Background: Forensic psychiatry is characterised by compulsory care and long hospital stays, where nurses care for patients with severe mental illness, who often have committed crimes. The main objective is to rehabilitate the patient to once again become a part of society by improving mental health and decreasing the risk of criminal relapse. This is mainly achieved through encounters with the patients. Encountering patients in forensic psychiatry means coming face to face with suffering and the duality of caring, doing what is best for the patient and protecting society. Aim: The purpose of the study was to obtain a deeper understanding of encounters with patients with mental illness in forensic inpatient care as experienced by nurses. Method: This licentiate thesis consists of two studies (I, II), both conducted with a qualitative design. A total of 13 nurses working at a forensic psychiatric hospital in Sweden were recruited through a purposive sample to participate in the studies through narrative interviews. Study I was analysed with phenomenological hermeneutics in line with Lindseth and Norbergh (2004) in order to illuminate the lived experience of nurses’ encounters. Study II was a secondary supplementary analysis, which applied hermeneutics in line with Fleming, Gaidys, and Robb (2003) to gain a deeper understanding of nurses’ compassion in forensic psychiatry. The two studies were merged to provide a comprehensive understanding in this licentiate thesis. Findings: Study I illuminated the meaning of nurses’ lived experiences of encounters with patients with mental illnesses in forensic inpatient care, that is the nurses’ desire to do good despite being confronted with their own emotions as fear, humiliation, and disappointment. Encounters were also occasionally perceived as positive, awakening emotions of compassion, competence, pride, trust, satisfaction, and gratification regarding the patient’s recovery. However, a source of conflict was the struggle between doing what was best for the patient and protecting society. The study comprised of four themes: being frustrated, protecting oneself, being open-minded, and striving for control. Study II aimed to gain a deeper understanding of nurses’ compassion in providing forensic psychiatric inpatient care with three themes: recognising suffering and need for support, responding to patient suffering, and reacting to one’s own vulnerability. Abstracting to a main theme of being compassionate in forensic psychiatry which is described as an emotional journey, an ongoing inner negotiation between own vulnerability and expressions of suffering. This inner negotiation of making sense of patients’ plea and how they were perceived was crucial for determining the development of compassion rather than turning to control and rules as a means to protect oneself. Discussion: A interpretation of the studies (I, II) revealed two topics, being sensitive and responsive and keeping distance, which were reflected upon against the theoretical framework of Kari Martinsen. The studies showed that nurses faced a variety of encounters that forced them to face their own vulnerability and that trust could reduce power imbalances as well as help deal with societal, man-made constructs. The nurses’ encounters with incomprehensible expressions of suffering also show that nurses need to find a way to make room for “expressions of life”– taking a step back and turning their gaze inwards – in order to regulate their own emotions. This may better equip nurses to encounter patients with compassion and kindness rather than turning to norms and rules to protect themselves and guard their own vulnerability. Rather than distancing themselves from the patients, nurses can instead take a step back to come closer to their patients.

Forensic psychiatric nursing is a specialty at the junction of two well-researched intersecting systems with two different mandates: criminal justice (public protection) and health care (public good). Nurses’ involvement at one of the systems’ points of juncture, review board (RB) hearings, has largely been left unexplored. At RB hearings, a panel of legal and health care professionals determines if persons unfit to stand trial (UST) or not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) represent significant threats to the safety of the public, and orders conditions aimed at keeping the community safe. The aim of this research project was to explore how psychiatric and public safety discourses construct the identity of persons UST or NCRMD during RB hearings, and nurses’ contribution to such identity construction. Critical ethnography methodology was employed, mobilizing three data sources: interviews with forensic psychiatric nurses, observations of RB hearings, and RB documentary artifacts. A poststructuralist lens was used to discern how RB culture produces truths about persons UST or NCRMD that sustain the hegemony of public safety and psychiatric discourses. The main finding was that the forensic psychiatric structure leverages therapeutic nursing interventions and documentation as evidence of deviancy, so that persons UST or NCRMD can be objectified and produced as dangerous, prior to socially rehabilitating them. Discursive structures sustaining the forensic psychiatric system inscribe nursing care within a disciplinary scheme, rendering it coercive and punitive. Thus, a care-and-custody dichotomy is insufficient to explain the complex processes at play in forensic psychiatry. These findings have implications for research, practice, and education in forensic psychiatric nursing, nursing ethics, and other nursing specialties on the medico-legal borderland.

Introduktion: Varje år avlider 4,4 miljoner människor till följd av våld. Forensisk omvårdnad innebär att vårda våldsoffer, förövare och familjer som drabbats av våld samt samla in och bevara potentiellt bevismaterial som senare kan användas för att fälla en eventuell förövare. Ambulanspersonal har en unik möjlighet att upptäcka om en person blir utsatt för våld då ambulanspersonal ofta är först på plats och kan utvärdera patienten i dess hemmiljö. Vidare har ambulanspersonalen möjlighet att intervjua patienten under transporten in till sjukhus och samtidigt göra en närmare undersökning utan eventuell förövare i närheten. Syfte: Beskriva forensisk omvårdnad inom ambulanssjukvård. Metod: En systematisk integrativ litteraturstudie genomfördes och analyserades enligt Whittemore och Knafl´s femstegsmodell. Totalt inkluderades 14 artiklar i studien. Resultat: Fyra huvudkategorier identifierades. Identifiering av ett forensiskt fall, omvårdnadsåtgärder kopplade till forensisk omvårdnad, ambulanspersonalens behov av utbildning och verktyg och rädsla att göra fel. Konklusion: Det förelåg kunskapsluckor i att upptäcka tecken och symtom på våld som inte var tydligt framträdande. Ett behov av tydligare riktlinjer och mer utbildning inom forensisk omvårdnad inom ambulanssjukvård fanns. / Introduction: Every year 4.4 million people suffer as a result of violence worldwide. Forensic nursing involves caring for victims, perpetrators and families affected by violence, and collecting and preserving of evidence in the chain of custody. Paramedics have a unique opportunity to identify a person who is exposed to violence since they are often first on scene and can evaluate the patient in its home environment. Paramedics have the opportunity to interview the patient during transport to the hospital and also do a closer examination without a possible perpetrator nearby. Aim: To describe forensic nursing in ambulance care. Method: A systematic integrative literature review was used and analysed using Whittemore and Knafl's five-step model. A total of 14 articles were included in the study. Results: The analysis resulted in four main categories. Identification of a forensic case, nursing care linked to forensic nursing, paramedics need for training and tools and fear of making mistakes. Conclusion: There is gap to be filled in detecting signs and symptoms of violence that are not obvious. Evident guidelines and more training in forensic nursing are needed in ambulance medical care.

Working in forensic psychiatric care might be challenging in different ways due to that the patients are not there by their own volition and they also have a serious mental disease. This study aims to describe nurses experience of working in forensic care.  A qualitative descriptive design was adopted. The data were collected through interviews and were analyzed using a thematic content analysis. Participants in this study were eleven nurses in Sweden. Inclusion criteria for the study were registered nurses with or without specialist education in psychiatric care. They should have worked in the same location for at least six months and worked in a closed forensic care facility.  The result showed five main themes. The importance of being professional; The importance of building a trustful relationship; To care for patients with jurisdiction and with force; Challenges to handle and Lack of knowledge. One of the main findings was how the relationship between nurse and patient was built and what experience nurses have in different situations.  The findings showed that nurses in forensic care are exposed to many challenges in their work. To stay professional and at the same time be open can be difficult. The study showed that it is important with a good relationship with the patient. Participants highlighted the importance of being aware of the power they have and actively reflecting on how their power was used.

No description available.

Psykiskt trauma är vanligt hos patienter inom rättspsykiatrisk vård. Det finns idag effektiva metoder som traumamedveten omvårdnad för att vårda trauma. Det saknas forskning om hur sjuksköterskor inom denna vårdkontext upplever arbetet med trauma. Huvudsyftet med studien var att utforska sjuksköterskans arbete med trauma inom rättspsykiatrisk vård. Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sjuksköterskor som arbetade inom rättspsykiatrisk vård. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med konventionell innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultatet var tre huvudteman: Sjuksköterskans arbete med trauma, Hinder i att arbeta med patientens trauma och Utvecklingsmöjligheter inom vården. Sjuksköterskor använder olika sätt att identifiera trauma och önskar mer kunskap i ämnet. Sjuksköterskor erfar hinder såsom patientens egna svårigheter och organisatoriska brister. Som slutsats konstateras att sjuksköterskor beskriver svårigheter med att arbeta omvårdnadsmässigt med trauma hos patienter inom rättspsykiatrisk vård, som bristande kunskap, bristande rutiner och bristande avdelningskulturer. Sjuksköterskorna har en vilja att upptäcka, förebygga och vårda trauma genom att förändra rutiner och lära sig mer om evidensbaserade behandlingsmetoder i vårdandet av trauma. Vidare beskrivs att den finns en medvetenhet om att delar av den rättspsykiatriska vården kan vara potentiellt traumatiserande eller retraumatiserande. Sjuksköterskorna beskriver att de har metoder för att förebygga denna risk genom att till exempel arbeta med tydlig information och lugn. / Mental trauma is common among patients in forensic psychiatric care. Today, there are such as Trauma-informed Care to There is a lack ofresearch on how nurses within forensic psychiatry experience their work with trauma. The main purpose of the study was to explore how nurses describe their work with trauma in forensic psychiatric care. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with nurses working in forensic psychiatric care. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed with a conventional content analysis with inductive approach. The result ended up in three main themes: How the nurse works with trauma, The difficulties in working with the patients’ trauma and Opportunities for Development in Care. Nurses use different ways to identify effective methods nurture trauma. trauma and want more knowledge of the subject. Nurses experience obstacles such as the patient's own difficulties and organizational shortcomings. In conclusion, it is stated that nurses describe difficulties in working with nursing the trauma of patients in forensic psychiatric care, such as lack of knowledge, lack of routines and lack of ward cultures. Nurses have a desire to detect, prevent and nurture trauma by changing routines and learning more about evidence-based treatment methods in the care of trauma. It is further described that there is an awareness that parts of forensic psychiatric care can be potentially traumatic or retraumatizing. The nurses describe that they have methods for preventing this risk by, for example, working with clear information and being calm.

Os manicômios judiciários são instituições responsáveis pelo cuidado dos incapazes, destinados à proteção do todo social. Possuem o duplo objetivo de custodiar e tratar pessoas com doenças mentais declaradas perigosas, podendo ser considerados uma fusão entre hospital psiquiátrico e presídio. Essa instituição utiliza técnicas e procedimentos disciplinares com objetivo de normalizar loucos criminosos para torná-los aptos ao convívio social. A pesquisa propõe estudar os dispositivos disciplinares utilizados por profissionais da enfermagem que atuam no Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense Doutor Mauricio Cardoso - Porto Alegre. O referencial teórico-metodológico que orienta as análises situa-se no campo dos Estudos Culturais, na vertente Pós-Estruturalista, norteada por pensamentos do filósofo Michel Foucault. Foram utilizados instrumentos de investigação etnográfica, a saber: entrevistas gravadas em áudio com 14 trabalhadores de enfermagem, observação do trabalho nos turnos manhã, tarde e noite, análise de livros de registro das unidades da instituição, imagens fotográficas capturadas pela autora e demais imagens disponíveis em meio eletrônico. Os resultados das análises foram organizados em unidades intituladas: Casa de loucos ou casa de presos?; A organização dos espaços; O controle do tempo e Fábrica de loucos. Este movimento analítico possibilitou problematizar o trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem. Conclui-se que as heranças históricas da profissão, nesta instituição, são naturalizadas pelos profissionais. A figura do louco delinquente foi uma construção histórica atravessada por diferentes discursos ao longo dos tempos e a associação da loucura com a criminalidade fez surgir o personagem louco criminoso que, por ser um irracional, não responde pelo seu crime. Nos manicômios judiciários o controle dos loucos criminosos não é privativo de médicos psiquiatras, sendo necessária a inclusão de outras categorias, tais como juízes de direito, psicólogos, assistentes sociais, terapeutas ocupacionais e, inclusive, a profissão de enfermagem,que associa seus saberes de cuidado a outras formas de adestramento e controle.O Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense carrega heranças do sistema carcerário, manifestadas pelos profissionais da enfermagem em suas rotinas diárias.Tais trabalhadores tiveram como “tutores” agentes penitenciários e guardam modelos desse trabalho quando ordenam e distribuem os espaços para controlar os corpos dos pacientes.Tal jeito de trabalhar parece diverso dos locais de atuação da profissão. Esse modo de cuidar, naturalizado ao longo do tempo, produz profissionais repetem os ensinamentos dos carcereiros sem perceber a fusão de papéis. Por outro lado, esses parecem não estar em acordo com a situação vivenciada e tentam não se associar aos métodos disciplinares vigentes nas instituições totais. Também, se pode observar que os trabalhadores passam a maior parte do tempo organizando e adestrando os pacientes que circulam nos ambientes. Trata-se de um esquadrinhamento do tempo e do espaço, onde o corpo é controlado e manipulado por técnicas disciplinares. Essas técnicas inserem, combinam e classificam os pacientes nos espaços. Assim, cabe a enfermagem “transformar” os pacientes naquilo que seria a proposta normalizadora da Instituição: fabricar um determinado tipo de paciente, como um objeto moldado, manipulado e revisado em uma fábrica para apresentar determinado comportamento e pensamento. Assim, o louco internado no Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense deve ser reajustado às regras de convívio social, tarefa na qual participa ativamente a enfermagem. / Forensic psychiatric hospitals are responsible for caring for mentally-impaired people and are intended to protect society as a whole. They have the dual purpose of guarding and treating dangerous mentally ill individuals and could be considered a cross between a psychiatric hospital and a prison. These institutions make use of disciplinary techniques and procedures in order to normalize insane criminals and make them apt for social conviviality. The study intends to look into the disciplinary procedures used by nursing professionals working at the Doutor Mauricio Cardoso Forensic Psychiatric Institute in Porto Alegre. The theoretical and methodological framework guiding the analysis is grounded in the field of Cultural Studies, in the Poststructuralist movement, guided by ideas of the philosopher Michel Foucault. The following ethnographic research instruments were used to guide the fieldwork: interviews with 14 nursing workers recorded on audio, observation of their work in the morning, afternoon and night shifts, analysis of record books in the institution units, and photos taken by the author and available electronically. The results of the analyses were organized into units titled: Madhouse or jailhouse?; Organization of spaces; Time Control and Loony Factory. This analytical procedure generated a discussion on the work of nurses in patient management and control. My conclusion is that the historical legacies of the profession, in this institution, are naturalized and repeated by the professionals. The figure of the mad offender has been a historical construct intersected by different discourses over time, and the association of madness with crime gave rise to a new character, the mad criminal who, as a result of being an irrational person, did not answer for his/her crime. In forensic psychiatric hospitals, the control of mentally ill criminals is not exclusive to psychiatrists, the inclusion of other categories, such as court judges, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists, and even nursing professionals, who link their knowledge of care to other forms of training and control, is required. The Forensic Psychiatric Institute, as a cross between a jail and a mental hospital, carries a legacy from the prison system, which is expressed by the nursing staff in their daily routines. These workers had jailers as their “tutors” and stick to the latter’s work as a model when they arrange and distribute spaces in order to control the bodies of their patients, a task that is assigned to nurses. This way of working seemed different from other places of professional practice. This mode of caring, naturalized over time, produces nursing professionals who repeat the teachings from jailers without realizing that their roles have been merged. On the other hand, the nursing staff does not seem to agree with the situation experienced and try not to associate themselves with disciplinary methods enforced in total institutions. I also observed that these workers spent most of their time organizing and training the patients who were present in these facilities. It is an exploration of time and place whereby the body is controlled and manipulated by disciplinary techniques. These techniques insert, combine and sort out patients into spaces. Therefore, the role of the nursing staff is to “transform” patients into that which is the normalizing purpose of the Institution: to manufacture a certain kind of patient, just like an object that is shaped, manipulated and revised in a factory to display a specific type of behavior and thinking. Thus, a demented person institutionalized at the Forensic Psychiatric Institute must be readjusted to social conviviality rules, a task in which the nursing staff actively participates. / Los manicomios judiciales son las instituciones responsables por el cuidados de incapaces, destinados a la protección del todo social. Cuentan con el doble objetivo de cuidar y tratar enfermos mentales peligrosos, y pueden ser considerados una fusión entre hospital psiquiátrico y cárcel. Esa institución utiliza técnicas y procedimientos disciplinares con objetivo de normalizar locos criminales para volverlos aptos a la convivencia social. El estudio propone estudiar los dispositivos disciplinares utilizados por profesionales de la enfermería que actúan en el ‘Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense Doutor Mauricio Cardoso’ - Porto Alegre. La referencia teóricometodológica que orienta los análisis está ubicada en el campo de los Estudios Culturales, en la vertiente postestructuralista, norteada por pensamientos del filósofo Michel Foucault. Se emplearon instrumentos de investigación etnográfica, a saber: entrevistas con 14 trabajadores de enfermería, grabadas en audio; observación del trabajo en los turnos de los turnos matutino, vespertino y nocturno; análisis de libros de registro de las unidades de la institución e imágenes fotográficas captadas por la autora y disponibles en medio electrónico. Los resultados de los análisis han sido organizados en unidades con los títulos: ¿Casa de locos o casa de presos?; La organización de los espacios; El control del tiempo y Fábrica de Locos. Este movimiento analítico permitió discutir el trabajo de los profesionales de enfermería en el manejo y control de los pacientes. Concluyo que las herencias históricas de la profesión, en esta institución, son naturalizadas y repetidas por sus profesionales. La figura del loco delincuente es una construcción histórica atravesada por diferentes discursos a lo largo de los tiempos, siendo que la asociación de la locura a la criminalidad hizo surgir el loco criminal que, como es un sujeto irracional, no respondía por su crimen. En los manicomios judiciales el control de los locos criminales no es exclusivo a los médicos psiquiatras, es necesaria la inclusión de otras categorías, como jueces de derecho, psicólogos, asistentes sociales, terapeutas ocupacionales e, incluso, el profesional de enfermería, que asocian sus saberes sobre el cuidado a otras formas de adiestramiento y control. El Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense convive con herencias del sistema carcelario, manifestadas por los profesionales de enfermería en sus rutinas diarias. Esos trabajadores tuvieron como "tutores" a agentes carcelarios y guardan modelos de trabajo, cuando ordenan y distribuyen los espacios para el control de los cuerpos de los pacientes. Esa forma de trabajar me pareció diferente de los lugares de actuación profesional. Esa forma de cuidar, naturalizada a lo largo del tiempo, produce profesionales de enfermería que repitan lo que les fue enseñado por carceleros, sin notar la fusión de roles. Por otro lado, el personal de enfermería parece no estar de acuerdo con la situación en la que viven e intentan no asociarse a los métodos disciplinares vigentes en esas instituciones. También he observado que los trabajadores pasan la mayor parte del tiempo organizando y adiestrando a los pacientes que circulan por los ambientes. Se trata de una organización minuciosa del tiempo y del espacio, en que el cuerpo es controlado y manipulado por técnicas disciplinares. Esas técnicas insieren, combinan y clasifican a los pacientes en los espacios. Así, a la enfermería le cabe "transformar" a los pacientes en aquello que sería la propuesta normalizadora de la Institución; fabricar determinado tipo de paciente, como un objeto que es moldeado, manipulado y revisado en una fábrica para presentar determinado comportamiento y pensamiento. Así, el loco internado en el Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense debe ser reajustado a las normas de la convivencia social, tarea en la cual la enfermería actúa activamente.

Os manicômios judiciários são instituições responsáveis pelo cuidado dos incapazes, destinados à proteção do todo social. Possuem o duplo objetivo de custodiar e tratar pessoas com doenças mentais declaradas perigosas, podendo ser considerados uma fusão entre hospital psiquiátrico e presídio. Essa instituição utiliza técnicas e procedimentos disciplinares com objetivo de normalizar loucos criminosos para torná-los aptos ao convívio social. A pesquisa propõe estudar os dispositivos disciplinares utilizados por profissionais da enfermagem que atuam no Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense Doutor Mauricio Cardoso - Porto Alegre. O referencial teórico-metodológico que orienta as análises situa-se no campo dos Estudos Culturais, na vertente Pós-Estruturalista, norteada por pensamentos do filósofo Michel Foucault. Foram utilizados instrumentos de investigação etnográfica, a saber: entrevistas gravadas em áudio com 14 trabalhadores de enfermagem, observação do trabalho nos turnos manhã, tarde e noite, análise de livros de registro das unidades da instituição, imagens fotográficas capturadas pela autora e demais imagens disponíveis em meio eletrônico. Os resultados das análises foram organizados em unidades intituladas: Casa de loucos ou casa de presos?; A organização dos espaços; O controle do tempo e Fábrica de loucos. Este movimento analítico possibilitou problematizar o trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem. Conclui-se que as heranças históricas da profissão, nesta instituição, são naturalizadas pelos profissionais. A figura do louco delinquente foi uma construção histórica atravessada por diferentes discursos ao longo dos tempos e a associação da loucura com a criminalidade fez surgir o personagem louco criminoso que, por ser um irracional, não responde pelo seu crime. Nos manicômios judiciários o controle dos loucos criminosos não é privativo de médicos psiquiatras, sendo necessária a inclusão de outras categorias, tais como juízes de direito, psicólogos, assistentes sociais, terapeutas ocupacionais e, inclusive, a profissão de enfermagem,que associa seus saberes de cuidado a outras formas de adestramento e controle.O Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense carrega heranças do sistema carcerário, manifestadas pelos profissionais da enfermagem em suas rotinas diárias.Tais trabalhadores tiveram como “tutores” agentes penitenciários e guardam modelos desse trabalho quando ordenam e distribuem os espaços para controlar os corpos dos pacientes.Tal jeito de trabalhar parece diverso dos locais de atuação da profissão. Esse modo de cuidar, naturalizado ao longo do tempo, produz profissionais repetem os ensinamentos dos carcereiros sem perceber a fusão de papéis. Por outro lado, esses parecem não estar em acordo com a situação vivenciada e tentam não se associar aos métodos disciplinares vigentes nas instituições totais. Também, se pode observar que os trabalhadores passam a maior parte do tempo organizando e adestrando os pacientes que circulam nos ambientes. Trata-se de um esquadrinhamento do tempo e do espaço, onde o corpo é controlado e manipulado por técnicas disciplinares. Essas técnicas inserem, combinam e classificam os pacientes nos espaços. Assim, cabe a enfermagem “transformar” os pacientes naquilo que seria a proposta normalizadora da Instituição: fabricar um determinado tipo de paciente, como um objeto moldado, manipulado e revisado em uma fábrica para apresentar determinado comportamento e pensamento. Assim, o louco internado no Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense deve ser reajustado às regras de convívio social, tarefa na qual participa ativamente a enfermagem. / Forensic psychiatric hospitals are responsible for caring for mentally-impaired people and are intended to protect society as a whole. They have the dual purpose of guarding and treating dangerous mentally ill individuals and could be considered a cross between a psychiatric hospital and a prison. These institutions make use of disciplinary techniques and procedures in order to normalize insane criminals and make them apt for social conviviality. The study intends to look into the disciplinary procedures used by nursing professionals working at the Doutor Mauricio Cardoso Forensic Psychiatric Institute in Porto Alegre. The theoretical and methodological framework guiding the analysis is grounded in the field of Cultural Studies, in the Poststructuralist movement, guided by ideas of the philosopher Michel Foucault. The following ethnographic research instruments were used to guide the fieldwork: interviews with 14 nursing workers recorded on audio, observation of their work in the morning, afternoon and night shifts, analysis of record books in the institution units, and photos taken by the author and available electronically. The results of the analyses were organized into units titled: Madhouse or jailhouse?; Organization of spaces; Time Control and Loony Factory. This analytical procedure generated a discussion on the work of nurses in patient management and control. My conclusion is that the historical legacies of the profession, in this institution, are naturalized and repeated by the professionals. The figure of the mad offender has been a historical construct intersected by different discourses over time, and the association of madness with crime gave rise to a new character, the mad criminal who, as a result of being an irrational person, did not answer for his/her crime. In forensic psychiatric hospitals, the control of mentally ill criminals is not exclusive to psychiatrists, the inclusion of other categories, such as court judges, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists, and even nursing professionals, who link their knowledge of care to other forms of training and control, is required. The Forensic Psychiatric Institute, as a cross between a jail and a mental hospital, carries a legacy from the prison system, which is expressed by the nursing staff in their daily routines. These workers had jailers as their “tutors” and stick to the latter’s work as a model when they arrange and distribute spaces in order to control the bodies of their patients, a task that is assigned to nurses. This way of working seemed different from other places of professional practice. This mode of caring, naturalized over time, produces nursing professionals who repeat the teachings from jailers without realizing that their roles have been merged. On the other hand, the nursing staff does not seem to agree with the situation experienced and try not to associate themselves with disciplinary methods enforced in total institutions. I also observed that these workers spent most of their time organizing and training the patients who were present in these facilities. It is an exploration of time and place whereby the body is controlled and manipulated by disciplinary techniques. These techniques insert, combine and sort out patients into spaces. Therefore, the role of the nursing staff is to “transform” patients into that which is the normalizing purpose of the Institution: to manufacture a certain kind of patient, just like an object that is shaped, manipulated and revised in a factory to display a specific type of behavior and thinking. Thus, a demented person institutionalized at the Forensic Psychiatric Institute must be readjusted to social conviviality rules, a task in which the nursing staff actively participates. / Los manicomios judiciales son las instituciones responsables por el cuidados de incapaces, destinados a la protección del todo social. Cuentan con el doble objetivo de cuidar y tratar enfermos mentales peligrosos, y pueden ser considerados una fusión entre hospital psiquiátrico y cárcel. Esa institución utiliza técnicas y procedimientos disciplinares con objetivo de normalizar locos criminales para volverlos aptos a la convivencia social. El estudio propone estudiar los dispositivos disciplinares utilizados por profesionales de la enfermería que actúan en el ‘Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense Doutor Mauricio Cardoso’ - Porto Alegre. La referencia teóricometodológica que orienta los análisis está ubicada en el campo de los Estudios Culturales, en la vertiente postestructuralista, norteada por pensamientos del filósofo Michel Foucault. Se emplearon instrumentos de investigación etnográfica, a saber: entrevistas con 14 trabajadores de enfermería, grabadas en audio; observación del trabajo en los turnos de los turnos matutino, vespertino y nocturno; análisis de libros de registro de las unidades de la institución e imágenes fotográficas captadas por la autora y disponibles en medio electrónico. Los resultados de los análisis han sido organizados en unidades con los títulos: ¿Casa de locos o casa de presos?; La organización de los espacios; El control del tiempo y Fábrica de Locos. Este movimiento analítico permitió discutir el trabajo de los profesionales de enfermería en el manejo y control de los pacientes. Concluyo que las herencias históricas de la profesión, en esta institución, son naturalizadas y repetidas por sus profesionales. La figura del loco delincuente es una construcción histórica atravesada por diferentes discursos a lo largo de los tiempos, siendo que la asociación de la locura a la criminalidad hizo surgir el loco criminal que, como es un sujeto irracional, no respondía por su crimen. En los manicomios judiciales el control de los locos criminales no es exclusivo a los médicos psiquiatras, es necesaria la inclusión de otras categorías, como jueces de derecho, psicólogos, asistentes sociales, terapeutas ocupacionales e, incluso, el profesional de enfermería, que asocian sus saberes sobre el cuidado a otras formas de adiestramiento y control. El Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense convive con herencias del sistema carcelario, manifestadas por los profesionales de enfermería en sus rutinas diarias. Esos trabajadores tuvieron como "tutores" a agentes carcelarios y guardan modelos de trabajo, cuando ordenan y distribuyen los espacios para el control de los cuerpos de los pacientes. Esa forma de trabajar me pareció diferente de los lugares de actuación profesional. Esa forma de cuidar, naturalizada a lo largo del tiempo, produce profesionales de enfermería que repitan lo que les fue enseñado por carceleros, sin notar la fusión de roles. Por otro lado, el personal de enfermería parece no estar de acuerdo con la situación en la que viven e intentan no asociarse a los métodos disciplinares vigentes en esas instituciones. También he observado que los trabajadores pasan la mayor parte del tiempo organizando y adiestrando a los pacientes que circulan por los ambientes. Se trata de una organización minuciosa del tiempo y del espacio, en que el cuerpo es controlado y manipulado por técnicas disciplinares. Esas técnicas insieren, combinan y clasifican a los pacientes en los espacios. Así, a la enfermería le cabe "transformar" a los pacientes en aquello que sería la propuesta normalizadora de la Institución; fabricar determinado tipo de paciente, como un objeto que es moldeado, manipulado y revisado en una fábrica para presentar determinado comportamiento y pensamiento. Así, el loco internado en el Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense debe ser reajustado a las normas de la convivencia social, tarea en la cual la enfermería actúa activamente.

Os manicômios judiciários são instituições responsáveis pelo cuidado dos incapazes, destinados à proteção do todo social. Possuem o duplo objetivo de custodiar e tratar pessoas com doenças mentais declaradas perigosas, podendo ser considerados uma fusão entre hospital psiquiátrico e presídio. Essa instituição utiliza técnicas e procedimentos disciplinares com objetivo de normalizar loucos criminosos para torná-los aptos ao convívio social. A pesquisa propõe estudar os dispositivos disciplinares utilizados por profissionais da enfermagem que atuam no Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense Doutor Mauricio Cardoso - Porto Alegre. O referencial teórico-metodológico que orienta as análises situa-se no campo dos Estudos Culturais, na vertente Pós-Estruturalista, norteada por pensamentos do filósofo Michel Foucault. Foram utilizados instrumentos de investigação etnográfica, a saber: entrevistas gravadas em áudio com 14 trabalhadores de enfermagem, observação do trabalho nos turnos manhã, tarde e noite, análise de livros de registro das unidades da instituição, imagens fotográficas capturadas pela autora e demais imagens disponíveis em meio eletrônico. Os resultados das análises foram organizados em unidades intituladas: Casa de loucos ou casa de presos?; A organização dos espaços; O controle do tempo e Fábrica de loucos. Este movimento analítico possibilitou problematizar o trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem. Conclui-se que as heranças históricas da profissão, nesta instituição, são naturalizadas pelos profissionais. A figura do louco delinquente foi uma construção histórica atravessada por diferentes discursos ao longo dos tempos e a associação da loucura com a criminalidade fez surgir o personagem louco criminoso que, por ser um irracional, não responde pelo seu crime. Nos manicômios judiciários o controle dos loucos criminosos não é privativo de médicos psiquiatras, sendo necessária a inclusão de outras categorias, tais como juízes de direito, psicólogos, assistentes sociais, terapeutas ocupacionais e, inclusive, a profissão de enfermagem,que associa seus saberes de cuidado a outras formas de adestramento e controle.O Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense carrega heranças do sistema carcerário, manifestadas pelos profissionais da enfermagem em suas rotinas diárias.Tais trabalhadores tiveram como “tutores” agentes penitenciários e guardam modelos desse trabalho quando ordenam e distribuem os espaços para controlar os corpos dos pacientes.Tal jeito de trabalhar parece diverso dos locais de atuação da profissão. Esse modo de cuidar, naturalizado ao longo do tempo, produz profissionais repetem os ensinamentos dos carcereiros sem perceber a fusão de papéis. Por outro lado, esses parecem não estar em acordo com a situação vivenciada e tentam não se associar aos métodos disciplinares vigentes nas instituições totais. Também, se pode observar que os trabalhadores passam a maior parte do tempo organizando e adestrando os pacientes que circulam nos ambientes. Trata-se de um esquadrinhamento do tempo e do espaço, onde o corpo é controlado e manipulado por técnicas disciplinares. Essas técnicas inserem, combinam e classificam os pacientes nos espaços. Assim, cabe a enfermagem “transformar” os pacientes naquilo que seria a proposta normalizadora da Instituição: fabricar um determinado tipo de paciente, como um objeto moldado, manipulado e revisado em uma fábrica para apresentar determinado comportamento e pensamento. Assim, o louco internado no Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense deve ser reajustado às regras de convívio social, tarefa na qual participa ativamente a enfermagem. / Forensic psychiatric hospitals are responsible for caring for mentally-impaired people and are intended to protect society as a whole. They have the dual purpose of guarding and treating dangerous mentally ill individuals and could be considered a cross between a psychiatric hospital and a prison. These institutions make use of disciplinary techniques and procedures in order to normalize insane criminals and make them apt for social conviviality. The study intends to look into the disciplinary procedures used by nursing professionals working at the Doutor Mauricio Cardoso Forensic Psychiatric Institute in Porto Alegre. The theoretical and methodological framework guiding the analysis is grounded in the field of Cultural Studies, in the Poststructuralist movement, guided by ideas of the philosopher Michel Foucault. The following ethnographic research instruments were used to guide the fieldwork: interviews with 14 nursing workers recorded on audio, observation of their work in the morning, afternoon and night shifts, analysis of record books in the institution units, and photos taken by the author and available electronically. The results of the analyses were organized into units titled: Madhouse or jailhouse?; Organization of spaces; Time Control and Loony Factory. This analytical procedure generated a discussion on the work of nurses in patient management and control. My conclusion is that the historical legacies of the profession, in this institution, are naturalized and repeated by the professionals. The figure of the mad offender has been a historical construct intersected by different discourses over time, and the association of madness with crime gave rise to a new character, the mad criminal who, as a result of being an irrational person, did not answer for his/her crime. In forensic psychiatric hospitals, the control of mentally ill criminals is not exclusive to psychiatrists, the inclusion of other categories, such as court judges, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists, and even nursing professionals, who link their knowledge of care to other forms of training and control, is required. The Forensic Psychiatric Institute, as a cross between a jail and a mental hospital, carries a legacy from the prison system, which is expressed by the nursing staff in their daily routines. These workers had jailers as their “tutors” and stick to the latter’s work as a model when they arrange and distribute spaces in order to control the bodies of their patients, a task that is assigned to nurses. This way of working seemed different from other places of professional practice. This mode of caring, naturalized over time, produces nursing professionals who repeat the teachings from jailers without realizing that their roles have been merged. On the other hand, the nursing staff does not seem to agree with the situation experienced and try not to associate themselves with disciplinary methods enforced in total institutions. I also observed that these workers spent most of their time organizing and training the patients who were present in these facilities. It is an exploration of time and place whereby the body is controlled and manipulated by disciplinary techniques. These techniques insert, combine and sort out patients into spaces. Therefore, the role of the nursing staff is to “transform” patients into that which is the normalizing purpose of the Institution: to manufacture a certain kind of patient, just like an object that is shaped, manipulated and revised in a factory to display a specific type of behavior and thinking. Thus, a demented person institutionalized at the Forensic Psychiatric Institute must be readjusted to social conviviality rules, a task in which the nursing staff actively participates. / Los manicomios judiciales son las instituciones responsables por el cuidados de incapaces, destinados a la protección del todo social. Cuentan con el doble objetivo de cuidar y tratar enfermos mentales peligrosos, y pueden ser considerados una fusión entre hospital psiquiátrico y cárcel. Esa institución utiliza técnicas y procedimientos disciplinares con objetivo de normalizar locos criminales para volverlos aptos a la convivencia social. El estudio propone estudiar los dispositivos disciplinares utilizados por profesionales de la enfermería que actúan en el ‘Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense Doutor Mauricio Cardoso’ - Porto Alegre. La referencia teóricometodológica que orienta los análisis está ubicada en el campo de los Estudios Culturales, en la vertiente postestructuralista, norteada por pensamientos del filósofo Michel Foucault. Se emplearon instrumentos de investigación etnográfica, a saber: entrevistas con 14 trabajadores de enfermería, grabadas en audio; observación del trabajo en los turnos de los turnos matutino, vespertino y nocturno; análisis de libros de registro de las unidades de la institución e imágenes fotográficas captadas por la autora y disponibles en medio electrónico. Los resultados de los análisis han sido organizados en unidades con los títulos: ¿Casa de locos o casa de presos?; La organización de los espacios; El control del tiempo y Fábrica de Locos. Este movimiento analítico permitió discutir el trabajo de los profesionales de enfermería en el manejo y control de los pacientes. Concluyo que las herencias históricas de la profesión, en esta institución, son naturalizadas y repetidas por sus profesionales. La figura del loco delincuente es una construcción histórica atravesada por diferentes discursos a lo largo de los tiempos, siendo que la asociación de la locura a la criminalidad hizo surgir el loco criminal que, como es un sujeto irracional, no respondía por su crimen. En los manicomios judiciales el control de los locos criminales no es exclusivo a los médicos psiquiatras, es necesaria la inclusión de otras categorías, como jueces de derecho, psicólogos, asistentes sociales, terapeutas ocupacionales e, incluso, el profesional de enfermería, que asocian sus saberes sobre el cuidado a otras formas de adiestramiento y control. El Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense convive con herencias del sistema carcelario, manifestadas por los profesionales de enfermería en sus rutinas diarias. Esos trabajadores tuvieron como "tutores" a agentes carcelarios y guardan modelos de trabajo, cuando ordenan y distribuyen los espacios para el control de los cuerpos de los pacientes. Esa forma de trabajar me pareció diferente de los lugares de actuación profesional. Esa forma de cuidar, naturalizada a lo largo del tiempo, produce profesionales de enfermería que repitan lo que les fue enseñado por carceleros, sin notar la fusión de roles. Por otro lado, el personal de enfermería parece no estar de acuerdo con la situación en la que viven e intentan no asociarse a los métodos disciplinares vigentes en esas instituciones. También he observado que los trabajadores pasan la mayor parte del tiempo organizando y adiestrando a los pacientes que circulan por los ambientes. Se trata de una organización minuciosa del tiempo y del espacio, en que el cuerpo es controlado y manipulado por técnicas disciplinares. Esas técnicas insieren, combinan y clasifican a los pacientes en los espacios. Así, a la enfermería le cabe "transformar" a los pacientes en aquello que sería la propuesta normalizadora de la Institución; fabricar determinado tipo de paciente, como un objeto que es moldeado, manipulado y revisado en una fábrica para presentar determinado comportamiento y pensamiento. Así, el loco internado en el Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense debe ser reajustado a las normas de la convivencia social, tarea en la cual la enfermería actúa activamente.

En akutsjuksköterska möter varje dag patienter som utsatts för våld. Detta skapar osäkerhet och oro hos akutsjuksköterskan eftersom brist på utbildning och verktyg genom-syrar arbetet med den forensiska patienten. Vårdmötet med patienten som utsatts för våld ställer stora krav på akutsjuksköterskans kunnande att både bedriva en säker forensisk omvårdnad samtidigt som vårdmötet ska ske med omsorg och värdighet. Syftet med studien är att utforska tillgänglig litteratur gällande akutsjuksköterskors kunskap gällande forensisk omvårdnad på akutmottagning. Examensarbetet genomfördes som en systematisk och integrativ litteraturstudie där 13 artiklar med både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats granskades. Det redovisade resultatet innehåller artiklar från sex kontinenter vilket visar på en geografisk spridning. En tematisk analys genomfördes. Resultatet redovisas i tre teman: Kunnandet om det forensiska arbetet, rutiner och riktlinjer om det forensiska arbetet och mötet med våldsutsatta patienter. Resultatet visade att akutsjuksköterskan upplever stora brister i utbildning och tillgång på verktyg som kan användas i det forensiska arbetet. Dessa brister skapar otrygghet och rädsla hos akutsjuksköterskan i omhändertagandet av den våldsutsatta patienten. Avsaknad av rutiner och policydokument leder till att akutsjuksköterskan inte vill vara en del av den forensiska omvårdnaden. Känslorna som akutsjuksköterskan upplever påverkar vårdmötet med patienten som utsatts för våld. Akutsjuksköterskan behöver fokusera på att skapa ett omtänksamt vårdmöte och vara närvarande för att minska patientens lidande. Genom ett öppet förhållningssätt och förmågan att visa medmänsklighet kan akutsjuksköterskan lindra framtida men för patienten som utsatts för våld. / Every day, an emergency nurse meets patients who have been subjected to violence. That creates uncertainty and anxiety for the emergency nurse as lack of training, education and available praxis affects the work around the forensic patient. To meet with patients who are victims of violence puts high demands on the emergency nurse knowledge to operate forensic nursing and at the same time nurse for the patient vid dignity and care. The aim of this study is to explore all available litterature about the emergency nurse’s knowledge among forensic nursing in the emergency department. This thesis was carried out as a systematic integrative litterature review where 13 articles with both qualitative and quantitative data were analysed. The carrying result includes articles from 6 continents which shows a widespread. A thematic analyse was carried out through the method designed by Braun and Clarke. The result is presented in three themes: the knowledge of the forensic work, routines and guidelines in the forensic and meeting with the patient who are victim of violence. The results show that the emergency nurse experiences major deficiencies in training and access to tools that can be used in forensic work. These shortcomings create insecurity and fear among the emergency nurse in the care of the abused patient. Lack of routines and policy documents leads to the emergency nurse not wanting to be part of the forensic care. The feelings experienced by the emergency nurse affect the care meeting with the patient who has been subjected to violence. The emergency nurse needs to focus on creating a caring meeting and be present to reduce the patient's suffering. Through an open approach and the ability to show compassion, the emergency nurse can alleviate future but for the patient who has been subjected to violence.