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Listening to music usually elicits emotions that can vary considerably in their intensity over the course of listening. Yet, after listening to a piece of music, people are easily able to evaluate the music's overall emotional intensity. There are two different hypotheses about how affective experiences are temporally processed and integrated: (1) all moments' intensities are integrated, resulting in an averaged value; (2) the overall evaluation is built from specific single moments, such as the moments of highest emotional intensity (peaks), the end, or a combination of these. Here we investigated what listeners do when building an overall evaluation of a musical experience. Participants listened to unknown songs and provided moment-to-moment ratings of experienced intensity of emotions. Subsequently, they evaluated the overall emotional intensity of each song. Results indicate that participants' evaluations were predominantly influenced by their average impression but that, in addition, the peaks and end emotional intensities contributed substantially. These results indicate that both types of processes play a role: All moments are integrated into an averaged value but single moments might be assigned a higher value in the calculation of this average.

Forskning visar att den globala uppvärmningen kan orsaka förändrade nederbördsmönster på många platser runt om i världen. Ett antal platser kan förvänta sig en ökad nederbördsmängd under delar av året, medan andra platser kan förvänta sig längre perioder av torka. SMHI presenterar prognoser över hur nederbördsmönster kan ändras i Sverige till följd av klimatförändringar. I Jönköpings län förväntas den mest kraftfulla nederbörden att öka, och även årsnederbörden. Då översvämningar kan leda till försämrad framkomlighet, skador eller i värsta fall hot mot hälsa och liv har EU tagit fram ett översvämningsdirektiv. Direktivet ska assistera unionens medlemmar att förebygga och hantera problematik som uppstår i samband med översvämningar. I linje med EU:s översvämningsdirektiv har Sverige arbetat fram olika strategier för att kunna förebygga problem som uppstår i samband med översvämningar. I första hand ska kartläggningar av områden utföras för att lokalisera och identifiera områden som är utsatta för översvämningsrisker. Alla områden som är utsatta för översvämningsrisker ska sedan ta fram riskhanteringsplaner där olika strategier och förebyggande åtgärder presenteras. WSP har utfört skyfallskarteringar åt bland annat Tranås kommun i Jönköpings län. I denna rapport har ett område i Tranås valts ut för att studera hur stor effekt olika åtgärder kan ha vid en översvämning till följd av ett simulerat 100-årsregn. WSP:s skyfallskartering har använts vid val av område och Tranås kommun har även konsulterats. Åtgärder har implementerats vid området i en modell som sedan använts för att utföra simuleringar. Området som valts ut består av en parkeringsyta med en intilliggande grönyta. Vid platsen finns en befintlig dam som är i mediokert skick. Åtgärderna består av olika dimensioner av torrdammar och av ett svackdike. Modifiering av terrängfiler har utförts med hjälp av det webbaserade mjukvaruprogrammet Scalgo. Bearbetning av data har utförts i GIS och i MIKE11. Simuleringarna har gett svar på vilka effekter de olika åtgärderna kan ha. Resultaten visar att för att kunna använda parkeringsytan krävs att en relativt stor torrdamm utformas vid den intilliggande grönytan. En magasinsvolym på 4970 kubikmeter möjliggör att 90 procent att parkeringsytan går att använda obehindrat. Resultatet bygger på att en utloppsledning kan ha dimensionen 300 mm. I dagsläget finns en utloppsledning med dimensionen 210 mm. En utredning kan resultera i vetskapen om ledningens dimension går att utöka till 300 mm. Resultaten visar att torrdammar med svackdiken har en potential att förebygga översvämningar i tätbebyggda, urbana områden. Effekterna av de olika åtgärderna har presenterats i en tabell. / Global warming is causing changes in precipitation patterns world over. Many places can expect to face longer periods of drought, while others may be facing periods with increased amounts of precipitation. Europe has created a Flooding Directive in order to prevent consequences of flooding. In Sweden a work of mapping areas with risk of flooding has been a first step to fulfill the Directive. Secondly, all areas that are affected shall create risk plans where their different strategies and work plans are being presented. WSP have mapped areas in Tranås in Jönköping, Sweden, in order to find out which areas could be the most vulnerable to flooding after a heavy downpour. The mapping is being performed with the software Mike+ that is developed by DHI, and the rain event that has been used is a 100-year downpour with an added climate factor. In this report one of the mapped areas in Tranås, has been selected in order to present proposed measures. The measures consist of dry ponds and ditches and are being designed with different dimensions. Simulations have been performed in Mike+ in order to study the different measure‘s effects after a 100-year storm event. The results show that the implemented dry pond needs to be rather big to show good effect. The best effect was shown with the dry pond of 4970 square meters and with an outlet line that had a dimension of 300 mm, which was 80 mm larger than the original. The result showed that about 90 percent of the parking lot could be used after the implementation. Furthermore, the results showed that with a pond measuring 4142 cubic meters, about 50 percent of the parking lot could be used. Overall, dry ponds showed potential of working as a measure against flooding in the area. Urban areas that are densely built could benefit from having dry ponds and ditches implemented. Their flexibility is valuable since they can be used for different purposes during dry periods, which can be useful in areas that are densely built.

The speech of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) is typically characterized as lacking in proper prosody because of its monopitch and monoloud quality, in addition to its reduced intensity. These qualities make it difficult for others to understand speakers with PD. The purpose of the current study was to identify what individuals with PD would do vocally, if anything at all, to improve speech production following a simulated misunderstanding of what they had just said. The study evaluated the performance of 5 individuals with PD and compared their performance to 5 age- and sex-matched controls. Specifically, measures of vocal intensity (loudness), fundamental frequency (pitch), and utterance duration were made for repetitions of a ‘misheard’ phrase. In one experimental condition noise was presented through headphones to induce the Lombard effect. Both individuals with PD and controls used increased duration as a means of enhancing clarity in a repetition. Fundamental frequency (F0) and sound pressure level (SPL) were not consistently modified in repetitions for clarification. Under most speaking conditions, individuals with PD and controls had similar F0 and SPL. Individuals with PD, like the controls, responded to the presentation of masking noise by increasing their fundamental frequency and their intensity. Therefore, not all individuals with PD exhibit difficulty using prosody.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has received more attention in recent years as a treatment option for regulating the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Previous studies of DBS documented consistent improvements in motor function but more variability in speech outcomes. In the present study, six participants diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease who reported worsened speech with stimulation were recorded performing speech acoustic tasks with the stimulators on, and again with the stimulators off. Improvements were noted for most participants in measurements of formant slopes, long term average spectrum (LTAS) of a sustained vowel, and spirantization with stimulation on. Stimulation negatively affected most participants' vowel space area, verbal fluency, sequential motion rate, and LTAS while reading and describing a picture. Measures of stop gap duration, alternating motion rate, and voice onset time were within normal limits for most participants across both stimulation conditions.

The relationship between speech articulation therapy dose (frequency, intensity, duration) and treatment outcomes are poorly understood. Identifying optimal therapy doses for specific articulation disorders is essential to providing efficient clinical care. Recent research indicates that intensive speech therapy doses-known as boot camps-may promote rapid improvement and generalization for certain speech disorders. Therefore the present investigation examined the effects of a boot camp speech therapy approach to remediate interdental /s/ production in an 8-year-old male. The boot camp included two days of speech therapy involving visual, tactile, and auditory feedback approaches. Therapy was administered 5.5 hours per day across morning and afternoon sessions. Treatment outcomes were evaluated using auditory-perceptual ratings of pre- and post-treatment word pairs. The results indicated that /s/ production improved significantly immediately following the boot camp and improvements were sustained at one week post-treatment (p < 0.05). Medial and final /s/ productions improved more so than the initial /s/ productions. These findings suggest that the speech therapy boot camp approach may be effective for certain individuals with speech sound disorders. Future research should explore dose-response relationships among speech articulation therapy dose in other children with speech sound disorders.

Данная работа нацелена на осуществление историко-философского анализа концептов музыки и времени в философии жизни и выявление степени их взаимовлияния. Исследуются представления о концептах музыки и времени А. Шопенгауэра, Ф. Ницше, Р. Вагнера, Д. Бергсона и о. Шпенглера. Анализируется влияние романтизма на объяснение данных концептов в философии жизни. / Тhe master's thesis is aimed at carrying out a historical and philosophical analysis of the concepts of music and time in the philosophy of life and identifying the degree of their mutual influence. The ideas about the concepts of music and time by A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche, R. Wagner, D. Bergson and O. Spengler are investigated. The influence of Romanticism on the explanation of these concepts in the philosophy of life is analyzed.

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Introduction : L’hypertension est une condition complexe multifactorielle pouvant être influencée par des facteurs de risque génétiques et du mode de vie, tel le sommeil. En effet, une qualité et une durée du sommeil inadéquate sont liées à un risque accru d’hypertension. Peu d’études investiguent la modification du sommeil sur l’association entre la génétique et la pression artérielle. Objectif : Les objectifs de ce mémoire sont d’étudier, chez les jeunes adultes : i) la modification d’effet de la génétique sur la pression artérielle par la qualité du sommeil; et ii) la modification d’effet de la génétique sur la pression artérielle par la durée du sommeil. Méthodes : Ce mémoire est une étude transversale répétée utilisant les données de deux cycles de l’étude longitudinale Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT), soit les cycles 22 (2011-2012 ; 24 ans, n = 529) et 23 (2017-2018 ; 30 ans, n = 395). Au sein de ces deux cycles, la pression artérielle a été mesuré et la qualité et la durée du sommeil ont été évaluées à l'aide de l'échelle validée Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Le score de risque génétique pour la pression artérielle élevée a été basé sur 29 variants génétiques de risque. La modification d’effet du sommeil sur l’association entre la génétique et la pression artérielle a été estimée par des modèles de régression linéaire. De plus, une analyse combinant les données des cycles 22 et 23 a été effectuée à l'aide d'un modèle des moindres carrés généralisés. Résultats : Le score de risque génétique est significativement associé à la pression artérielle (Cycle combiné : β = 0.50; IC95% : 0.18, 0.81). Cependant, ni la qualité du sommeil (Cycle combiné : β = 0.02; IC95% : -0.19, 0.24) ni la durée du sommeil (Cycle combiné : β = -0.70; IC95% : -1.50, 0.10) ne sont associés significativement à la pression artérielle. De plus, aucune modification significative d’effet de la qualité et de la durée du sommeil sur l’association entre susceptibilité génétique à la haute pression et la pression artérielle n’a été observée. Conclusion : Chez les jeunes adultes, le sommeil n’atténue possiblement pas l’effet de la prédisposition génétique à la haute pression artérielle. / Introduction: Hypertension is a complex, multifactorial condition that can be influenced by genetic and lifestyle risk factors such as sleep. Inadequate quality and duration of sleep are linked to an increased risk of hypertension. However, few studies investigate the effect modification of sleep in the association between genetics and blood pressure. Objective: The objectives are to study in young adults i) the effect modification of genetics on blood pressure by sleep quality in young adults; and ii) the effect modification of genetics on blood pressure by sleep duration. Methods: This thesis examines the study objectives in a repeated cross-sectional study design using data from two cycles of the Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT) longitudinal study separately - cycles 22 (2011-2012; age 24, n = 529), and 23 (2017-2018; age 30, n = 395). In both cycles, blood pressure was measured, and sleep quality and duration were assessed using the validated Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale. The genetic risk score for high blood pressure is based on 29 risk variants. The effect modification of sleep on the association between genetics and blood pressure was assessed using linear regression models. Additionally, an analysis pooling data across cycles 22 and 23 was performed using a Generalized Least Square model. Results: Genetic risk score (GRS) is significantly associated with blood pressure (Pooled cycles: β = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.81). However, neither sleep quality (Pooled cycles: β = 0.02; 95% CI: -0.19, 0.24) nor sleep duration (Pooled cycles: β = -0.70; 95% CI: -1.50, 0.10) are significantly associated with blood pressure. Furthermore, no effect modification of sleep quality and duration on the association between genetic susceptibility to high blood pressure and blood pressure were observed. Conclusion: In young adults, sleep may not attenuate the effect of genetic predisposition to high blood pressure.

Der RAF-MEK-ERK-Signalweg steuert grundlegende, oftmals entgegengesetzte zelluläre Prozesse wie die Proliferation und Apoptose von Zellen. Die Dauer des vermittelten Signals wurde als entscheidener Faktor für die Steuerung dieser Prozesse identifiziert. Es ist jedoch nicht eindeutig geklärt, wie die verschiedenen früh und spät reagierenden Genexpressionsmodule kurze und lange Signale unterscheiden können und durch welche kinetischen Merkmale ihre Antwortzeit bestimmt wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden sowohl Proteinphosphorylierungsdaten als auch Genexpressionsdaten aus HEK293-Zellen gewonnen, die ein induzierbares Konstrukt des Proto-Onkogens RAF tragen. Hierbei wurde ein neues Genexpressionsmodul identifiziert, dass sich aus sofort induzierten aber spät antwortenden Genen zusammensetzt. Es unterscheidet sich in der Genexpressionsdynamik und Genfunktion von anderen Modulen, und wurde mit Hilfe mathematischer Modellierung experimenteller Daten identifiziert. Es wurde festgestellt, dass diese Gene aufgrund von langen Halbwertszeiten der vermitteltenden mRNA in der Lage sind spät auf das eingehende Signal zu reagieren und die Dauer des Signals in die Amplitude der Genantwort zu übersetzen. Trotz der langsamen Akkumulation und damit späten Antwortzeit, konnte aufgrund einer GC-reichen Promoterstruktur zunächst vermutet und mit Hilfe eines Markerverfahrens bestätigt werden, dass die Transkription dieser Gene instantan mit Beginn der ERK-Aktivierung startet. Eine vergleichende Analyse zeigte, dass das Prinzip der Signaldauer-Entschlüsselung in PC12-Zellen und MCF7-Zellen, zwei paradigmatischen Zellsystemen für die ERK-Signaldauer, konserviert ist. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung darauf hin, dass das neu identifizierte Genexpressionsmodul der Entschlüsselung der ERK-Signaldauer dient und das mRNA Halbwertszeiten sowohl hierfür, als auch für die zeitliche Abfolge der Genantwort eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. / The RAF-MEK-ERK signalling pathway controls fundamental, often opposing cellular processes such as proliferation and apoptosis. Signal duration has been identified to play a decisive role in these cell fate decisions. However, it remains unclear how the different early and late responding gene expression modules can discriminate short and long signals and what features govern their timing. Both protein phosphorylation and gene expression time course data was obtained from HEK293 cells carrying an inducible construct of the proto-oncogene RAF. A new gene expression module of immediate-late genes (ILGs) distinct in gene expression dynamics and function was identified by mathematical modelling. It was found that mRNA longevity enables these ILGs to respond late and thus translate ERK signal duration into response amplitude. Despite their late response, their GC-rich promoter structure suggested and metabolic labelling with 4SU confirmed that transcription of ILGs is induced immediately. A comparative analysis showed that the principle of duration decoding is conserved in PC12 cells and MCF7 cells, two paradigm cell systems for ERK signal duration. Altogether, the findings of this study indicate that ILGs decode ERK signal duration and that both decoding capacity and gene expression timing are governed by mRNA half-life.