What strategies really work against the intense loss of native habitat? How can we improve forested areas around the world? The creation of protected areas - natural reserves aiming at preserving biodiversity and ecological relations in pristine environments - has been the main strategy against land surface transformation and the loss of natural capital. Recently, financial incentives have promptly become the most promising and accepted new strategies for conservation, and several experiences were implemented, particularly in the tropics. However, we urge to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of these mechanisms, both old and new, and several researchers have argued that econometric methods, traditionally used in impact evaluation of development, health, and education policies, should be applied in assessing the impacts of interventions for environmental conservation. Our goal in the present study is to estimate the effectiveness of two popular financial incentives against native vegetation loss in Brazil: payments for ecosystem services (PES) and the intergovernmental fiscal transfer based on ecological criteria - the Ecological ICMS. We used a counterfactual approach, which seeks adequate control groups in order to estimate what would have happened in the absence of the intervention - i.e., we search for additional gain or additionality. Payment for ecosystem services programs were evaluated regarding the promotion of additional native forest areas while the Ecological ICMS was assessed for its ability to promote new legally protected areas for conservation. We evaluated two of the oldest and most well established payment for ecosystem services programs in the Atlantic Forest, located in the Cantareira Water System, near the metropolis of São Paulo: the \\textit{Produtor de Água} (Water Producer) in Joanópolis and Nazaré Paulista (SP), and the \\textit{Conservador das Águas} (Water Conservationist), in Extrema (MG). In total, 83 rural properties contracted by the programs, and 83 properties selected as control units, were mapped using satellite images available in Google since 2003 and evaluated for the presence of regeneration and deforestation in three moments: before the program, at the time of program implementation and after program implementation. We show that PES programs positively affect the area under regeneration inside contracted rural properties, but does not affect deforestation. The average effect on regeneration was 0.69\\% of property area per year, which means that in 0.69\\% of the evaluated property area there would be no regeneration of native vegetation were it not for PES programs intervention. This result shows the additional effect of PES programs on regeneration of native forest but also shed light that this is a slow process. Secondly, the effect of the Ecological ICMS mechanism was evaluated regarding the expansion of Conservation Units - protected areas for conservation. We compared 2,481 municipalities from eight states in the Atlantic Forest region, in a panel data (i.e., longitudinal database) covering the period from 1987 to 2016. We show that municipalities under the incentive of the ecological ICMS law, when compared to control municipalities not subject to the same mechanism, present a small increase in area of new conservation units in the first years of law existence. However, this effect decreases over time disappearing about 10 years after the approval of the law. In addition to the temporary effect, we show that protected areas created, particularly by local governments, are preferably Environmental Protection Areas (APA) - a category that imposes few restrictions on land use and promotes little contribution to the conservation of natural resources. In order to estimate the effect of the Ecological ICMS on regeneration and deforestation processes, we accessed a national database on land use change between 1985 and 2017. However, observing deforestation patterns throughout this historical data series, it called our attention the possible existence of electoral cycles affecting deforestation - which gave rise to the third chapter of the thesis. We analyze deforestation (percentage deforested over previous forested area) in a panel with 2,277 municipalities within the Atlantic Forest region, from seven states of the South and Southeast, considering the period from 1991 to 2014. We demonstrate the existence of electoral deforestation cycles, linked to state elections in five observed states and municipal elections in three states. We also show evidence that elections in which the incumbent is losing by a large margin of votes tend to be the events with greater observed deforestation, and that party alignment between mayor and governor parties can also contribute to an increase in deforestation during municipal elections. Financial mechanisms, at least in the way they have been designed to date, are limited as major instruments in achieving the goals of conservation and restoration of native forests. In addition, eventhough there is a major effort to create new mechanisms and increase conservation gains, it is of concern that these gains can be offset by losses due to political motivations, even in the region of the country with one of the most stringent legislations for tropical forests in the world / Quais estratégias realmente funcionam contra a intensa perda de habitat nativo? Como podemos aumentar nossas áreas de florestas? A criação de áreas protegidas - reservas naturais com o objetivo de preservar a biodiversidade e as relações ecológicas de ambientes pristinos - tem sido a principal estratégia contra as transformações na superfície da Terra e a perda de habitat nativo. Recentemente, incentivos financeiros se tornaram rapidamente promissores e populares instrumentos para a conservação ambiental, e diversas experiências foram implementadas, particularmente nas florestas tropicais. No entanto, carecemos de avaliações sistemáticas sobre a efetividade destes mecanismos, antigos e novos, e diversos pesquisadores argumentam que métodos da econometria, tradicionalmente usados na avaliação de políticas de desenvolvimento, saúde e educação, devem ser aplicados na avaliação dos impactos das intervenções para a conservação ambiental. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar a efetividade de dois dos mais populares incentivos financeiros no combate à perda de vegetação nativa no Brasil: os pagamentos por serviços ambientais (PSA) e a transferência fiscal intergovernamental com base em critérios ecológicos - o ICMS Ecológico, concebido e implementado no Brasil de forma inédita. Para estas avaliações, nos baseamos na abordagem contrafactual, que busca adequados grupos de controle com o objetivo de estimar o que haveria ocorrido na ausência da intervenção estudada, isto é, se houve ganho adicional ou adicionalidade. Os programas de pagamento por serviços ambientais foram avaliados quanto a promoção de áreas adicionais de floresta nativa enquanto que o ICMS Ecológico foi avaliado quanto a sua capacidade de promover novas áreas legalmente destinadas à conservação de recursos naturais - as Unidades de Conservação. Avaliamos dois dos mais antigos e bem estabelecidos programas de pagamento por serviços ambientais na Mata Atlântica, localizados no Sistema Cantareira, ao redor da região metropolitana de São Paulo: o Produtor de Água, em Joanópolis e Nazaré Paulista (SP), e o Conservador das Águas, em Extrema (MG). No total, 83 propriedades rurais contratadas pelos programas, e 83 propriedades selecionadas como controle, foram acompanhadas por imagens de satélite disponíveis no Google desde 2003 e avaliadas quanto a presença de regeneração e desmatamento, em três momentos: antes dos programas, no momento da implementação e após um período de operação dos programas. Mostramos que os programas de PSA afetam positivamente a área em regeneração dentro das propriedades rurais contratadas, mas não afeta o desmatamento. O efeito médio sobre a regeneração foi de 0.69\\% da área da propriedade ao ano, o que significa que em 0.69\\% da área das propriedades avaliadas não haveria regeneração de vegetação nativa não fosse a intervenção dos programas avaliados. Esse resultado mostra o efeito adicional dos programas de PSA sobre o processo de regeneração de floresta nativa mas nos revela também que se trata de um processo lento. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, foi estimado o efeito do mecanismo do ICMS Ecológico sobre a expansão de Unidades de Conservação. Comparamos 2.481 municípios de oito estados na região da Mata Atlântica, em um painel (i.e. base de dados longitudinal) compreendendo o período de 1987 a 2016. Demonstramos que municípios sob o incentivo da lei do ICMS Ecológico, quando comparados com municípios controle não sujeitos ao mesmo mecanismo, apresentam um pequeno aumento em área de novas unidades de conservação nos primeiros anos de existência da lei. No entanto, este efeito decresce ao longo do tempo desaparecendo cerca de 10 anos após a aprovação da lei. Além do efeito temporário, mostramos que as áreas protegidas criadas, particularmente pelos governos locais, são preferencialmente Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APA) - categoria que impõe poucas restrições ao uso da terra e que traz pequena contribuição à conservação dos recursos naturais. Com o intuito de estimar o efeito do ICMS ecológico sobre processos de regeneração e desmatamento, acessamos uma base de dados nacional sobre mudança no uso da terra no período entre 1985 e 2017. Observando os padrões de desmatamento ao longo desta série histórica, nos chamou a atenção a possível presença de ciclos eleitorais afetando o desmatamento - o que deu origem ao terceiro capítulo da tese. Analisamos o desmatamento (percentual desmatado sobre a área prévia de floresta) em um painel com 2.277 municípios na região da Mata Atlântica, dos sete estados do Sul e Sudeste, considerando o período de 1991 a 2014. Nós demonstramos a existência de ciclos eleitorais de desmatamento, ligados às eleições estaduais, em cinco dos estados observados, e municipais, em três estados. Também mostramos evidências de que as eleições nas quais o incumbente está perdendo por uma ampla margem de votos tendem a ser os eventos com maior desmatamento observado, e que o alinhamento entre o partido do prefeito e do governador também pode contribuir para o aumento do desmatamento durante as eleições municipais. Os mecanismos financeiros, ao menos na forma que foram concebidos até o momento, se mostram bastante limitados como instrumentos majoritários no alcance das metas de conservação e restauração de florestas nativas. Além disso, se existe um grande esforço para que novos mecanismos sejam criados e que se possa ampliar os ganhos em conservação, é preocupante que estes ganhos possam ser compensados por perdas decorrentes de motivações políticas, mesmo na região do país na qual vigora uma das legislações mais rígidas sobre florestas tropicais do mundo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:53:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JosueLR.pdf: 390948 bytes, checksum: 7300e4a411e986ff09cb4dd3c5f37a2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-29 / This study has as main objective to verify the effect of the tax and financial incentives granted by the brazilian states, specially in the reduction of ICMS on the investment decision of the entities, which in the last years led to the companies to decide new projects in based on the region that presented the better infrastructure beyond lesser tributary expense. For in such was made an economic valuation of the companies with focus in the beneficiary s optics using an adaptation of the Discounted Cash Flow method to measure the impact of the tax incentives in the value of the companies, this study selected the textile industry segment located in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The results indicated that such incentives created addition in the value of the companies, however the inexistence of incentives would not be enough to a negative decision of investment in the Rio Grande do Norte. The smallest difference between the value with and without incentive observed was 8.9%, and the biggest 31.7%, and the average of value aggregation with the tax incentives represented 18.9% / Este estudo tem como objetivo principal verificar o efeito dos incentivos fiscais e financeiros concedidos pelos Estados brasileiros, em especial a redu??o de ICMS, na decis?o de investimento das entidades, que tem, nos ?ltimos anos, levado as empresas a decidirem seus novos projetos em fun??o da regi?o que tiver melhor infra-estrutura, al?m de menor gasto tribut?rio. Para tanto, foi efetuada a avalia??o econ?mica das empresas, com foco na ?tica do benefici?rio, utilizando-se uma adapta??o do m?todo de Fluxo de Caixa Descontado, para mensurar o impacto dos incentivos fiscais no valor das empresas, sendo selecionado o segmento da ind?stria t?xtil, localizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Os resultados encontrados indicam que tais incentivos provocam acr?scimo no valor das empresas, entretanto a inexist?ncia de incentivos n?o seria suficiente para que a decis?o de investimento no Rio Grande do Norte fosse negativa. A menor diferen?a entre o valor com e sem incentivo observada foi de 8,9%, a maior foi 31,7% e a m?dia de agrega??o de valor com o incentivo fiscal foi de 18,9%

Esta dissertação foca o processo de reorganização das ações e serviços de saúde bucal no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Este processo, em tese, deve ser orientado pelas diretrizes da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal (PNSB) que priorizam a atenção básica em saúde bucal através da Estratégia Saúde da Família e ampliam a atenção em saúde bucal na média e alta complexidades. O Ministério da Saúde lança mão de incentivos financeiros para induzir, sob condições específicas, a adesão às diretrizes formuladas pela Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal (PNSB) e assim promover um processo de reorganização da atenção à saúde bucal nas esferas subnacionais. O núcleo deste trabalho tem por base uma pesquisa que analisa um amplo espectro de dados sobre os serviços e as ações de saúde bucal realizadas pelo conjunto dos municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2007. As principais conclusões da pesquisa apontam para o caráter inconcluso do processo de reorganização da atenção em saúde bucal na grande maioria dos municípios estudados e para a necessidade de uma ação conjunta entre as autoridades sanitárias das esferas federal, estadual e municipal orientada para promover uma efetiva melhoria das condições de saúde da população tal como é a proposta da PNSB. / This thesis focuses the process of reorganization of the oral care services in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. This process is supposed to follow the so called Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal [Brazilian Oral Health National Politics], whose main proposals are to prioritize primary care as part of the Family Health Strategy and to improve secondary care in oral health services in all levels of complexity. The Health Ministry uses financial incentives to stimulate local governments to adopt, under specific conditions, the guidelines to re-organize oral care services. The core of the present thesis is a research on the re-organization of oral care services carried out by the 92 local governments which form Rio de Janeiro State, from January 1998 to December 2007. It analyzes oral health services in all these municipalities. The main conclusions are that re-organization of oral care services following this politics principles and guidelines is an endless process for most of the municipalities being studied. The research also presents, as secondary conclusion, that federal health authorities must act together with other federal, state and local health authorities to improve the populations oral health conditions, as proposed by the Brazilian Oral Health National Politics.

Esta dissertação foca o processo de reorganização das ações e serviços de saúde bucal no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Este processo, em tese, deve ser orientado pelas diretrizes da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal (PNSB) que priorizam a atenção básica em saúde bucal através da Estratégia Saúde da Família e ampliam a atenção em saúde bucal na média e alta complexidades. O Ministério da Saúde lança mão de incentivos financeiros para induzir, sob condições específicas, a adesão às diretrizes formuladas pela Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal (PNSB) e assim promover um processo de reorganização da atenção à saúde bucal nas esferas subnacionais. O núcleo deste trabalho tem por base uma pesquisa que analisa um amplo espectro de dados sobre os serviços e as ações de saúde bucal realizadas pelo conjunto dos municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2007. As principais conclusões da pesquisa apontam para o caráter inconcluso do processo de reorganização da atenção em saúde bucal na grande maioria dos municípios estudados e para a necessidade de uma ação conjunta entre as autoridades sanitárias das esferas federal, estadual e municipal orientada para promover uma efetiva melhoria das condições de saúde da população tal como é a proposta da PNSB. / This thesis focuses the process of reorganization of the oral care services in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. This process is supposed to follow the so called Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal [Brazilian Oral Health National Politics], whose main proposals are to prioritize primary care as part of the Family Health Strategy and to improve secondary care in oral health services in all levels of complexity. The Health Ministry uses financial incentives to stimulate local governments to adopt, under specific conditions, the guidelines to re-organize oral care services. The core of the present thesis is a research on the re-organization of oral care services carried out by the 92 local governments which form Rio de Janeiro State, from January 1998 to December 2007. It analyzes oral health services in all these municipalities. The main conclusions are that re-organization of oral care services following this politics principles and guidelines is an endless process for most of the municipalities being studied. The research also presents, as secondary conclusion, that federal health authorities must act together with other federal, state and local health authorities to improve the populations oral health conditions, as proposed by the Brazilian Oral Health National Politics.

Submitted by Rafael Oliveira (rborges@fgvmail.br) on 2013-04-17T15:04:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Mestrado_Rafael_Garcia_Borges_de_Oliveira.pdf: 330686 bytes, checksum: 5d389963ae1a2cbb4177b94764202bc0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-04-26T18:53:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Mestrado_Rafael_Garcia_Borges_de_Oliveira.pdf: 330686 bytes, checksum: 5d389963ae1a2cbb4177b94764202bc0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-26T18:53:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Mestrado_Rafael_Garcia_Borges_de_Oliveira.pdf: 330686 bytes, checksum: 5d389963ae1a2cbb4177b94764202bc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-17 / Este estudo avalia o programa Cartão Família Carioca (CFC), do município do Rio de Janeiro. Através de dados administrativos, estimamos o impacto dos incentivos introduzidos pelo CFC sobre a frequência e desempenho dos alunos em testes padronizados. Encontramos efeitos positivos sobre ciências e negativos para português, além de impacto no sentido de reduzir as faltas dos alunos participantes.

Essay I: Employment Security Agreements, which are elements of Swedish collective agreements, offer a unique opportunity to study very early job search counselling of displaced workers. These agreements provide individual job search assistance to workers who are dismissed due to redundancy, often as early as during the period of notice. Compared to traditional labor market policies, the assistance provided is earlier and more responsive to the needs of the individual worker. In this study, I investigate the effects of the individual counseling and job search assistance provided through the Employment Security Agreement for Swedish blue-collar workers on job finding and subsequent job quality. The empirical strategy is based on the rules of eligibility in a regression discontinuity framework. I estimate the effect for workers with short tenure, who are dismissed through mass-layoffs. My results do not suggest that the program has an effect on the probability of becoming unemployed, the duration of unemployment, or income. However, the results indicate that the program has a positive effect on the duration of the next job. Essay II: The well-known positive relationship between the unemployment benefit level and unemployment duration can be separated into two potential sources; a moral hazard effect, and a liquidity effect pertaining to the increased ability to smooth consumption. The latter is a socially optimal response due to credit and insurance market failures. These two effects are difficult to separate empirically, but the social optimality of an unemployment insurance policy can be evaluated by studying the effect of a non-distortionary lump-sum severance grant on unemployment durations. In this study, I evaluate the effects on unemployment duration and subsequent job quality of a lump-sum severance grant provided to displaced workers, by means of a Swedish collective agreement. I use a regression discontinuity design, based on the strict age requirement to be eligible for the grant. I find that the lump-sum grant has a positive effect on the probability of becoming unemployed and the length of the completed unemployment duration, but no effect on subsequent job quality. My analysis also indicates that spousal income is important for the consumption smoothing abilities of displaced workers, and that the grant may have a greater effect in times of more favorable labor market conditions. Essay III: Evidence from around the world suggest that individuals who are awarded disability benefits in some cases still have residual working capacity, while disability insurance systems typically involve strong disincentives for benefit recipients to work. Some countries have introduced policies to incentivize disability insurance recipients to use their residual working capacities on the labor market. One such policy is the continuous deduction program in Sweden, introduced in 2009. In this study, I investigate whether the financial incentives provided by this program induce disability insurance recipients to increase their labor supply or education level. Retroactively determined eligibility to the program with respect to time of benefit award provides a setting resembling a natural experiment, which could be used to estimate the effects of the program using a regression discontinuity design. However, a simultaneous regime change of disability insurance eligibility causes covariate differences between treated and controls, which I adjust for using a matching strategy. My results suggest that the financial incentives provided by the program have not had any effect on labor supply or educational attainment.

Topic of the thesis is the duration of studies at universities in the Czech Republic and the effect of fees for excessive study duration on the duration of studies. It focuses on undergraduate programs at public universities, for which the fees are applicable. Author exploits data from the national student register and data on the amount of fees from most Czech universities to build a regression model. Awareness of students on the fees policy was determined by questionnaire for participants of a widely used admission test (National Comparative Test Scio). It has been found, that at the average, 41% of students extended nominal length of study program before completing it, with highest share observed in humanities. About 10% of students extended the nominal length of study by more than one year. Fees apply to one-fifth of the students, half of them because their unsuccessful studies had been attributed to their actual length of study. The results show that time to degree is only insignificantly related to the potential amount of the fee; only in the case of students of one public university we have found mild relationship and CZK 1,000 fee increase should shorten time to degree by 6 days. Influence on the length of unsuccessful studies is more pronounced and represents 10 to 90 days per CZK 1,000. Low effect...

Sammanfattning Kurs: ​Ämnesfördjupande arbete, Ekonomistryning 15 hp (2FE24E)  Titel​: Provisionsbaserad ersättning för fastighetsmäklare “Kan provision ses som ett belöningssystem och motivationsdrivare?”  Författare​: Anna Lennartsson, Amanda Jönsson & Ebba Waldau  Examinator​: Pia Nylinder Handledare​: Cristoffer Lokatt Bakgrund och problem​: En vanlig syn på yrket som fastighetsmäklare anses för många vara ett mer statusyrke än slitsamt yrke. Det finns inga specifika regler för den utbetalda provisionens storlek till en fastighetsmäklare och grundidén för provision hänvisas till att individer skall motiveras av att kunna påverka vad de får i lön och därmed utföra ett bättre arbete. För att individer skall utföra ett bättre arbete, kan ett belöningssystem vara optimalt eftersom det kan fungera till att förändra beteenden. För att kunna förändra beteende måste individen känna motivation, som tillkommer av olika belöningar. Det intressanta i studien blir därmed att undersöka om provision är motiverande och om hur fastighetsmäklare resonerar till provision som ett belöningssystem. Syfte​: Syftet med denna uppsats grundar sig i att undersöka fastighetsmäklarens syn på att ha en hundraprocentig provisionsbaserad lön. Vi vill undersöka fastighetsmäklares resonemang kring provision som ett belöningssystem. Slutligen vill vi analysera hur provisionen påverkar fastighetsmäklares motivation, utifrån teori modellen Maslows behovstrappa. Metod​: Studien baseras på en kvalitativ struktur och den empiriska datainsamlingen kommer från sex etablerade fastighetsmäklare runt om i Sverige. Intervjuformen som valdes var semistrukturerad intervju som genomfördes digitalt genom programvaran Zoom med samtliga respondenter. I metoden presenteras även en kort beskrivning på yrket som fastighetsmäklare. Slutsats​: Sammanfattningsvis kan vi konstatera att fastighetsmäklarnas resonemang på provision som belöningssystem är olika. De anser att provision är ett belöningssystem eftersom den provisionen de får är en belöning för det utförda arbetet. Andra resonerar däremot att provision inte är ett belöningssystem för att det anser att provisionen är den inkomst som alla har rätt till efter utförd prestation. Här ligger fokuset allt mer på den icke monetära belöningen, som mer handlar om status, ranking, rekommendationer och nöjda kunder för det är detta som belönar respondenterna till en maximerad prestation.  Provisionen kan därmed konstateras vara motiverande för vissa respondenter eftersom de motiveras av provisionens påverkan på dess lön beroende på deras utförda prestation. Men alla respondenter ser inte provisionen som den huvudsakliga motivationen eftersom en nöjd och återkommande kund är det som ger motivation till yrket som fastighetsmäklare. Nyckelord​: Belöningssystem, provision, motivation, fastighetsmäklare, finansiella incitament, flexibelt lönesystem, rörlig ersättning och Maslows behovstrappa. / Abstract Course: ​Bachelor Thesis, Financial Control, 15 hp (2FE24E) Title​: Commission based compensation for real estate agents "Can commission-based salary be seen as a reward system and motivator?"  Authors​: Anna Lennartsson, Amanda Jönsson & Ebba Waldau Examiner​: Pia Nylinder Advisor​: Cristoffer Lokatt Background and problem discussion​: ​A common view of the profession as a real estate agent is considered by many to be a more status profession than a tiring profession. There are no specific rules for the size of the commission based salary paid to a real estate agent and the basic idea for commission based salary is referred to that individuals should be motivated by being able to influence what they get in salary and thereby perform a better job. For individuals to do a better job, a reward system can be optimal because it can work to change behaviours. To be able to change behaviour, the individual must feel motivated, which is added by different rewards. The interesting thing about the study will thus be to investigate whether commissions- based salary is motivating and how real estate agents’ reason for commissions as a reward system. Purpose​: The purpose of this thesis is based on examining the real estate agent's view of having a one hundred percent commission-based salary. We want to examine real estate agents' reasoning about commissions-based salary as a reward system. Finally, we want to analyse how the commission-based salary affects real estate agents' motivation, based on the theory model ​Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Method​: The study is based on a qualitative structure and the empirical data collection comes from six established real estate agents around Sweden. The interview format chosen was a semi-structured interview that was conducted digitally through the Zoom software with all respondents. The method also presents a brief description of the profession as a real estate agent. Conclusion​: In summary, we can state that the real estate agents' reasoning on commission-based salary as a reward system is different. They believe that commission-based salary is a reward system because the commission-based salary they receive is a reward for the work done. Others argue, however, that commission-based salary is not a reward system because it considers the commission to be the income to which everyone is entitled after performance.  Here the focus is increasingly on the non-monetary reward, which is more about status, rankings, recommendations and satisfied customers because this is what rewards the respondents to a maximized performance.The commission-based salary can thus be found to be motivating for certain respondents because they are motivated by the commission's impact on its salary depending on their performance. But not all respondents see commission-based salary as the main motivation because a satisfied and returning customer is what gives motivation to the profession as a real estate agent. Keywords​: Reward system, commission-based salary, motivation, real estate agent, financial incentives, a flexible salary system, variable compensation and Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Fysisk inaktivitet har blivit ett hälsoproblem, vilket har lett till att olika aktörer intresserat sig av att nyttja modern teknik för att främja hälsosamma val. Mobil hälsa utgörs av aktivitetsspårare i form av exempelvis vristarmband och smarttelefoner som samlar in hälsodata (steg, puls, sömn, etcetera) från användaren. Studier visar på att mobil hälsa kombinerat med finansiella incitament kan öka motivationen hos användare. Hälsodata betraktas i regel vara av särskild känslig karaktär med risker för etisk problematik. Vilka aktörer som är inblandade och vilka finansiella incitament som används är faktorer som har påverkan på de etiska problemen. Den här studien belyser detta genom en konceptualisering av etiska problem med hänsyn till mobil hälsa kombinerat med finansiella incitament. Data från intervjuer har sammanställts med stöd av teori som PAPAS och därefter analyserats med annan forskning. Sammanställningen visar på sex typer av etiska problem som kan tas i åtanke vid utveckling av mobil hälsa med finansiella incitament. / Physical inactivity has become a health problem, which has led to various actors starting to use technology to promote healthy choices. Mobile health consists of activity trackers in the form of, for example, smartwatches and smartphones that collect health data (steps, heart rate, sleep, etc.) from the user. Studies show that mobile health combined with financial incentives can increase user motivation. Health data is generally considered to be a particularly sensitive type of data. The actors involved and the financial incentives used are factors that have an impact on how ethical problems take form. This study highlights this by conceptualizing ethical issues linked to mobile health with financial incentives. Questions for interviews were created primarily using the PAPAS framework and thereafter analyzed using thematic analysis in order to identify the ethical problems. The compilation resulted in six forms of ethical problems that need to be considered when developing mobile health with financial incentives.

Relationen mellan entreprenörer och beställare i byggbranschen har ofta en brist på tillit vilket är ogynnsamt både för projekten och den involverade personalen. Mycket tid läggs på att hantera tvister och det finns ett antagande att parterna är ute efter att lura varandra till egen vinning. Det blir i sin tur ett negativ utfall för både entreprenören och beställaren då det bidrar till att projekten ofta blir dyrare och tar längre tid än nödvändigt. Dessvärre har branschen sett ut så väldigt länge men det finns bättre sätt att arbeta på. NCC:s affärsområden NCC Building Sweden och NCC Property Development arbetar tillsammans i partneringavtalsprojekt och har under de projekt de arbetat i byggt upp en relation som skapar trevlig arbetsmiljö och väl genomförda projekt. De arbetar med ekonomiskt incitament som gör att tiden som läggs på att hantera vem som blir betalningsskyldig vid ändringar och liknande minimeras. Trots att den nära och välutvecklade relationen ger många positiva effekter finns det brister även i dessa projekt. Det finns en viss otydlighet mellan parterna och rollerna som bidrar till att vissa frågor och ansvarsområden saknar ägare. Det är även mycket information om arbetssätt och beslut som hamnar på individnivå på grund av att dokumentation utelämnas, vilket i sin tur gör det svårt för ny personal att komma in i projekten och man går miste om erfarenheter från tidigare projekt. Rapporten undersöker hur partneringavtalsprojekten skiljer sig från NCC dokumenterade sätt att arbeta. Syftet är att finna sätt att optimera samarbetet mellan NCC Building Sweden och NCC Property Development och i förlängning finna sätt att skapa mer tydlighet samt bättre sätt att hantera ny personal i projekten. Med hjälp av noga granskning av den dokumenterade processen och intervjuer kan jämförelser mellan arbetssätten göras för att utforma resultat. Resultatet används sedan för att hitta fördelar och nackdelar med projekt med partneringavtal samt komma fram till sätt att optimera samarbetet i dessa projekt. Intervjuer visar att partneringavtalsprojekten är fördelaktiga på många vis men det skulle behövas tydliga gränsdragningslistor över ansvarsfördelningen mellan beställare och entreprenör och mellan de olika rollerna hos parterna. För att förbättra förutsättningar för kommande projekt och lättare ta in ny personal behövs bättre dokumentation över arbetssätt och erfarenheter. / The relationship between contractor and developer in the construction industry often has a lack of trust, which is unfavorable for both the projects and the staff involved. A lot of time is spent on dealing with disputes and there is an assumption that the parties are looking to con each other to their own gain. This leads to a negative outcome for both the contractor and the developer, as this contributes to the projects often becoming more expensive and more time consuming than necessary. Unfortunately, the industry has been like this for a long time, but there are better ways to work. NCC's business areas NCC Building Sweden and NCC Property Development are working together in projects with partnering agreement and during these projects they have managed to build a relationship that creates a more pleasant work environment and well-executed projects. They work with financial incentives, which means that the time spent managing who are liable for payment in the event of changes or similar is minimized. Although this close and well-developed relationship has many positive effects, there are also shortcomings in these projects. There is a certain lack of clarity between the parties and the roles that contribute to certain issues and areas of responsibility lacking owners. There is also a lot of information about working methods and decisions that end up at the individual level due to the fact that documentation is omitted. This makes it difficult for new staff to enter the projects and one loses out on experiences from previous projects. The report looks in to how the projects with partnering agreement differ from NCC's documented ways of working. The purpose is to find ways to optimize the cooperation between NCC Building Sweden and NCC Property Development and, by extension, find ways to create more clarity and better ways to manage new staff in the projects. With the help of careful examination of the documented process and interviews, comparisons between the working methods can be made to form results. The result is then used to find advantages and disadvantages of projects with partnering agreements and to find ways to optimize the cooperation in these projects. Interviews show that the projects with partnering agreement are advantageous in many ways, but clear lists of boundaries of responsibility between the contractor and the developer and between the different roles of the parties would be needed. In order to improve the conditions for future projects and to facilitate the introduction of new staff, better documentation of working methods and experiences is needed.