Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Esta tese analisa as mudanças no trabalho docente tendo como objeto particular de pesquisa o estado de Minas Gerais. A escolha se deve ao protagonismo e , em certa medida, pioneirismo das burguesia mineira no ajuste conservador realizado no Brasil recente. Neste percurso de investigação foram analisadas três gerações de reformas chamadas Choque de Gestão, Estado para Resultados, Estado em Rede ou Gestão para a Cidadania. A abordagem específica sobre as implicações das mudanças sobre o trabalho docente teve como fontes os Planos de Cargos e Salários, as Lei 100 que criou a modalidade efetivado como forma distinta (e inconstitucional) de inserção precária, a reforma no regime de previdência estadual. As mudanças no currículo, como expressão particular das reformas no âmbito da formação humana, foram analisadas em primeiro lugar como mediação do processo de trabalho docente. Estas transformações conduziram a pesquisa para a constatação de que observamos o fenômeno da reconversão docente, da modelagem do trabalhador flexível na educação básica, sendo parte indissociável deste processo a precarização do trabalho e o aprofundamento da proletarização do professor. A pesquisa também indicou as formas que a apropriação do fundo público assume a partir do Choque de Gestão e o caráter regressivo destas políticas não só para o trabalhador em educação, mas para o conjunto dos chamados direitos sociais. Na construção teórica que conduziu a pesquisa utilizamos o método materialista histórico e dialético, a concepção de Estado como relação entre as classes, o trabalho como práxis social. A tese traz como contribuição uma profunda reflexão sobre o trabalho em geral e o trabalho docente em particular com a construção de duas categorias complementares de análise: a apropriação de mais anti-valor e a subsunção real espelhada. Esta sendo a expropriação que atinge diretamente quem trabalha no setor público, expressão da apropriação privada do bem público na parte que caberia ao trabalhador do setor, expropriado de suas condições de subsistência e porque do ponto de vista mais geral, reflete o processo realizado no setor diretamente produtivo sendo a face complementar tanto da acumulação quanto da universalização das formas de trabalho e de sociabilidade capitalista / This thesis analyzes the changes in the teaching work, having as a particular object of research the state of Minas Gerais. The choice is due to the fact of being protagonist and, to some extent, being the pioneer of the mining bourgeoisie in the conservative adjustment that was accomplished in recent Brazil. In this course of investigation were analyzed three generations of reforms, named Shock Management, State for Results,Network State or Gestão Management for Citizenship. The specific approach about the implications of the changes related to the teaching work used as sources the career and salary plan, Law 100, that created the modality permanent employment as a distinct form (and unco nstitutional) of precarious insertion, the reform in the Brazilian social security system. The changes in the curriculum as a particular expression of reforms within the human formation, were analyzed at first as mediation of the teaching work process. These transformations led to research for finding that we observe the phenomenon of "teaching conversion", the modeling of flexible workers in basic education, being an inseparable part of this process the precarious teaching work and the deepening of the proletarianization of the teacher. The research also indicated the ways that the appropriation of public funds takes due to the Management Shock and the regressive nature of these policies not only for workers in education, but for all the so -called social rights. In the theoretical construction that conducted the research we used the historical materialist and dialectical method, the design of the State as the relationship between classes, the work as a social praxis. The thesis brings as contribution a deep reflection on the work in general and teaching work in particular with the construction of two additional categories of analysis: The appropriation of more anti-value and the real subsumption mirrored. This being the expropriation which directly affects those working in the public sector, expression of private appropriation of public property in the part that would be up to its workers, dispossessed of their livelihood conditions and from a more general point of view, it reflects the process carried out in the sector directly productive and being the complementary face of both the accumulation of as universal forms of work and capitalist sociability

Bakgrund: Ett flexibelt arbete innebär att arbetet är flexibelt gällande tid och rum där arbetstagarna får ett stort inflytande över när, var och hur länge de ska utföra sitt arbete. Flexibiliteten kan innebära att gränserna mellan arbete och privatliv suddas ut, där det föreligger individuella skillnader i såväl förmågan att sätta gränser mellan domänerna arbete och privatliv som preferenser gällande gränssättande, där vissa föredrar att hålla arbetet på arbetet medan andra trivs med att blanda samman arbetet med privatliv. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka om obalans mellan beteende och preferenser inom ett flexibelt arbete visade samband med stress hos undervisande och forskande personal på ett universitet. Studien kontrollerade även för relevanta variabler. Metod: Designen var en tvärsnittsstudie där en enkät skickades ut till 1271 undervisande och forskande personal på ett universitet. För att mäta gränslöst beteende, preferenser gällande gränssättande och stress användas tre stycken etablerade formulär; Work interrupting nonwork behaviors scale, Workplace segmentation preferences och COPSOQ II. Svarsfrekvensen var 39,7% och två hierarkiska multipla regressionsanalyser genomfördes med stress som utfallsvariabel, arbetsbelastning och undervisningsfördelning som förväxlingsvariabler och prediktorn utgjordes i analys 1 av Obalans – Beteende, seg. (n=218) och i analys 2 av Obalans – Beteende, integ. (n=303). Resultat: I analys 1 förelåg det ett negativt samband mellan stress och Obalans – Beteende, seg. När förväxlingsvariablerna kontrollerades förklarade Obalans – Beteende, seg. 4,4% av variationen i stress. I analys 2 förelåg det ett positivt samband mellan stress och Obalans – Beteende, integ. När förväxlingsvariablerna kontrollerades förklarade Obalans – Beteende, integ. 9,3% av variationen i stress. Slutsats: Föreliggande studie indikerar på att obalans mellan beteende och preferenser både är en faktor som kan genera i ökad och minskad stress, där studiens resultat tyder på att obalansen värderas olika vilket i sin tur skulle kunna bero på att segregation respektive integration är olika svårt att uppnå. / Background: Flexible work means flexible in terms of time and space, where employees have influence over when, where, and for how long they will work. This also means that the boundaries between work and privacy can become unclear. There are individual differences in both the ability to set boundaries between work and privacy as for preferences; some prefer to keep work at work while others prefer to merge work with privacy. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine if imbalance between behavior and preferences in a flexible work was associated with stress. Relevant confounders were included. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted within one university. Three established forms were used; Work interrupting nonwork behaviors scale, Workplace segmentation preferences, and COPSOQ II. Two hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted, with stress as the outcome variable, workload and teaching distribution as confounders, and Imbalance – Behavior, segregation as predictor in analysis 1 (n=218) and Imbalance – Behavior, integration as predictor in analysis 2 (n=303). Results and Conclusion: Imbalance – Behavior, segregation was associated with lower levels of stress, and Imbalance – Behavior, integration was associated with higher levels of stress. The results of the study indicate that the imbalance is evaluated differently, which could be due to the fact that segregation versus integration are variously hard to achieve.

The thesis is focused on work-life harmonisation in the view of state, employers and parents. It is divided from chronological and thematic aspect: past focused on analysis of historical needs for reconciliation of work and family life, present role of the state, employers and employees and future visions of today's university students, prospective parents. Three surveys were realized to support the theses. The first one applies to occupancy of kindergartens. The second one in form of interviews with representatives of prominent companies is aimed at flexible work and company kindergarten. The third research takes interest in university student's views of parental leave and role division inside the family. In the end of the thesis, improvement of conditions for work and family interplay are suggested.

Agency employment is a unique flexible tool, which is able to respond quickly to changing conditions and demands of the current labour market. It also provides flexible employment contracts and employment to risk groups in the labour market, thereby it helps to reduce unemployment. However, the flexibility of agency work is accompanied by high uncertainty. Agency employment is in the Czech Republic still underestimated and its use does not reach the level of most European countries. This may be caused by the prejudices and stereotypes of Czech society based on the generalization of the illegal activities of some employment agencies on all agencies and by the importance of job security for the majority of the Czech population. The aim was to detect and analyze the attitude of the people to the employment agencies and agency employment. Results from own representative research showed that people in the Czech Republic don't trust to employment agencies, they wouldn't use the while searching the job and they wouldn't accept the job in the form of agency employment. Their attitudes then differ depending on their own experience with agency employment, their awareness of functioning of employment agencies and sociodemographic characteristics, namely gender, education and personal income. Created typology showed...

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att bidra med kunskaper om gymnasielärares subjektiva upplevelser av omställningen till distansarbete, i och med Coronakrisen, samt bringa kunskaper om omställningens påverkan på arbetslivsbalansen samt välbefinnandet. För att möjliggöra besvarande av studiens forskningsfrågor valde vi intervju som datainsamlingsmetod. Sju gymnasielärare med olika undervisningsämnen, olika kön och olika åldrar som arbetar på fyra olika gymnasieskolor i Sverige valde att delta i studien. De semistrukturerade intervjuerna tillhandahöll oss kunskaper om gymnasielärarnas upplevelser av omställningen till distansarbete samt hur det påverkar gymnasielärarnas arbetslivsbalans och välbefinnande. Det empiriska materialet som först analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analysmetod analyserades sedan mot bakgrund av JD-R-modellen (Bakker & Demeroutis, 2017) samt Gränsteori (Clark, 2000). Resultaten visade på att de förändrade kraven vid distansundervisning upplevdes som både utmanande och hindrande. Vissa ansåg att omställningen fört med sig fördelar såsom en ökad kontroll och förbättrat välbefinnande medan andra upplevde att det fört med sig negativa aspekter gällande dess motivation och arbetsglädje. Gemensamt var upplevelsen av avsaknad av socialt stöd samt avsaknad av feedback från eleverna. Vidare, visade resultatet på att gränsdragning mellan arbetsliv och privatliv, anses av respondenterna, som mer eller mindre relevant. Resultatet visade förekomsten av en del konkreta strategier för att skapa balans, om än balansen ansågs uppstå naturligt på grund av familjeförhållanden i privatlivet såsom barn som kräver full uppmärksamhet. I syfte att utöka sina resurser samt öka arbetsglädjen och välbefinnandet använde sig många respondenter av så kallat job crafting, genom att omforma sitt arbete. En framgångsfaktor för ökat välbefinnande visade sig vara en balans mellan krav och resurser. / The aim of this qualitative study is to contribute with knowledge of high school teachers' subjective experiences of the transition to distance work, during the Corona crisis, and to bring knowledge about the impact of the transition on the teachers’ work-life balance and well-being. To enable answering the study's research questions, we chose interviews as data collection method. Seven high school teachers with different subjects, different sexes, and different ages who work at four different high schools in Sweden chose to participate in the study. The semi-structured interviews provided us with knowledge about the experiences of high school teachers regarding the transition to distance work and how it affects their work- life balance and well-being. The empirical material was analyzed using a thematic method of analysis and then analyzed in the light of the JD-R model (Bakker & Demeroutis, 2017) and Boundary Theory (Clark, 2000). The results showed that the changed requirements in distance education were perceived as both challenging and hindering. Some considered that the transition resulted in benefits such as increased control and improved well-being, while others felt that it resulted in negative aspects regarding motivation and job satisfaction. One common experience was a lack of social support and a lack of feedback from the students. Furthermore, the results regarding the boundary between work and private life, are considered by the respondents as more or less relevant. The result showed the existence of some concrete strategies for creating balance, although the balance was considered to occur naturally as a result of family relationships in private life, for example children who require full attention. In order to increase their resources as well as increase job satisfaction and well- being, many respondents used so-called job crafting, by reshaping their work. A success factor for increased well-being turned out to be balance between demands and resources.

In the Swedish labor market, it has become more common that employees, with an office-based workplace, themselves decide when, where and how their work takes place. This flexibility results in a situation where the borders between work and private life become blurred and the work can therefore be described as flexible. The purpose of the study was to examine and analyze flexible work-life from a coworker perspective, its' perceived possibilities and challenges and consequences for work life balance. A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews was conducted among coworkers in different trades in the Swedish labor market. The results showed a wide range of possibilities and challenges with flexible work conditions. Flexible work-life opportunities revealed to promote those with family responsibility, not least single parents. The flexible work-way also opened up the possibility to recover and enhanced wellbeing, but could also result in negative consequences such as perceived stress. The wellbeing and the experienced work-life balance has shown to be affected by work demands, the degree of control and the work experience. Therefore, has it been of great importance that the coworkers get enough support and help to find functional strategies to be able to draw a line between work and leisure. / På den svenska arbetsmarknaden är det allt mer vanligt att medarbetare med kontorsbaserade yrken själva får utforma när, var och hur arbetet ska utföras. Den flexibiliteten medför att gränserna mellan arbete och privatliv suddas ut och arbetet kan därmed beskrivas som gränslöst. Syftet med studien var att undersöka och analysera gränslöst arbete ur ett medarbetarperspektiv. Studien utgick från frågeställningar som berör medarbetares erfarenheter av gränslöst arbete, dess möjligheter och utmaningar samt hur det påverkar balansen mellan arbete och fritid. En kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod användes bland medarbetare inom olika branscher på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Studiens resultat visade på en rad olika möjligheter och utmaningar med gränslösa arbetsförhållanden. Det flexibla arbetssättet visade sig bland annat underlätta för de med familjeansvar, inte minst för ensamstående föräldrar. Det gränslösa arbetssättet visade sig också främja möjligheten till återhämtning och ökat välmående, men riskerade även att resultera i negativa följder såsom upplevd stress. Välmåendet och den upplevda balansen mellan arbete och privatliv, även kallat work-life balance, påverkades av arbetskrav, graden av kontroll och arbetslivserfarenhet. Därför har det varit av stor vikt att medarbetarna har stöd och får vägledning att hitta fungerande strategier för att kunna dra en gräns mellan arbete och privatliv.

Background: Telework has become a frequent form of work for a large part of the workforce. However, research regarding public health aspects is lacking in this area. The purpose of this study was to examine how physical active teleworkers are and if they achieve WHO guidelines. A second aim of the study was to investigate relationships between telework and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and musculoskeletal pain/discomfort. Method: A cross-sectional survey was performed in Sweden. In total 375 individuals were included in the sample. Logistic regressions were performed to determine association between telework and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and musculoskeletal pain/discomfort (current and during the last 12 months). Results: 83 % of teleworkers reported physical activity levels that met the WHO guidelines. The results showed no significant relationships between telework and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, or musculoskeletal pain/discomfort. Conclusion: A large part of the studied sample of teleworkers reported achieving the WHO recommendation for physical activity. As no associations could be found between telework, and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and musculoskeletal issues, telework could be deemed to be as safe as any other work form. However, as this was not a prospective study, with a random sample, further studies are required to investigate whether teleworking has an impact on public health. / <p>Betyg i Ladok 210603.</p>

Denna kandidatuppsats i sociologi behandlar covid-19-pandemins påverkan på arbetsplatsen samt hur företagen anpassat sig till distansarbete. I den här kvalitativa studien var syftet att få en djupare förståelse för hur distansarbetet upplevts av medarbetarna på företaget. Studien syftar även till att få en bild av vilka utmaningar respektive möjligheter medarbetarna upplevde har funnits med distansarbetet och vad deras inställning är till distansarbete i framtiden. På så sätt syftar studien att bidra med kunskaper som kan vara relevanta för såväl det berörda företaget som för fler företag och ledare som framöver planerar att organisera arbetet mer på distans. Studiens teoretiska ramverk har sin utgångspunkt i Manuel Castells teori om Nätverkssamhället, Robert Karasek och Töres Theorells Krav-kontroll-stödmodell samt Peter Balus tolkning av Rational choice theory. Dessa tre teorier kompletterar varandra i studien ur ett mikro-meso-makro-perspektiv. Det empiriska materialet bygger på fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer som gjorts med medarbetare på ett internationellt läkemedelsföretag. Studiens resultat indikerar att distansarbete skapar ökad flexibilitet och frihet vilket kan öka produktiviteten. Studiens resultat ger även indikationer på att distansarbetet i dagsläget inte tillfredsställer medarbetarnas organisatoriska och sociala arbetsmiljö tillräckligt. / This bachelor's thesis in sociology discusses the impact COVID-19 has had on the workplace and how companies have adapted to teleworking. The study is based on four semi-structured interviews conducted at a Swedish pharmaceutical company. The aim of this qualitative study is to gain a deeper understanding of how teleworking was perceived by employees at the company. The study aims to get an idea of what challenges and opportunities the employees experienced during their telework and what their perspective is on telework in the future. Thus, the study aims to contribute with knowledge that may be relevant for the company in this study, as well as other companies interested in organizing their work remotely in the future. The study's theoretical framework is based on Manuel Castells theory of Network Society, Robert Karasek and Töres Theorell's Demand-Control-Support model and Peter Balu's interpretation of Rational choice theory. These theories complement each other in the study from a micro-meso-macro perspective. The results indicate that teleworking creates increased flexibility and freedom, which can increase productivity. The results of the study also indicate that teleworking currently doesn’t satisfy employees' organizational and social work environment sufficiently.

Title: “After all, we are designed to be social beings” - A qualitative study on employees’experience of teleworking during the corona pandemic Authors: Anna Bengtsson &amp; Liselotte Lundahl Abstract The aim of this study is to examine how employees in the white-collar sector experience their work situation during mandatory teleworking caused by the corona pandemic. The aim is to answer four questions concerning self-discipline, employer control, work requirements, decision-making space, social support and impact on well-being. The empirical material comprises semi-structured interviews with eight officials who share the experience ofteleworking. The theoretical framework includes Karasek's &amp; Theorell's demand-control-support model and Foucault's theory of power. The results show that self-discipline varies and changes among the employees, with the exception of a few, who continue to have a high level of self-discipline. Great self-discipline is also required to maintain social relations during teleworking. Further, the results show a reduced level of employer's control; there was an uncertainty among the employees about the extent of the employer's supervision. The results also show increased demands for independence, self-determination and decision-making space. There are experiences of reduced decision-making space in connection with difficulties in getting help from colleagues during remote work. Social support has decreased during teleworking, which also affects well-being.The main reason for reduced well-being is the feeling of loneliness and isolation. The conclusions are that teleworking primarily changes communication from being personal to becoming work-related during the corona pandemic. Furthermore, it appears that digital gatherings cannot replace the physical ones. Keywords: Krav, Kontroll, Stöd, Självdisciplin, Teleworking, Telecommuting, Distansarbete,Covid-19, Job demands, Self-control, Self-discipline, Emotional support, Wellbeing, Flexiblework. / Sammanfattning Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur medarbetare inom tjänstemannasektorn upplever sin arbetssituation under tvingande distansarbete orsakat av coronapandemin. Syftet är att besvara fyra frågeställningar om självdisciplin, arbetsgivarens kontroll, arbetskrav ochbeslutsutrymme, socialt stöd samt påverkan på välbefinnande. Det empiriska materialet består av semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta tjänstemän som delar med sig av sina upplevelser. Det teoretiska ramverket innefattar Karaseks &amp; Theorells krav-kontroll-stöd-modell och Foucaults maktteori.Resultaten visar att självdisciplinen varierar och förändras hos informanterna med undantag av ett fåtal som har fortsatt hög självdisciplin. En hög självdisciplin krävs även för att bibehålla de sociala relationerna under distansarbetet. Resultaten visar en minskad kontroll från arbetsgivaren. Dock råder en osäkerhet kring omfattningen av arbetsgivarens övervakning. Resultaten visar ökade krav på självständighet och självbestämmande och ökat beslutsutrymme. Likväl framkommer upplevelser av minskat beslutsutrymme i samband med svårigheter att få hjälp från kollegor under distansarbetet. Det sociala stödet har minskat under distansarbetet, vilket även påverkar välbefinnandet i någon form. Den främsta orsaken till minskat välbefinnande är känslan av ensamhet och isolering. Slutsatserna blir att distansarbetet under särskilda omständigheter framför allt förändrar kommunikationen från att vara personlig till att bli arbetsrelaterad under coronapandemin. Vidare framkommer att digitala sammankomster inte kan ersätta de fysiska. Sökord: Krav, Kontroll, Stöd, Självdisciplin, Teleworking, Telecommuting, Distansarbete,Covid-19, Job demands, Self control, Self discipline, Emotional support, Wellbeing, Flexiblework.

Agency employment is a unique flexible tool, which is able to respond quickly to changing conditions and demands of the current labour market. It also provides flexible employment contracts and employment to risk groups in the labour market, thereby it helps to reduce unemployment. However, the flexibility of agency work is accompanied by high uncertainty. Agency employment is in the Czech Republic still underestimated and its use does not reach the level of most European countries. This may be caused by the prejudices and stereotypes of Czech society based on the generalization of the illegal activities of some employment agencies on all agencies and by the importance of job security for the majority of the Czech population. The aim was to detect and analyze the attitude and confidence of the people in the recruitment agencies and agency employment. Results from own representative research showed that people in the Czech Republic don't trust to recruitment agencies and they wouldn't accept the job in the form of agency employment. Their trust and general attitude then differ depending on sociodemographic characteristics, namely gender, education and size of place of their residence. Women, people with higher education and people from the big cities have more positive attitude to agency employment....