近年來，隨著網際網路及線上社群日益普及，電子口碑的影響力迅速壯大。有鑑於這樣的趨勢，許多廠商開始尋找具有一定人氣的公眾人物或網路紅人為產品撰寫業配文。做為一種相對新穎的行銷方式，業配文同時兼具一般電子口碑的特性與產品代言的商業色彩。正因為它並非單純自發性的使用心得分享，許多消費者仍對其可信度有所疑慮，且大眾對其之觀感亦差異甚大。 本研究遂以信號理論（Signaling Theory）的觀點出發，將業配文撰文者視為信號傳遞者（Signaler）、文章內容視為信號本身（Signal）、消費者視為信號接收者（Receiver）、承載文章之平台視為信號環境（Signaling Environment），探討此四大面向中可能影響消費者文章信任、產品態度與購買意願之因素。 本研究採量化分析，透過發放線上問卷蒐集初級資料，經統計迴歸分析後發現，信號接收者面向的「撰文者與消費者相似性」、「撰文者過往名聲」、信號本身面向的「文章內容真實性」以及信號環境面向的「平台可信度」確實對文章信任有正向顯著影響，並會藉之進而影響產品態度和購買意願。此外，「平台生動性」及「平台互動性」則直接對產品態度有正向顯著影響。而本研究也針對文章信任之中介效果及信號接收者面向的「消費者人格外向開放性」、「消費者過去受業配文影響之經驗」、「消費者產品知識程度」是否具調節效果進行分析，詳細結果於研究中將一一闡述。 / In recent years, the impact of Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) has surged due to the prevalence of the Internet and social media. In response to this phenomenon, many firms have been inviting public figures or Internet celebrities to write sponsored (blog) posts for certain products. Sponsored posts, in substance, lie somewhere between solely spontaneous sharing of personal experiences and actual endorsements. Hence, many consumers still take sponsored posts with a grain of salt and remain skeptical of their authenticity as well as trustworthiness. This research builds upon Signaling Theory by adopting the concept of “Signaler”, “Signal”, “Receiver”, and “Signaling Environment”, and aims at clarifying some possible factors that may influence consumers’ trust toward the sponsored posts, product attitude and purchase intention. Among the independent variables, “Similarity between Writer and Consumer”, “Writer’s Reputation”, “Content Truthfulness”, and “Media Credibility” are significantly positively correlated with consumers’ trust toward the sponsored posts, which then positively influences consumers’ product attitude and purchase intention. Meanwhile, “Media Vividness” and “Media Interactivity” also contribute significantly to consumers’ product attitude. Other factors involved, the mediating effect of trust, as well as the moderating effect of “Consumer’s Personality” and “Consumer’s Past Experiences” are further discussed in this research.

Esta investigación se centra en evidenciar el uso de los elementos de comunicación como humor, efectos multimedia y acciones persuasivas en los videos de experiencias turísticas y cómo estas influyen en la decisión de compra del turismo rural comunitario del turista de Lima Metropolitana. Respecto a este tema, la hipótesis planteada es que el uso de estos elementos expuestos en los medios digitales son lo suficientemente influyentes en la decisión de compra de turismo rural sostenible. La investigación describe cada etapa del proceso de proceso de compra de este servicio y el nivel de influencia que tienen cada elemento utilizado mediante el relato de experiencias. La investigación es de tipo descriptivo y menciona las herramientas de marketing digital como Facebook, Instagram, Youtube. Además de influencers, youtubers que son parte de esta comunicación y proceso de compra / This research focuses on evidencing the use of testimonial experiences and videos as E-wom actions and how they influence each stage of the process of buying rural community tourism for tourists from Metropolitan Lima. Regarding this issue, the hypothesis raised is that the testimonies of travelers exposed in digital media are sufficiently influential in the process of buying sustainable rural tourism. The research describes each stage of the process of purchasing this service and the level of influence that each digital action has used through the experience report. The research is descriptive and mentions the tools of digital marketing such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube. In addition to influencers, youtubers that are part of this communication and purchase process. / Trabajo de investigación

Las agencias de turismo en el Perú realizan marketing digital en sus distintas redes sociales para generar interacción con los usuarios y poder ser traducido a una compra del servicio que ofrecen. Sin embargo, existe una comprensión limitada sobre si los esfuerzos realizados por las agencias tienen alguna influencia en su público. Específicamente el presente trabajo analizará si existe una relación positiva entre el engagement, el eWOM y la decisión de compra, por medio de las redes sociales de agencias de turismo en el Perú.  Por este motivo, para verificar las hipótesis específicas a través del estudio, se ha utilizado la técnica cuantitativa de la encuesta aplicada a 403 personas. A través de los resultados, todas las hipótesis planteadas fueron validadas y se obtuvo que existe una influencia positiva entre el engagement, el eWOM y la decisión de compra. Finalmente, los resultados pueden contribuir a que las agencias de turismo de Lima tengan un mayor conocimiento y manejo de sus acciones en cuanto al marketing en las redes sociales. / Tourism agencies in Peru carry out digital marketing on their different social media accounts to generate interaction with users and be translated into a purchase of the service they offer. However, there is limited understanding of whether the efforts made by agencies have any influence on their public. Specifically, this study has analyzed whether there is a positive relationship between the engagement, the eWOM and the purchase decision, through the social networks of tourism agencies in Peru. For this reason, to verify the specific hypotheses throughout the study, the quantitative technique of the survey applied to 403 people was used. Through the results, all the hypotheses raised were validated and it was found that there is a positive influence between engagement, eWOM and the purchase decision. Finally, the results may contribute to the Lima tourism agencies having a better knowledge and management of their actions regarding marketing in social networks. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre la credibilidad del eWOM de Cinesmero mediante su canal de YouTube y los comentarios de los usuarios que interactúan con sus vídeos. Para ello, se ha revisado la literatura sobre la importancia del eWOM, así como la de los líderes de opinión, y sobre todo la de credibilidad de los mensajes de estos individuos. Se encontró que la credibilidad se puede dividir en tres grandes niveles de análisis empírico y subjetivo que sirven para hacer un trabajo de análisis de contenido más profundo sobre los objetos de estudio. Para ello se ha procedido a través del paradigma de constructivismo social, mediante una investigación descriptiva y estudio de caso a proponer varios instrumentos de análisis cualitativo que ayudan a hacer análisis de contenido y entrevistas para conseguir la mayor cantidad de precisión en la visión subjetiva de credibilidad que percibe el usuario. Los criterios de selección del contenido a analizar fueron la relevancia, la interactividad y diversidad. / The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the credibility of Cinesmero's eWOM through its YouTube channel and the comments of users who interact with its videos. For this purpose, the literature on the importance of eWOM was reviewed, as well as that of opinion leaders, and especially that of credibility of the messages of these individuals. It was found that credibility can be divided into three major levels of empirical and subjective analysis that serve to make a deeper content analysis work on the objects of study. For this purpose, we proceeded through the paradigm of social constructivism, by means of a descriptive research and case study to propose several qualitative analysis instruments that help to make content analysis and interviews to achieve the greatest amount of precision in the subjective vision of credibility perceived by the user. The selection criteria of the content to be analyzed were relevance, interactivity and diversity. / Trabajo de investigación

El propósito del presente trabajo es determinar cómo el uso de eWOM en el s - commerce de Facebook en tiendas por departamento influyen en la intención de compra de hombres y mujeres entre 18 a 35 años, en Lima Metropolitana. Para este estudio, se tomó en consideración las dimensiones de eWOM: credibilidad, confianza y valor, para determinar su impacto en la intención de compra. Asimismo, se desprendieron los siguientes objetivos específicos : determinar la posible correlación entre credibilidad de las fuentes y exceso de comentarios negativos; evaluar cuál de las dimensiones tiene mayor conexión con la intención de compra. Por sus características, este trabajo se define como descriptivo correlacional, no experimental, con diseño transversal y enfoque mixto. Para su corroboración, se estableció dos tipos de investigaciones: cualitativa y cuantitativa. El estudio cualitativo se basó esencialmente en la realización de dos focus groups, con rangos de 18 a 24 y de 25 a 35 años. Además, se realizaron entrevistas a expertos en marketing digital y con experiencia en tiendas por departamento. Por otro lado, el cuantitativo se realizó vía encuesta online con una muestra de 250 personas. Finalmente, los resultados arrojados determinaron que sí existe correlación entre las dimensiones de eWOM con la intención de compra ; empero, esta mostró un grado de correlación positivo moderado, vale decir, que existe, pero no plenamente consolidado. Para ello, se utilizó el estadístico de Pearson en el programa de IBM SPSS. Además, se incluye implicancias y recomendaciones a las gerencias, mencionándose futuras investigaciones. / The purpose of this study is to determine how the use of eWOM in Facebook s - commerce in department stores influences the purchase intention of men and women between 18 and 35 years of age, in Metropolitan Lima. To carry out this study, eWOM dimensions: credibility, trust and value were taken into consideration to determine its impact on purchase intention. Likewise, the following specific objectives emerged: determine the possible correlation between credibility of the sources and excess negative comments; evaluate which of the dimensions has the greatest connection with the purchase intention. Due to its characteristics, this work is defined as descriptive correlational, not experimental, with a cross-sectional design and a mixed approach. For its corroboration, two types of research were established: qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative study was essentially based on the realization of two focus groups, with ranges from 18 to 24 and from 25 to 35 years. In addition, interviews were conducted with experts in digital marketing and with experience in department stores. On the other hand, the quantitative was conducted via an online survey with a sample of 250 people. Finally, the results obtained determined that there is a correlation between the dimensions of eWOM with the purchase intention; however, it showed a moderate positive degree of correlation, it exists, but not fully consolidated. For this, the Pearson statistic was used in the IBM SPSS program. In addition, implications and recommendations for management are included, mentioning future research. / Trabajo de investigación

The interest of researchers and practitioners in e-Word-of-Mouth has accelerated with the rise of social media platforms. In the last decade it became more apparent that customers are not merely recipients of product and brand information, but also active participants in shaping product and brand perceptions. However, still no comprehensive understanding of customers’ desire to engage in positive and negative e-Word-of-Mouth has been found. Therefore, this study focuses on Customer Engagement in order to provide knowledge on what makes customers engage in e-Word-of-Mouth. We narrow our study to New Product Introductions due to their crucial role in both business success and failure. In order to study this topic, quantitative methodology using big data analysis of around 20 millions tweets in total, with text analysis of around three million items, obtained from Twitter has been applied. The findings indicate that Brand Benefits and Innovativeness Level are two important aspects that impact Attitudinal Engagement which enables Customer Engagement Behavior.

The growth within internationalization has changed the world at a rapid pace, with businesses expanding into foreign markets on a daily basis. Similarly, to the growth within internationalization, social media has changed how marketing activities are conducted throughout the world. Influencer marketing has been one of those drivers of growth, changing the way that brands market themselves on a global basis. Therefore, there is a need to understand the relationship between internationalization and influencer marketing but determining the role that internationalization plays in the way that influencer marketing is used within businesses that plan on expanding to new markets. In relation to how traditional marketing tools are adapted through the use of influencer marketing during the internationalization process. For the data collection two interviews were conducted along with one questionnaire with 109 respondents. The study has followed the same structure as can be seen in the frame of reference, according to two main subjects: Internationalization and E-marketing. The findings gathered through the questionnaires showed that credibility was highly valued in relation to that the use of local influencers was preferred to increase trust and credibility between the brand, influencer and their target audience. Along with credibility being more valued by the respondents than an influencer's network size. The findings from the interviews show that the use of influencer marketing is greatly dependent on the needs and preference of the individual market. While one brand preferred a more united front, yet still adapting to the Chinese market in terms of using local influencers and social media platforms. The other brand favored using local influencers in their different markets in order to best reach their consumers. Influencer marketing was used by the two brands to build brand awareness in new markets, through different influencer networks, yet the size of the network was not important for one of the brands, instead it was the connections within the network that were important.

No / Marketers desire to utilise electronic word of mouth (eWOM) marketing on social media sites. However, not all online content generated by marketers has the same effect on consumers; some of them are effective while others are not. This paper aims to examine different characteristics of marketer-generated content (MGC) that of which one lead users to eWOM. Twitter was chosen as one of the leading social media sites and a content analysis approach was employed to identify the common characteristics of retweeted and favourited tweets. 2,780 tweets from six companies (Booking, Hostelworld, Hotels, Lastminute, Laterooms and Priceline) operating in the tourism sector are analysed. Results indicate that the posts which contain pictures, hyperlinks, product or service information, direct answers to customers and brand centrality are more likely to be retweeted and favourited by users. The findings present the main eWOM drivers for MGC in social media.

Thesis by publication. / Thesis (PhD) -- Macquarie University, Macquarie Graduate School of Management, 2008. / Bibliography: leaves 124-133. / Introduction - Literature review -- Online word-of-mouth: a comparison of American and Chinese discussion boards -- Electronic word-of-mouth: a comparison of stated and revealed behaviour on electronic discussion boards -- A cross-cultural comparison of electronic word-of-mouth and country-of-origin effects -- Conclusion. / The growth of electronic discussion boards has enabled consumers from different cultures to communicate with people of similar interests. Through this online channel, marketing concepts such as word-of-mouth (WOM) and country-of-origin (CoO) effects have the potential to become more important because of the potentially large number of participants involved. The US and China, being the largest and second-largest online population in the world respectively, are ideal countries to investigate the frequency and extent of these marketing concepts. --The thesis consists of three separate but inter-related papers which have been published in journals or have been accepted for publication. Each paper builds on the one before and analyses different aspects of online consumer behaviour such as information-giving, information-seeking and the CoO statements made by participants of discussion boards. By examining and comparing the frequency and content of discussion postings on discussion boards within US and China based websites, the thesis makes a comparison of the information-giving and information-seeking behaviour of the discussants and also looks at the extent and the content of CoO statements made. Online observation of discussion postings from six different discussion boards (three each from the US and China) was conducted over two 90-day period in 2004 and 2005 and a total of 5,993 discussion postings were downloaded for analysis. In addition, an online survey of 214 participants was conducted to compare the stated and actual (or "revealed") behaviour of discussants on the US and China based discussion boards. -- Overall, the findings indicate consistent differences over a 12-month period in the bahaviour of the US and Chinese discussants. The US discussants were found to provide more information than their Chinese counterparts while the Chinese discussants exhibited more information-seeking bahaviour on the discussion boards. The findings also indicate that the Chinese discussants demonstrated more negative CoO statements and these statements were observed to be related to Japan and/or brands that originated from Japan. The findings suggest that such negative CoO statements can increase rapidly online and it appears that the negative sentiments by the Chinese were apparently unrelated to product quality; instead they appear to have been predominantly associated with war related animosity. -- These findings have important implications for marketers selling to the Chinese as discussion boards appear to be more important as a source of information for the Chinese than the Americans. Also, given that the Chinese discussants demonstrated a high level of negative CoO statements relating to products from Japan, marketers selling Japanese products to the Chinese must understand the underlying issues related to these negativeCoO statements and take steps to prevent non-purchase of Japanese products. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / vii, 133 leaves ill

En esta investigación se plantea analizar el EWOM el cual se refiere a cualquier declaración positiva o negativa hecho por clientes potenciales, reales o anteriores sobre un producto o una empresa que se pone a disposición de una multitud de personas a través de Internet, éste fenómeno juega un papel predominante en la confianza y en la intención de compra. Esta investigación busca evaluar las variables como la calidad de la información, credibilidad en la información, necesidad en la información y actitud hacia la marca influyen en la intención de compra de un modelo de negocio colaborativo como son las apps de delivery tales como: Glovo, Rappi y UberEats que han tenido mucha acogida en Lima Metropolitana. Por otro lado, la metodología de investigación empleada ha sido regresión lineal múltiple. El estudio estuvo dividido en dos fases, la primera fase se realizó con un enfoque cualitativo en la que se utilizó herramientas como el focus group y las entrevistas a profundidad con expertos en el de Marketing Digital. En la segunda fase se realizó con un enfoque cuantitativo en que se utilizó herramientas como encuestas online, posteriormente se utilizó el método de regresión múltiple, el cual constó de tres pasos, el primer paso se dio mediante la estimación del modelo, el segundo paso mediante la adecuación del modelo y el tercer paso mediante la verificación del modelo. El resultado de la investigación muestra que todas las variables influyen positivamente en la intención de compra a excepción de la credibilidad en la información, la que poco o nada influye. En ese sentido las variables independientes más resaltantes son la actitud hacia la marca y calidad de la información, las cuales se determinaron como más influyentes en la intención de compra. / In this research, the EWOM will be analyzed, which will refer to any positive or negative statement made by potential customers, real or previous, about a product or a company that is made available to a multitude of people through the Internet, this phenomenon plays a predominant role in trust and purchase intentions. This research seeks to evaluate variables such as the quality of the information, the credibility of the information, the need for the information and the attitude towards the brand that influence the purchase intention of a collaborative business model such as story delivery applications such as: Glovo, Rappi and UberEats that have been very well received in Metropolitan Lima. On the other hand, the research methodology used has been multiple linear regression. The study was divided into two phases, the first phase was carried out with a qualitative approach in which tools such as the focus group and in-depth interviews with experts in Digital Marketing were used. In the second phase it was carried out with a quantitative approach in which tools such as online surveys were used, later the multiple regression method was analyzed, which consists of three steps, the first step was taken through the production of the model, the second step by adapting the model and the third step by verifying the model. The result of the investigation shows that all the variables positively influence purchase intention except for the credibility of the information, which has little or no influence. In this sense, the most outstanding independent variables are the attitude towards the brand and the quality of the information, which are determined to be the most influential in the purchase intention. / Trabajo de investigación