Le présent mémoire vise à faire l’étude des procédés d’explicitation dans les traductions anglais-français de textes spécialisés de l’environnement. Plus précisément, notre but est d’identifier l'éventail de ces procédés d'explicitation, de faire leur analyse, de les classifier et de proposer quelques pistes quant aux causes possibles de l’explicitation dans la traduction. Nous présentons d’abord quelques travaux antérieurs qui ont porté sur l’explicitation dans des corpus de langue générale et dans des corpus spécialisés. Notre recherche a ceci de particulier qu’elle porte sur l’explicitation dans un corpus spécialisé, plus particulièrement dans des textes du domaine de l’environnement. L’explicitation est peu étudiée dans les textes spécialisés et, à notre connaissance, aucune étude n’a porté sur l’explicitation dans des textes environnementaux. Pour notre recherche, nous avons élaboré d’abord un corpus de textes anglais-français portant sur l’environnement. Notre corpus a ensuite été aligné au moyen de l’aligneur LogiTerm Pro. Cet aligneur nous permet de créer un corpus aligné qui est utile pour observer les manifestations d’explicitation. Les stratégies d'explicitation identifiées et classées par Pápai (2004) ont servi de base à notre propre classement. Nous avons découvert que les procédés d’explicitation se produisent à cinq niveaux : des relations logiques et visuelles, lexical et grammatical, syntaxiques I et II, textuel et extralinguistique. Le nombre total de procédés d’explicitation que nous avons identifiés est de 13. Le plus grand nombre de cas d’explicitations (445) se situe au niveau lexical et grammatical. Parmi les cas d’explicitations au niveau lexical et grammatical, le remplissage d’ellipses sémantiques présente le nombre le plus élevé de cas (186) dans notre corpus spécialisé. L’explicitation au niveau syntaxique I s’observe dans 173 cas; l’explicitation au niveau des relations logiques et visuelles s’observe dans 101 cas; l’explication au niveau syntaxique II a été relevée dans 50 cas. Enfin, l’explication se produit au niveau textuel et extralinguistique dans 37 cas. Après avoir observé notre corpus et d’après les résultats obtenus, nous avons pu constater que le nombre et la variété d’explicitations étaient élevés dans les traductions anglais-français de textes spécialisés environnementaux. / This work aims to study the explicitation strategies in English-French translations of specialized texts related to the field of environment. More specifically, our goal is to identify the range of these explicitation strategies, analyze and classify them. We will also offer some explanations of possible causes of explicitation in translation. First, we present some previous work on explicitation in general language corpora and in specialized corpora. A particularity of our own research is that it focuses on explicitation in a specialized corpus, more specifically in texts in the field of environment. Explicitation has seldom been studied in specialized texts and, to our knowledge, no study focused on explicitation in environmental texts. For our research, we compiled a corpus of English-French environment texts. Our corpus was then aligned using the aligner LogiTerm Pro. This aligner allows us to create aligned corpora that are useful to observe the linguistic instances of explicitation. The explicitation strategies identified and classified by Pápai (2004) have served as the basis for our own analysis. We found that the explicitation strategies occur at five levels: logical and visual relations, lexical and grammatical, syntactic I and II, textual and extra-linguistic. The total number of explicitation strategies that we have identified is 13. The largest number of explicitation instances (445) occurs on the lexical and grammatical level. Among explicitation instances on the lexical and grammatical level, filling semantic ellipses present the highest number of instances (186) in our specialized corpus. Explicitation on the syntactic level I was observed in 173 instances; explicitation on the logical and visual relations level in 101 instances; explicitation on the syntactic level II was found in 50 instances. Finally, explicitation occurred on the textual and extra-linguistic level in 37 instances. After observing our corpus and according to the results obtained, we have found that the number and variety of instances of explicitation are high in English-French translations of specialized texts in the field of the environment. / S.O.

Pour demeurer compétitives, de plus en plus d'entreprises sont amenées à collaborer dans le cadre des entreprises étendues ou des réseaux d'entreprises. Ce type d'organisation nécessite l'interconnexion d'une multitude de systèmes d'entreprises, hétérogènes que ce soit par les fonctions qu'ils assurent ou par leurs conceptions (modèles, architectures, ...). Typiquement, ceci renvoie au concept de l'interopérabilité, définie par la capacité des systèmes ou des organisations à fournir ou à accepter des services et à utiliser ces services pour opérer efficacement ensemble. L'échange de l'information et le partage des connaissances (interopérabilité technique) entre les différents systèmes d'information sont désormais des atouts majeurs pour favoriser l'activité collaborative de création de valeur. Le développement de nouvelles technologies et la mise en place de standards a contribué à résoudre (partiellement au moins) ce problème d'interopérabilité technique. Cependant, ce n'est pas suffisant pour garantir l'interopérabilité à un niveau conceptuel : c'est-à-dire garantir que les modèles issus d'une ingénierie peuvent être partagés et compris par rapport à une sémantique commune, et utilisés par les différents systèmes d'entreprise pour réaliser une mission globale. L'approche de gestion du cycle de vie du produit (PLM) est considérée comme une solution essentielle pour faciliter le partage de modèles relatifs à des produits fabriqués. Elle vise à fournir une plate-forme commune qui rassemble les différents systèmes de l'entreprise à chaque étape du cycle de vie du produit dans ou à travers les entreprises. Bien que les principaux éditeurs de logiciels fassent des efforts pour créer des outils offrant un ensemble complet et intégré de modèles, la plupart d'entre eux n'intègrent pas une gestion cohérente des connaissances formalisées dans ces modèles spécifiques à chaque métier. L'hétérogénéité tant syntaxique que sémantique de ces modèles est souvent source d'une interprétation erronée des spécifications produites par chaque environnement de modélisation. L'objectif de cette thèse est ainsi de proposer une méthode, une formalisation et des outils pour prendre en compte, tout au long du cycle de vie d'un produit, l'ensemble des connaissances tacites et explicites sous la forme d'annotations sémantiques formelles qui peuvent favoriser la compréhension partagée ainsi qu'une vérification de cohérence des modèles produits, dans un contexte PLM.

This study examines the translation of hyphenated compounds from English to Swedish in a non-fiction text about fashion. The translation is performed by the author of this study, which is important to keep in mind. The aim is to evaluate the structure and function of hyphenated compounds and analyze if and what changes occur in the translation process. The quantitative analysis demonstrates that the majority of the hyphenated compounds function as adjectives in the source text, and the most frequent left-hand elements are adjectives and nouns, while the most frequent right-hand elements are nouns and -ed participles. An overview of the translation equivalents in the target text reveals compound participles, compound adjectives, and prepositional phrases as the most common structural categories. The qualitative analysis illustrates how general methods like transposition, modulation, and literal translations are necessary in order to produce appropriate translations. Furthermore, translation universals, especially in the form of explicitation and simplification, prove to be prominent strategies when translating hyphenated compounds. Explicitation is particularly evident when hyphenated compounds are rendered as postmodifying prepositional phrases, clauses, and noun phrases, while simplification is especially notable in the category of simple adjectives. In addition, a noteworthy finding that stands out compared to previous studies is how some hyphenated compounds are kept in their hyphenated form when translated, which appears to correlate with the genre of fashion writing.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

In the world of Descriptive Translation Studies, translationese refers to the specific traits that characterise the language used in translations. While translationese has been often investigated to illustrate that translational language is different from non-translational language, scholars have also proposed a set of hypotheses which may characterise such di erences. In the quest for the validation of these hypotheses, embracing corpus-based techniques had a well-known impact in the domain, leading to several advances in the past twenty years. Despite extensive research, however, there are no universally recognised characteristics of translational language, nor universally recognised patterns likely to occur within translational language. This thesis addresses these issues, with a less used approach in the eld of Descriptive Translation Studies, by investigating the nature of translational language from a machine learning perspective. While the main focus is on analysing translationese, this thesis investigates two related sub-hypotheses: simplication and explicitation. To this end, a multilingual learning framework is designed and implemented for the identification of translational language. The framework is modelled as a categorisation task, the learning techniques having the major goal to automatically learn to distinguish between translated and non-translated texts. The second and third major goals of this research are the retrieval of the recurring patterns that are revealed in the process of solving the task of categorisation, as well as the ranking of the most in uential characteristics used to accomplish the learning task. These aims are ful lled by implementing a system that adopts the machine learning methodology proposed in this research. The learning framework proves to be an adaptable multilingual framework for the investigation of the nature of translational language, its adaptability being illustrated in this thesis by applying it to the investigation of two languages: Spanish and Romanian. In this thesis, di erent research scenarios and learning models are experimented with in order to assess to what extent translated texts can be diff erentiated from non-translated texts in certain contexts. The findings show that machine learning algorithms, aggregating a large set of potentially discriminative characteristics for translational language, are able to diff erentiate translated texts from non-translated ones with high scores. The evaluation experiments report performance values such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F-measure on two datasets. The present research is situated at the con uence of three areas, more precisely: Descriptive Translation Studies, Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing, justifying the need to combine these elds for the investigation of translationese and translational hypotheses.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude des processus de formation par les expériences de voyage en Extrême-Orient. En procédant à un détour "au plus lointain", la recherche travaille par le voyage, les passages et les transitions réalisés par contact et expérience de l'ailleurs, mais aussi avec le retour dans le quotidien. Ainsi, la recherche veut contribuer à l'élaboration d'un modèle de la transformation de la vie adulte dans un contexte de mondialisation. Empiriquement, la recherche repose sur l'étude d'un parcours de vie, celui d'un adulte né en France dans les années 1970, en procédant selon une méthodologie d'enquête qui croise les entretiens biographiques visant la narration du parcours de vie, et les entretiens d'explicitation pour l'exploration de moments singuliers. Le rapprochement fait au final entre "pratiques du voyage" et "pratiques réflexives" aboutit à l'élaboration d'un cadre pour repenser les pratiques d'accompagnement dans le champ de la formation professionnelle / This thesis is a study of the transformation processes undergone by a Western adult, in the first half of his life, after a series of trips to the Far East. In making a detour "to the most distant," the aim is not to think the training process with reference to the extraordinary journeys or the unusal trials, regardless of the everyday life. Concisely, the connection made between "journey paractices" and "reflexive practices" leads to the formulation of a framework to think the initiated transformations and to structure accompanying practices in the field of vocational training. Emprirically, the research is based on the study of the journey of life of an adult born in France in the 1970s. The whole study is fulfilled according to a survey methodology called "biographical explanation." The used methodology consists of crossing biographical interviews -the narration of the life course in its different periods- and the explanation interviews to explore the unique and special moments

Cette étude sociologique porte sur le travail des intervenantes communautaires en santé mentale en relation avec les personnes qu’elles accompagnent. Le contexte actuel dans lequel se déroulent les pratiques d’intervention en santé mentale est caractérisé par une injonction contraignante à l’autonomisation des personnes accompagnées. C’est pourquoi, nous avons fait le pari de comprendre comment se traduit l’autonomie dans les pratiques d’intervention en santé mentale dans des organismes communautaires, à travers la perspective d’intervenantes. En nous inscrivant dans une démarche exploratoire et analytique, s’appuyant sur un cadre d’analyse interactionniste, incluant les concepts d’autonomie et de la street-level-bureaucracy, nous avons décortiqué d’une part, comment les intervenantes exercent leur pouvoir discrétionnaire dans le cadre d’actions situées, régulées par des contraintes de nature organisationnelle, et d’autre part, comment les interactions d’intervention sont des espaces d’observation des jeux d’autonomie. Pour ce faire, nous avons privilégié une méthode qui nous permet d’entrer au cœur des pratiques des intervenantes communautaires en santé mentale, soit l’entretien d’explicitation. À travers ces entretiens, les interviewées ont produit un récit d’une situation d’intervention choisie. Ces données sont découpées en trois corpus (contextuel, narratif et représentatif) que nous avons analysés sous la forme d’études de cas transversales. Celles-ci nous informent sur les spécificités de la relation dynamique entre l’autonomie des professionnelles et celle des personnes accompagnées, selon les professionnelles de l’intervention. Ainsi, nous concluons que les jeux d’autonomie prennent une forme bidirectionnelle qui découle en « cascade », c’est-à-dire que l’autonomie des professionnelles influence directement celle des personnes accompagnées. Les jeux d’autonomie sont aussi empreints d’une hiérarchie relationnelle, alors que tous et toutes ont une « reddition de compte » à faire pour l’expression de leur autonomie, les intervenantes envers leur milieu de pratique et les personnes accompagnées envers les professionnelles. / This sociological study focuses on relational work of community mental health workers. The current context in which community mental health intervention occurs is characterized by a binding rule to empower the people they accompany. This leads us to seek to better understand how personal autonomy in mental health intervention unfolds in the context of specific situations that arise in community organizations. The thesis presents an exploratory and analytical study, based on an interactionist framework, and guided by two approaches. First, street-level-bureaucracy, which allows us to capture the strategies of relational workers in constraining organisational contexts; and second, the concept of “autonomy” defined as dynamic relational power in contexts of interaction. We analyzed how community mental health workers, on the one hand, exercise their discretionary power within their work milieu, and on the other hand, how they see their own autonomy and that of a person they were accompanying, in the context of a situated intervention. Our principal method of data collection, the explication interview, allowed us to delve deeply into the practices of community mental health workers, as they were invited to produce a detailed narrative of a specific intervention situation. These narratives were then integrated and reconstructed in the form of three textual data sets (contextual, narrative and reflexive) that were coded using both thematic and grounded theory procedures, and analysed transversely to produce insights into the situated autonomy of the community mental health workers, and their negotiated autonomy in the context of intervention interactions. We found that, from the perspective of the community mental health workers we interviewed, autonomy in the context of intervention has a bidirectional dynamic, in that the autonomy of the workers influences that of the people they accompany, but is also conditioned by the autonomy exercised by the people they are helping. There is none the less a hierarchical cascade that can be observed, in so far as the workers must justify their strategic intervention choices to the community organizations in which they work and to their colleagues, while the people they help must justify their choices to them.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Denna uppsats består av en översättning från svenska till ryska av ett utdrag ur Ulf Danielssons bok Mörkret vid tidens ände och en kommentar, där de översättningsstrategier som tillämpats samt deras teoretiska utgångspunkter analyseras. Den översättningsteoretiska ramen för uppsatsen utgörs av Katharina Reiss’ texttypteori, men även de översättningsteorier som fokuserar på hur översättaren kan undvika en stilistisk utarmning vid översättning av expressiva texter beaktas, nämligen Antoine Berman negativa analys och Jiří Levýs undersökning av översättningstendenser. Översättningsanalysen visade att de vanligast förekommande strategierna vid översättningen av källtextens informativa sakinnehåll var explicitering och syntaktiska modifikationer, medan fokus vid arbetet med bildspråket låg på att bevara källtextens känsloladdning och estetiska verkningskraft eller på att kompensera för eventuella förluster. Även den översättningsproblematik som skapades av källtextens intertextualitet tas upp, och de lösningar som möjliggör att bevara både de informativa och estetiska funktioner som de intertextuella inslagen har i texten diskuteras. / This study consists of the translation of an excerpt from Ulf Danielsson’s book Mörkret vid tidens ände (Darkness at the end of time, my own translation) from Swedish to Russian, as well as a commentary, which provides analysis of applied translation strategies and their theoretical background. The theoretical framework of this study is comprised of Katharina Reiss’ theory of text types, along with the translation theories conceptualising the ways to avoid stylistic impoverishment of the translated expressive texts, namely Antoine Berman’s negative analytics and Jiří Levýs study of common translation tendencies. The translation analysis shows that the translation strategies most commonly used while working with the informative content of the source text, were explicitation and syntactic modifications. In the process of working with figurative language, the focus was either on transferring the emotional connotations and aesthetic character of the source text or on compensation for eventual losses. Moreover, the issue of intertextuality is discussed and analysis is provided of those solutions that allowed preservation of both informative and aesthetic functions, fulfilled by intertextual elements in the source text.

Aquesta tesi és un estudi descriptiu que s'inscriu en un doble àmbit d'anàlisi, discursiu i traductològic. Es proposa un doble objectiu: per una banda, analitzar un conjunt de marques de cohesió franceses en dos tipos de textos diferents (un text polític i un text literari) per tal de mostrar la pertinència d'aquests elements lingüístics en la construcció del sentit; i per altra banda, descriure i comparar les principals estratègies traductores utilitzades en les traduccions castellanes del corpus per recuperar les esmentades marques de cohesió i veure quines en són les conseqüències en el nivell micro i macrotextual.Les marques de cohesió seleccionades per a l'anàlisi són les repeticions, les anàfores pronominals, l'ordre intrafràstic i interfràstic, les elipsis, algunes formes de creativitat lèxica, la puntuació, la unitat et i una sèrie de connectors argumentatius. / This doctoral thesis is a descriptive study which falls into the general framework of discourse and translational analysis. The study has two main aims: on the one hand, it firstly analyses the role of some French cohesive devices in two different types of texts (a political text and a literary one) in order to show how relevant they are to the construction of meaning. On the other hand, the study describes and compares the main translational strategies used in the Spanish target texts to translate these linguistic devices. Moreover, the analysis shows the consequences of these translational strategies both on the microstructure and the macrostructure of the target texts. The cohesive devices we have chosen to analyse include repetitions, pronominal anaphors, order into the sentences, ellipsis, lexical creativity, punctuation, the French conjunction "et" and some discourse markers.