The issue of civic integration and requirements for citizenship has been a far-reaching debate that has taken place in the Swedish political context for several years. From the Liberals’ pioneering proposal for a language test for immigrants in 2002, the issue has 19 years later moved towards an increasing consensus that today finds majority support in the Swedish parliament. Although the proposal seems to contribute to greater integration, there are many critical approaches to analyse. The question that arises is whether these types of proposals, through their discursive design, create conditions that actually support integration or instead induce discrimination and exclusion of certain groups. The purpose of this thesis is twofold. One aim is to critically examine and analyse the political proposal on language- and civic knowledge for Swedish citizenship by looking at government documents and motions from Sweden's opposition parties. The thesis examines whether racist discourses are reproduced or maintained by analysing the proposal to review further how it is legitimised. The secondary purpose will be to problematise how such a proposal can affect the right to citizenship based on the risks of discrimination and exclusion. This is done by guidance from Fairclough's three- dimensional model, whose method allows to examine the textual structure, the discursive and social practice of the given material. The theoretical framework evolved from theories that sufficiently understand how civic requirements can be understood based on different exclusion mechanisms. The essay concludes that the proposal raises issues of human rights, that the state legitimises the proposal through discursive means and that there are tendencies that reproduce racist discourses.

The association of the name of Francis Bacon with that of Niccolo Machiavelli is no novelty to the modern reader. But in most instances this association is brief and fleeting, possessed of a will-o'-the-wisp character that is at once unsatisfying and challenging. The natural conclusion to which one is tempted to leap is that Bacon, since he is the more recent in point of time, was influenced by the great Florentine in matters of philosophy and style. A second possibility is that both men were influenced by similar conditions of political and cultural backgrounds. A still further consideration lies in the belief that certain ideas are "in the air", so to speak, and descend upon different minds in various times and places without implying any necessity of relationship. It seems advisable to study the two men and their works in the light of these three possibilities. It is not the purpose of this thesis to assert the influence of Machiavelli upon Bacon's philosophy as a whole. This study is rather an attempt to bring together in comparative consideration the personalities and philosophies of two outstanding minds of their respective ages, and to draw such conclusions as seem logical. To this end I propose to examine the theories of Machiavelli set forth in The Prince and the Discourses on Livy, and from this background to view Bacon's philosophy relating to civil business as set forth in his Essays, especially "Of Truth," and "Of Great Place," and in the Advancement of Learning. I have here used the term, philosophy, to refer to the principles of human conduct by which Bacon's life was governed, rather than in a metaphysical sense.

How much historical information pertaining to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is contained in the Journal of Discourses? How and where can it be found amid the nearly ten thousand pages of printed matter, much of which is non-historical? How accurate is the historical information in the Journal of Discourses? These three questions pose the problem that this study is designed to handle.

Studiens syfte var att identifiera och jämföra diskurser om romer från svensk press åren 2006 och 2021. De tidningar som valdes ut var Aftonbladet och Expressen då det var tidningarna med störst spridning från respektive år. Diskursteori och teori om andrafiering utgjorde grunden för studiens analys och ett snävt diskursanalytiskt tillvägagångssätt användes för att kartlägga romers subjektpositioner ur skildringarna. De huvudsakliga resultaten visade på att romer framställdes som en homogen grupp bägge åren, samt som en grupp utsatta för diskriminering och utanförskap av olika slag. Skillnader som kunde identifieras mellan de olika åren var att synen på romer som hjälpbehövande tycktes ersättas av en syn om genombrott och framsteg där romer skildrades som banbrytande. Andrafiering av olika slag identifierades från båda åren, men med olika omfattning och grunder. I vissa fall var andrafieringen år 2021 mindre tydlig än år 2006 och i andra fall tydligare. / The purpose of the study was to identify and compare discourses about Roma in the Swedish press during the years 2006 and 2021. The chosen newspapers were Aftonbladet and Expressen since they had the largest distribution in both years. The discourse theory and theory about othering constituted the basis of the study’s analysis and a narrow approach to discourse analysis was used to map Roma’s subject positions from the papers’ depictions. The main results showed that the Roma were portrayed as a homogeneous group in both years, as well as a group exposed to discrimination and exclusion of various forms. Differences that could be identified between the different years were that the view of Roma as in need of help seemed to be replaced by a view of breakthroughs and progress where Roma were portrayed as mould-breaking. Othering of different kinds was identified from both years, although to different extents and with differing bases. In some cases, the othering was less noticeable in the year 2021 and in others it was more noticeable.

Historical narratives and anecdotes concerning Captain John Smith have been told and retold throughout the entire history the United States of America, and they have proved to be sacred, influential, and contested elements in the construction of the individual, sectional, regional, and national identity of many. In this thesis, I first outline some of the history of how narratives and discourses surrounding Captain John Smith were directly connected with the identity of many Americans during the 18th and 19th century, especially Virginians and Southerners. Then I outline how these narratives and discourses from the 18th and 19th centuries have continued and evolved in the 20th and 21st centuries in American scholarship and popular culture. I demonstrate how Captain John Smith went from being used as a symbol for regional and sectional identity to a symbol for broader national American identity, and how he has anachronistically come to be considered an American. I then show how Captain John Smith has continued to be constructed, to a seemingly larger degree than previous centuries, as a hero of almost mythic proportions. Finally I demonstrate how this constructed American hero is used as a posterchild for various interest groups and ideologies in order to legitimize the places of certain discourses and behavior within constructed and contested American identities.

This study examines the theme of hybridity in Charlotte Brontë’s novel Jane Eyre and Jordan Peele’s film Get Out. Both the narrative text in the novel and the script with visual elements of the film use the concept of hybridity through Gothic motifs: a mad non-white woman in the attic in Jane Eyre and a psychological place in Get Out, where members of a white family hypnotise black people in order to exploit their physical capabilities. This is employed to disrupt dominant discourses of authoritative class, revealing the ways in which these discourses are constructed through the exclusion of certain identities. Bertha Mason, the Creole wife of Edward Rochester in Jane Eyre, and Chris Washington, the African American protagonist of Get Out, both embody a sense of hybridity that challenges established norms of individuality and representation. Through a comparative analysis of these characters, this essay argues that hybridity serves as a means of exposing and subverting the power structures that reinforce presiding stereotypes of othered characters. By deconstructing these sovereign discourses, hybridity creates space for alternative voices and perspectives that are often excluded from ascendant literatures. Ultimately, this essay accentuates the importance of inspecting the intersectional identities of characters in literature and film, as a means of challenging prepotent discourses and promoting social justice.

The purpose of this paper is to research in which way feminist messages are incorporated and communicated through femvertisements from the 1970’s, 1990’s and 2010’s. In doing so our goal is to achieve an elaborated understanding of how feminism is used in advertisements as well as how these messages have changed over time. A theoretical framework consisting of feminist theory, gender theory, discourse theory and representation theory was applied. The study was conducted through a multimodal critical discourse analysis where nine advertisement pictures, three from each decade, were analysed. The purpose of the analysis was to identify the symbols and visual elements in the advertisements which carry meaning and relate to feminist discourses. The result of the study found that the femvertisements from the 1970’s, 1990’s and 2010’s were shaped by the feminist and social context in which they were produced. Advertisements from the 1970 ‘s related to the interests and goals of the first wave feminism and the Women’s Liberation Movement. Advertisements from the 1990’s related to postfeminist discourses regarding sexual liberation and women's perception of self worth and empowerment. Whereas advertisements from the 2010’s incorporated broader messages regarding female empowerment and support that align with the purpose and definition of “femvertising”. Furthermore, discourses regarding girls participation and engagement in sports were identified in advertisements from the 1990’s and 2010’s. Symbols associated with traditionally masculine domains were found in advertisements from all decades in use of supporting women's participation in masculine areas. Contrasting or contradicting messages were also identified in advertisements from all decades which led to uncertainty about the dominating discourse in the picture. In conclusion, the most prominent change over time was the nature of the feminist messages in relation to the feminist and social context in which they were produced. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka på vilket sätt feministiska budskap inkorporeras och kommuniceras genom femvertisements från 1970-talet, 1990-talet och 2010-talet. Genom detta strävar vi efter att nå en fördjupad förståelse för hur feminism används i reklam samt hur dessa budskap har förändrats över tid. En teoretisk ram bestående av feministisk teori, genusteori, diskursteori och representationsteori tillämpades. Studien genomfördes genom en multimodal kritisk diskursanalys där nio reklambilder, tre från varje årtionde, analyserades. Syftet med analysen var att identifiera de symboler och visuella element i reklamerna som skapar mening och relaterar till feministiska diskurser. Resultatet av studien visade att femvertisements från 1970-talet, 1990-talet och 2010-talet formades av den feministiska och sociala kontext de producerades i. Reklam från 1970-talet kopplades till intressen och mål hos den första vågens feminism och Women's Liberation-rörelsen. Reklam från 1990-talet kopplades till postfeministiska diskurser om sexuell frigörelse och kvinnors uppfattning av självvärde och styrka. Vidare inkluderade reklam från 2010-talet bredare budskap om kvinnlig styrka och stöd som överensstämmer med syftet och definitionen av "femvertising". Dessutom identifierades diskurser om flickors deltagande och engagemang inom idrott i reklam från 1990-talet och 2010-talet. Symboler associerade med traditionellt maskulina domäner hittades i reklam från alla decennier som stöd för kvinnors deltagande inom maskulina områden. Kontrasterande och motstridiga budskap identifierades också i reklam från alla decennier, vilket ledde till osäkerhet kring den dominerande diskursen i bilden. Sammanfattningsvis var den mest framträdande förändringen över tid karaktären av de feministiska budskapen i relation till den feministiska och sociala kontext de producerades i.

Vårt samhälle är under en ständig förändring och digitaliseringen är ett faktum, vilket ställer krav på verksamma förskollärare. Syftet med denna studie är att synliggöra de diskurser förskollärare tar i bruk och skapar samt hur förskollärare positionerar och legitimerar sig i frågan om användning av digitala verktyg i förskolan. Metoden i föreliggande studie är kvalitativ, där semistrukturerade intervjuer med förskollärare som arbetar i fyra olika kommuner på förskolor i Sverige har utförts. Studien är inspirerad utav socialkonstruktionism, som menar att språket är socialt konstruerat och analysmetoden i denna studie är inspirerad av diskursanalys, vilket är en metod som kan användas för att analysera tal och text. I studiens resultat går det att utläsa att det framkom motstridiga diskurser i förskollärarnas tal om användning av digitala verktyg i förskolan, där en del av förskollärarna talade om det som en utmaning, medan andra talade om det som en möjlighet. Det framkom även diskurser kring villkoret för att använda digitala verktyg, vilket innebar att där ska vara ett pedagogiskt syfte, slötittande var inget som var eftertraktat. Vår slutsats är att förskollärarna positionerar och legitimerar sig i motstridiga diskurser när de talar om användning av digitala verktyg i förskolan. / Our society is undergoing constant change and digitization is a fact, which places demands on active preschool teachers. The purpose of this study is to make visible the discourses preschool teachers use and create, as well as how preschool teachers position and legitimize themselves in the issue of the use of digital tools in preschool. The method in the present study is qualitative, where semi-structured interviews with preschool teachers who work in four different municipalities at preschools in Sweden have been carried out. The study is inspired by social constructionism, which means that language is socially constructed and the analysis method in this study is inspired by discourse analysis, which is a method that can be used to analyze speech and text. In the results of the study, it can be deduced that conflicting discourses emerged in the preschool teachers' speeches about the use of digital tools in preschool, where some of the preschool teachers spoke of it as a challenge, while others spoke of it as an opportunity. There were also discourses about the condition for using digital tools, which meant that there must be an educational purpose, casual viewing was not something that was sought after. Our conclusion is that the preschool teachers position and legitimize themselves in conflicting discourses when they talk about the use of digital tools in the preschool.

Syftet med den här studien är att öka kunskapen om naturfotografers natursyn. Studien baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med sex naturfotografer. Som teori används Hannigans typologi över 1900-talets utveckling av miljödiskurser som inkluderar den arkadiska dis- kursen, ekosystemdiskursen och rättvisediskursen. Naturfotografi är ett exempel på den arka- diska diskursen, och min studie visar att det är den starkaste diskursen inom det naturfoto- grafiska fältet även om vissa fotograferar dessutom ansluter sig till ekosystemdiskursen och rättvisediskursen. Den arkadiska diskursen påverkar både hur naturfotografer konstruerar naturen och utvecklingspotentialen för naturfotografin. Den utveckling som Hannigan ser som en samhällelig utveckling över tid av diskurserna kan också ses som en individuell utveckling hos fotograferna. Efter en tids fotograferande börjar man röra sig ifrån den arkadiska diskursen och ifrågasätta idén om den vackra naturbilden. / The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge of nature photographers’ view on nature. The study is founded in qualitative interviews with six nature photographers. Hannigans typology of environmental discourse development during the twentieth century is used as theory for the study, including the arcadian, ecosystem and social justice discourse. Nature photography is an example of the arcadian discourse and my study shows that it is the strongest discourse in the field of nature photography, although some nature photographers also adhere to the ecosystem and social justice discourses. The arcadian discourse affects both how nature photographers construct nature and the potential for development of nature photography. The development of discourses over time that Hannigan sees in society can also be seen in individual photographers; following some time of photographing they move from the arcadian discourse and start questioning the beautiful nature photography as a concept.

Studies have shown that climate change causes large scale human displacement. With this as background this thesis investigates the connection between climate change and immigration/asylum in EU documents. The EU is an institution that has not acknowledged the existence of climate change induced migration despite outside awareness that the phenomenon exists. This thesis analyzes discourses about climate change and immigration/asylum in the EU in order to find out how EU regards climate change induced migrants, and why it has not acknowledged their existence or provides protection. The thesis found that discourses of inclusion and exclusion based on European ethnicity and culture restricts possibilities for migrants from developing countries to come to Europe. It also found that EU represents its strategy to fight climate change as comprehensive and leaves no room for changes in that strategy. These two findings in combination explain why climate change induced migrants are not acknowledged, and in extension do not get protection from the EU. The research found that the absence of an acknowledgement and protection for climate change induced migrants is influenced by political discourses in the EU that see unskilled immigrants from developing countries as a threat and danger to Europe and its current climate change strategy as sufficient for coping with the effects of climate change.