. In that way the contents of the discussions were framed by the teachers own questions and narratives. Theoretically, the study departs from Social Constructionism and Discursive Psychology. The preschool teachers’ utterances have been analyzed using concepts of interpretative repertoires and ideological dilemmas. The results show the main themes to be: Knowledge content in a preschool setting, children’s learning, the teacher’s role and implementation of pedagogical documentation. The participants’ joint position is that the knowledge content at the preschool level is defined by the curriculum for the preschool. Concerning children’s learning and the teacher’s role, two main standpoints are disclosed. Ideologically those standpoints derive from two opposing theories of education. Based on how the standpoints have been expressed I have called them ”predetermined learning” versus ”non-predetermined learning”. One main distinction between the standpoints is that predetermined learning emphasizes the results of learning, while non-predetermined learning emphasizes the processes of learning. The participants’ utterances show that teachers tend to subscribe to the idea that there is only one acceptable way of working with pedagogical documentation. This sometimes creates performance anxiety and feelings of not succeeding and has led to arguments advocating an alternate approach; pedagogical documentation can be done in many ways. The ideological dilemmas within the discourse can be perceived as resources by which the participants argue about knowledge, learning, teaching and about the implementation of pedagogical documentation. / Forskarskola för förskollärare "Utforskande lärprocesser och literacy:Förskolebarns lärande i språk, matematik och naturvetenskap"

Syftet med uppsatsen är dels att undersöka socialsekreterares upplevelser av stödinsatser till personer med missbruksproblem, med särskilt fokus på tillämpningen av tvångslagstiftningen Lag (1988:870) om vård av missbrukare i vissa fall (LVM), dels huruvida socialsekreterare upplever etiska dilemman vid bedömning av LVM och hur sådana dilemman kan hanteras. Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ studie där totalt sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med socialsekreterare i olika kommuner i Sverige. Genom en tematisk analys, har vårt empiriska material analyserats. Teman som framkom var handlingsutrymme utifrånRiktlinjer och samarbete, Bedömning av helheten, Motivationsarbete, Tankar om tolkningsutrymme samt vård och Etiska dilemman. Det empiriska materialet har även analyserats med hjälp av tidigare forskning och teoretiska begrepp, det vill säga gräsrotsbyråkrati och handlingsutrymme. Resultatet visade att socialsekreterarna upplevde att samarbete med kollegor, teamledare och chefer var viktigt vid inledning av LVM. Vidare menade de intervjuade socialsekreterarna att riktlinjer och lagtext tydliggör när tvångsomhändertagande ska tillämpas. De uppgav dock att lagtexten är en svårighet på grund av tolkningsutrymmet. Etiska dilemman som lyftes av socialsekreterarna hängde samman med att klientens självbestämmanderätt försvinner vid tillämpning av LVM, samtidigt som klientens liv är i fara om LVM inte tillämpas. / The aim of this study was to examine the experiences of social secretaries, in support measures for people with substance abuse problems, with special focus on the application of the law Lag (1988:870) om vård av missbrukare i vissa fall (LVM). Additionally we examined potential ethical dilemmas and how these are handled by the social secretary. The study is based on a qualitative study where a total of six semi-structured interviews were conducted with social secretaries from different municipalities in Sweden. Through a thematic analysis, our empirical material was analyzed. Themes that emerged were Room for maneuver based on guidelines and laws, The overall assessment, Motivational work, Thoughts on room for interpretation, Care and Ethical dilemmas. The empirical material has been analyzed with the help of previous research and theoretical concepts. The results showed that the participants' collaboration with colleagues, team leaders and managers was important when initiating compulsory care. Further, the respondents emphasized that guidelines and legislation clarify when compulsory treatment is to be applied. However, the social secretaries stated that there were difficulties with the scope for interpretation. An ethical dilemma highlighted by the social secretaries was that the client's right to self- determination disappears when applying LVM, at the same time as the client's life is in danger if LVM is not applied.

The thesis is focused on the topic of professional ethics in social services and its reflection in the supervisory process. The thesis is divided into two parts, the interpretation and the research, and aims to explore the topic of professional ethics in social services in the supervisory process from the perspective of supervisors. Research is conducted using qualitative research strategies, through interviews with eight supervisors. The data analysis brings several conclusions, one of them is the fact that supervision is essential for the professional ethics of social workers. Supervision contributes in that social work is based on a more conscious professionalism and less on intuition. This all brings a more comprehensive picture of the influence of supervision on the compliance with professional ethics in social services. Keywords: Ethics, professional ethics, codes of ethics, ethical dilemmas, social work, social worker, supervision, supervisor.

Title:          Assistance Assessment for Clients with Dementia Disease - The Perceptions and Experiences of Care Managers   Authors:    Fredrik Borg and Helena Wallin Håkansson   The study aimed to examine the experiences, difficulties and ethical positions of care managers in the assistance assessment of dementia clients. The study was based on the themes of self-determination and integrity, ethical approach, security and meaningful existence. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were used as data collection method. Empirical material was analysed based on empowerment and system theory. The result shows that care managers daily deal with ethical dilemmas regarding the client's self-determination and integrity, in relation to the right to security and meaningful existence. The informants conveyed that it’s mainly about being a fellow human with understanding and empathy, adapted to the current situation. Previous research shows ethical dilemmas regarding family caretakers and decision making for elderly with dementia, this was also evident in our study. For future research, we see the relevance in exploring the differences regarding the use of legal kinship privileges. / Titel:          Biståndsbedömning för klienter med demenssjukdom - Biståndshandläggares upplevelser och erfarenheter   Författare: Fredrik Borg och Helena Wallin Håkansson   Studiens syfte var att undersöka biståndshandläggares upplevelser, svårigheter och etiska ställningstaganden vid biståndsbedömning av klienter med demenssjukdom. Studien utgick från temana självbestämmande och integritet, trygghet och meningsfull tillvaro samt etiskt förhållningssätt. Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer användes som datainsamlingsmetod. Empiriskt material bestående av transkriberade intervjuer, analyserades utifrån teorierna empowerment och systemteori. Som resultat konstateras att biståndshandläggare dagligen hanterar etiska dilemman kring klientens självbestämmande och integritet, i relation till rätten till trygghet och meningsfull tillvaro. Informanterna förmedlade att det i praktiken handlar om att vara medmänniska med förståelse och empati, anpassat till den aktuella situationen. Tidigare forskning visar på bland annat etiska dilemman kring anhörigvårdare och beslutsfattande för äldre människor med demens. Detta framkom även i vår studie. För framtida forskning tror vi det kan vara relevant att kartlägga varför det ser olika ut kring användning av anhörigbehörighet.

Introduktion: Vården som operationssjuksköterskan bedriver ska ske i enlighet med etiska riktlinjer och lagar. Kognitiv funktionsnedsättning innebär intellektuell nedsättning där bristande kommunikationsförmåga och förståelse kan föreligga. Studier har visat att etiska dilemman kan uppstå vid omvårdnad av kognitivt funktionsnedsatt patient. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva operationssjuksköterskors erfarenheter och upplevelser av etiska dilemman vid pre- och intraoperativ vård av patienter med kognitiv funktionsnedsättning. Metod: Konventionell, kvalitativ innehållsanalys (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005) med induktiv ansats och semistrukturerade intervjuer (n=10) användes. Strategiskt- och bekvämlighetsurval användes. Resultat: Resultatet gav tre kategorier med totalt sju subkategorier. Operationssjuksköterskorna upplevde svårigheter med att definiera etiska dilemman. Det definierades som situationer där en vårdhandling önskas utföras men patienten inte vill deltaga på grund av begränsad förståelse. Etiska dilemman kunde vara vård under tvång eller avgöra huruvida anhöriga bör närvara. Konklusion: Etiska dilemman var svårt att definiera för operationssjuksköterskor. De upplevde att rädsla hos patienten kan leda till att etiska dilemman uppstår. Operationssjuksköterskorna beskrev åtgärder och arbetssätt för att motverka etiska dilemman, vilket kan användas till förbättringsarbete och vidare forskning. Det är av vikt att ta sig tid och arbeta för att främja autonomin och personcentrera vården och undvika rädsla, därmed motverka etiska dilemman. / Introduction: As a theatre nurse, nursing care should be performed in relation to ethical guidelines and laws. Cognitive impairment implies intellectual impairment where difficulties in communication and understanding may be present. Studies have shown that ethical dilemmas can arise when nursing patients with cognitive impairment. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the theatre nurses’ experiences of ethical dilemmas in pre- and intraoperative nursing of patients with cognitive impairment. Method: A conventional, qualitative content analysis (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005) with an inductive approach and semi-structured interviews (n=10) was used. Purposive and convenience sampling methods were used. Results: The results showed three categories with a total of seven subcategories. The theatre nurses experienced difficulties in defining ethical dilemmas. It was defined as situations in which a caring intervention wishes to be conducted, yet the patient refuses to participate due to limited understanding. Forced care or determine whether a patient’s relative should participate could be ethical dilemmas. Conclusion: Ethical dilemmas were difficult for the theatre nurses to define. They experienced that patients’ fear may result in ethical dilemmas. The theatre nurses described working methods to avoid ethical dilemmas, which might be used for improvements within the clinic as well as in further research. It is important to dedicate time to work towards person-centered care and to avoid fear, and accordingly counteract ethical dilemmas.

When faced with an emergency situation, politicians are often forced to sacrifice their core moral principles in order to better serve the immediate public interest. This is commonly described as the Dirty Hands dilemma. Dirty Hands theorists conditionally defend politicians, but they leave the dilemma under-defined. Realists think that politicians do not even need defence, but their approach is overly relativistic and fails to distinguish between moral and immoral exercises of political authority. The present study critically engages with both sides of the debate in two parts. First, I use the method of conceptual analysis — and specifically conceptual disambiguation — to find out how each side conceives of the nature of the Dirty Hands dilemma. I find that (1) the dilemma emerges when a politician is forced to disregard the core human rights of certain individuals or groups to safeguard similar rights of others, and (2) the Realists fail to distinguish the concept of Dirty Hands from the concept of Political Compromise and Dirty Hands dilemmas from ordinary moral dilemmas. Second, using the method of reflective equilibrium, I advance the normative judgement that, instead of expressing guilt and paying the price, politicians should commit to not making their actions easy precedents when they confront a Dirty Hands dilemma. This study offers a better theoretical understanding of the Dirty Hands dilemma and a practical approach to distinguishing between moral and immoral exercises of political authority.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how psychological therapists experience receiving gifts from their patients. Five respondents participated in the study and data was collected using a qualitative method consisting of semi-structured interviews. The analysis was conducted by means of an interpretive phenomenological analysis which resulted in two main themes describing how the respondents experienced gifts in the therapy room: reciprocity and dilemma. Reciprocity in the relationship with the patient, and dilemmas to cope with in relation to the patient as well as colleagues, guidelines and laws. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur psykologiska behandlare upplever att få gåvor av sina patienter. Fem respondenter deltog i studien och data samlades in med en kvalitativ metod bestående av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Analysen har gjorts med hjälp av en tolkande fenomenologisk analys som gav två huvudteman i hur respondenterna upplevde att få gåvor; ömsesidighet och dilemma. Ömsesidighet i relationen med patienten och dilemman att hantera i relation till såväl patient som kollegor, riktlinjer och lagar.

The diploma thesis named "Dilemmas of social workers during assessing of educational methods in families with lower elementary school age children". The goal of the thesis is find to the answer: "Which dilemmas deal social workers during assessing of educational methods in families with lower elementary school age children? ". The theoretical part of this thesis describes the social work with families, its development and dilemmas that each can bring social work. It also deals with the family and its development. It also focuses on inadequate educational styles in the family that may affect child development. The practical part is focused on the process of assessing families. Thanks to the semi- structured interviews with social workers are trying to map this difficult process and dilemmas that social workers in this work can be experienced.