The aim of our study was to investigate how women in management positions experience the relationship between parenthood and their careers. We also wanted to study how these women experienced expectations from society on parenting in relation to their careers. The study's empirical data is based on semi-structured interviews with eight women in management positions. We analyzed the data from a gender perspective with the help of authors Connell's and Pearse's (2015) concepts of gender domain, gender regime, gender order and gender roles. We also used Elvin-Nowak's and Thomsson's (2001) discourses maintain separate spheres and availability and immunization. Magnusson's (2006) concepts of limitations and delimitations as well as West´s and Zimmerman's (1987) concept doing gender were also applied to the data analysis. The results from our study showed that female managers could be divided into two groups. One group where parenthood was valued higher than professional life and where the female managers had longer parental leave and more days of child care than their partners. The second group valued professional life higher than parenthood and the female managers in this group had shorter parental leave and fewer days of child care than their partners. However, all study participants, no matter the group, felt that parenting and professional life interacted with each other and that one sphere affected the other. Thus, the study participants could not at the same time be as involved in parenting as in their professional life or vice versa. Participants who chose to take greater responsibility for child care did not experience any views from society whilst participants who took less responsibility for child care did. The views were based on the expectations from society on motherhood in relation to a management position.

I denna studie utreder vi om föräldraledighet kan förklara delar av könslönegapet samt om effekten av föräldraledighet på lönen skiljer sig mellan män och kvinnor. Våra hypoteser grundar sig bland annat i teorier kring humankapital, signalering och könsrollssocialisering samt tidigare forskning. Studien baseras på data från svenska levnadsnivåundersökningen 2010, vilket är ett riksrepresentativt urval över Sveriges befolkning. Vi har använt en linjär regressionsanalys för att studera effekten av föräldraledighet på lönen, där vi kontrollerar för vanliga faktorer som kan förklara könslönegapet. För att studera om effekten skiljer sig åt har vi utfört separata regressioner för män och kvinnor samt konstruerat en interaktionsmodell. Vi finner inget stöd för föräldraledighet som en bidragande förklaring av könslönegapet, istället finner vi att könslönegapet ökar något vid kontroll för föräldraledighet. Vi finner vissa skilda effekter av föräldraledighet på lönen för män och kvinnor, föräldraledighet har en positiv påverkan på kvinnors löner, medan vi för män inte får signifikanta resultat. När vi utreder interaktionseffekter i en gemensam modell finner vi viss signifikans som tyder på att effekten skiljer sig åt mellan könen. Vi diskuterar våra resultat i förhållande till teorier och tidigare forskning. Vi diskuterar även eventuella mätfel i datamaterialet som kan ha påverkat våra resultat då dessa skiljer sig så markant från befintlig statistik. Slutligen föreslår vi att studien bör upprepas med ny insamlad surveydata.

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på nyblivna föräldrars tankar kring främst föräldraledighet, amning, föräldrautbildning, barn- och mödravården, med tyngdpunkt på vårdens roll och pappans delaktighet. Intervjuer genomfördes med 11 föräldrar och svaren analyserades och kategoriserades i teman. Resultatet visade att de allra flesta var nöjda med vården de hade fått från både MVC och BVC, men enskilda föräldrar var missnöjda med enstaka sköterskor de träffat. Informanterna var också nöjda med bemötandet, då båda föräldrarna kände sig delaktiga i samtalet med barnmorskan. Alla föräldrar ville vara hemma med sitt barn under någon period, vilket berodde på personliga skäl och en vilja att vara med sitt barn. Hos hälften av paren tog mamman ut största delen av föräldraledigheten. Orsaken till detta var i huvudsak amningen, men även ekonomiska orsaker spelade in. Att amning är en stark aspekt för vem som är föräldraledig först gäller fortfarande, och informanterna upplevde att det var något som även vården förespråkade starkt. Angående föräldrautbildningen tyckte alla föräldraparen att studiebesöket på förlossningen var det som gav mest, samt att få träffa andra blivande föräldrar. En brist som nämndes var att informationen som gavs var sådant som de flesta redan kände till.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to find out what new parents think about parental leave, parental education, the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic. The main focus was on what role the care system played and to what extent the father was involved. Eleven parents were interviewed and the findings were analysed and put into different themes. The result showed that most of the parents were satisfied with the care given at the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic. The participants also thought they were well treated by the nurses and midwives during the encounters. Both parents felt equaly involved while talking to the midwife. All of the parents wanted to have parental leave to some extent and the main reason was that they wanted to spend time with their child. In half of the cases mothers used the greater part of the parental leave. Both breast-feeding and economical aspects were mentioned to be reasons for this. The participants felt that the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic strongly recommended breast-feeding which contributes to the fact that breast-feeding still is a key aspect in the decision on which parent who is going to stay at home with the child during the fist period. All of the parents thought that the visit to the delivery department was the best part during the parental education, they also appreciated meeting other people in the same situation. The general information given during the regular meetings were things that many of the participants already knew and could for that reason have been more detailed.</p>

Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på nyblivna föräldrars tankar kring främst föräldraledighet, amning, föräldrautbildning, barn- och mödravården, med tyngdpunkt på vårdens roll och pappans delaktighet. Intervjuer genomfördes med 11 föräldrar och svaren analyserades och kategoriserades i teman. Resultatet visade att de allra flesta var nöjda med vården de hade fått från både MVC och BVC, men enskilda föräldrar var missnöjda med enstaka sköterskor de träffat. Informanterna var också nöjda med bemötandet, då båda föräldrarna kände sig delaktiga i samtalet med barnmorskan. Alla föräldrar ville vara hemma med sitt barn under någon period, vilket berodde på personliga skäl och en vilja att vara med sitt barn. Hos hälften av paren tog mamman ut största delen av föräldraledigheten. Orsaken till detta var i huvudsak amningen, men även ekonomiska orsaker spelade in. Att amning är en stark aspekt för vem som är föräldraledig först gäller fortfarande, och informanterna upplevde att det var något som även vården förespråkade starkt. Angående föräldrautbildningen tyckte alla föräldraparen att studiebesöket på förlossningen var det som gav mest, samt att få träffa andra blivande föräldrar. En brist som nämndes var att informationen som gavs var sådant som de flesta redan kände till. / The aim of this study was to find out what new parents think about parental leave, parental education, the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic. The main focus was on what role the care system played and to what extent the father was involved. Eleven parents were interviewed and the findings were analysed and put into different themes. The result showed that most of the parents were satisfied with the care given at the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic. The participants also thought they were well treated by the nurses and midwives during the encounters. Both parents felt equaly involved while talking to the midwife. All of the parents wanted to have parental leave to some extent and the main reason was that they wanted to spend time with their child. In half of the cases mothers used the greater part of the parental leave. Both breast-feeding and economical aspects were mentioned to be reasons for this. The participants felt that the child welfare center and the prenatal clinic strongly recommended breast-feeding which contributes to the fact that breast-feeding still is a key aspect in the decision on which parent who is going to stay at home with the child during the fist period. All of the parents thought that the visit to the delivery department was the best part during the parental education, they also appreciated meeting other people in the same situation. The general information given during the regular meetings were things that many of the participants already knew and could for that reason have been more detailed.

This study aims to deepen our understanding of both how men are affected by taking longer periods of parental leave, and the factors behind the decision of some men to take at least six consecutive months of leave. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five men living in Umeå, Sweden, who had been on parental leave for periods ranging from 6-15 months. Thematic analysis of these interviews revealed four themes: The female as the norm, gender-equal masculinity, the significance of paid work, and understanding provided by practical experience. The men in the study appeared to embody/perform a gender-equal masculinity, which differs from traditional masculinities. This deviant group challenges normative beliefs about how parenting should be done. Based on the four themes, above, a number of problem areas were identified: Firstly, even though a majority of the men seemed to pay less interest to their career than to their child, the paid-work norms affected the choices and possibilities for the men to take parental leave. The men feel that women, as the parent who carries the baby, are the major focus of parental education programs, and that different expectations exist formale and female parents. They experienced difficulty relating to other men in parental education  programs, and one man clearly expressed the discomfort of discussing parenting issues with other men. Breastfeeding also appeared to be problematic. This was partly because some of the men felt uncomfortable with the assumption of parental education programs that the woman would be the one to feed the baby, through breastfeeding, and partly because some of the men felt a sense of alienation from the fact that they themselves were incapable of breastfeeding. They felt a certain sadness that their children formed links to their mothers in this manner, which they were unable to. Finally, some of the men experienced difficulty in finding social groups, with the exception of the open preschools (öppna förskolan), while on parental leave. The paper discusses, and proposes suggestions to, the aforementioned problem areas, with the aim of contributing to regional development in Västerbotten,  Sweden.

Pregnant workers are considered at risk in the labor market and therefore need extra protection from employment discrimination . The purpose of this essay is to investigate what protection of pregnant workers against discrimination in employment situations and  if  there  is  no  corresponding  protection  for  female  workers  claim  the  right  to parental leave. The essay describes the national and EU rules on applications and practice, showing how pregnant women and workers on parental leave are treated in the labor market. Through Sweden's accession to the EU , we must apply the requirements nationally EU imposes on its member countries. The essay shows that pregnant employees have a strong legal protection from discrimination in employment , from both DL and by EU directives . Employers who deny workers employment because of pregnancy is guilty of direct discrimination on grounds of sex, because it is only women who may become pregnant. It is not important whether it is a temporary or permanent position . Employers must never deviate from the protection of pregnant workers in employment situations.  Furthermore, states the essay that male workers are protected from unfair treatment in relation to parental leave by 16 § föräldraledighetslagen. Male workers are not as strongly   protected   as   an   employer   is   allowed   to   derogate   from   disadvantaged prohibition in certain situations. / Gravida arbetstagare anses vara en riskgrupp på arbetsmarknaden och behöver därförextra skydd mot diskriminering i arbetslivet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda vilket skydd gravida arbetstagare har mot diskriminering i anställningssituationer samt om det finns något motsvarande skydd för manliga arbetstagare gällande rätten tillföräldraledighet.Uppsatsen redovisar nationella och EU-­‐rättsliga bestämmelser på området samt praxis som visar hur gravida och föräldralediga arbetstagare behandlas på arbetsmarknaden. Genom Sveriges anslutning till EU måste vi nationellt tillämpa de krav EU ställer på sinamedlemsländer.Uppsatsen visar att gravida arbetstagare har ett starkt rättsligt skydd från diskriminering i arbetslivet, både från DL samt genom direktiv från EU. Arbetsgivare som nekar arbetstagare anställning på grund graviditet gör sig skyldig till direkt diskriminering på grund av kön, eftersom det endast är kvinnor som kan bli gravida. Det är inte av betydelse om det gäller en tidsbegränsad -­‐eller tillsvidareanställning. Arbetsgivare får aldrig frångå skyddet gravida arbetstagare har i anställningssituationer. Vidare fastslår uppsatsen att manliga arbetstagare skyddas mot missgynnande i samband med föräldraledighet genom 16 § föräldraledighetslagen. Manliga arbetstagare är dock inte lika starkt skyddad eftersom arbetsgivare tillåts att göra undantag frånmissgynnandeförbudet i vissa situationer.

No description available.

This paper will discuss parental leave and will only concern full leave according to 3 § 1 st 2 p. föräldraledighetslag (1995:584). The purpose of this paper is to examine and find out how different employers' operations are affected by employees taking parental leave and what aspects that have an impact. The study examines, among other things, how the operations are affected in daily work and what consequences it entails. This paper will also investigate how the legislation surrounding parental leave has changed and developed over the course of history, and if it is possible to see a connection between the development of the legislation and the norms and attitudes on parental leave. Current legislation in the area will also be presented. Further, the study will find out how a completely individualized parental insurance could affect the interviewed employers' operations. All questions in this study are primarily based on interviews with three employers in the construction industry. We want to inform that our study is not to be generalized to all operations within the construction industry. Why we chose to study how taking parental leave affects the employer's operation, is because we believe that it is an area that is not well explored. In addition, we want to study a male-dominated industry to add a focus on gender and men's use of parental leave. Based on three interviews, legislation, proposals for laws, previous research and literature we analyze and come to the conclusion that the Swedish legislation on parental leave has changed as more women have entered the labor market, which has contributed to a more equal withdrawal of parental leave. Employers are affected when parental leave is taken, but in different ways. One of the most important aspects is that the parental leave is planned ahead and well communicated so that the employer can avoid negative impact. Finally, we note that a fully individualized parental insurance could affect the employers' operation, but it may as well remain unchanged.

After pregnancy and maternity leave some women choose to quit their jobs as police officers out on the streets. In this study ten women from the same police district has been interviewed about their experiences of as a woman and police officer becoming a mum. The study includes the period from when the woman tells her boss that she´s pregnant, trough the temporary work assignment during pregnancy, maternity leave, the return to work and to the time when she´s back in original duty. The study clearly shows that the experiences is both positive and negative. Some experienced the period at work during pregnancy as meaningful and developing for their competence, some experienced the opposite. The study shows that influence of desicions about the temporary duty and the welcoming to the new group are important factors for making it a positive experience. During maternity leave some of the women felt forgotten and experienced loss of membership to their original work group. The study shows that it is important to be offered educations and being informed about vacant jobs even during pregnancy and maternity leave. The interviewed women pointed out a number of factors they see as most important for a positive experience being a mum and a police officer out in the streets. They rank understanding from bosses and colleagues high. When you become a parent you need to get the family life and work life to work together to be able to keep your original job. If the Police department work for these women the experience of being back in duty has a good chance to be positive. It´s important to make sure they don´t loose the membership in their original work group during pregnancy and maternity leave, that they don´t miss out om education and vacant jobs and that they get a good introduction when coming back to duty. In that way maybe the chanses increases that she´s not necessarily the one who changes her work situation if the family life doesn´t work out.

Pappors andel av antalet uttagna föräldrapenningdagar har sedan föräldraförsäkringen infördes i Sverige 1974 ökat stadigt från 0,5 procent av det totala antalet dagar till cirka 28 procent 2018. Trots att pappor tar ut en allt större del av föräldraledigheten finns det än idag stora skillnader i ledighetsuttag mellan kvinnor och män. Utvecklingen går emellertid mot att pappor tar ut allt fler föräldrapenningdagar. Trenden i mäns uttag pekar samtidigt på en polarisering i användandet av försäkringen, mellan en relativt konstant grupp pappor som använder ingen eller mycket liten föräldrapenning och en växande grupp pappor som använder tämligen många föräldrapenningdagar. Tidigare analyser har visat att det finns ett samband mellan mäns uttag av föräldraledighet och individfaktorer som exempelvis pappans utbildningsnivå. Högre utbildning kopplas ofta till mer egalitära och progressiva attityder till könsroller och föräldraskap. Även den inbördes relationen mellan mammans och pappans individuella socioekonomiska status har visat sig vara av betydelse för pappans uttag av föräldraledighet. Studien ämnar belysa skillnader i föräldraledighetsuttag mellan grupper av män genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som är avgörande för mäns uttag av föräldraledighet med hjälp av data från Levnadsnivåundersökningen (LNU) 2010. Resultatet visar inte på något signifikant samband mellan pappans utbildningsnivå och uttag av föräldraledighet. Tanken på att högre utbildningsnivå leder till mer egalitära attityder och därigenom till ett ökat uttag av föräldraledighet stämmer inte överens med resultatet i den här studien. När det gäller mammans och pappans resurser och individfaktorer i relation till varandra framträder inget entydigt samband. Resultatet tyder snarare på att skillnader i resurser mellan föräldrapar är av större betydelse för mäns uttag av föräldraledighet än skillnader i resurser inom föräldraparet.