This thesis examines the history, written sources and physical aspects of the citadel at Ankara with respect to building materials, masonry styles, design and topography. The distribution of different types of building materials in selected areas are analyzed and documented by using modern methods.

The analysis of the nuances of the Inca conquest in the southern Andes has received consistent attention from both archaeologists and historians. Recent studies carried out in different regions of Collasuyu have evaluated the relationship between expansionary policies, systems of defense, and ethnic interaction in borderland contexts. These studies have generated promising areas of debate. In this paper I present results of archaeological studies and analysis of historical sources related to the Pucará of Aconquija (Catamarca, Argentina). This site is one of the most important Inca fortresses located on the southeastern frontier of Tawantinsuyu. / El análisis de los diferentes matices que adquiriera la conquista inca en el sur de los Andes recibe permanente atención tanto de arqueólogos como de historiadores. Recientes estudios efectuados en diferentes regiones del Collasuyu evaluaron las relaciones existentes entre las políticas expansivas, los sistemas de defensa y la interacción étnica en contextos de frontera. Como consecuencia, se generaron prometedoras áreas de debate. En este trabajo presento los resultados de investigaciones arqueológicas y análisis de fuentes históricas relacionadas con el Pucará de Aconquija (Catamarca, Argentina). Este sitio es una de las más importantes fortalezas incas desplegadas en la frontera sudoriental del Tawantinsuyu.

A primeira experiência urbanística feita no Brasil aplicava conhecimentos de tratados italianos. Em Salvador, os conceitos de \"cidade\" e \"fortificação\" caminharam juntos por todo o período colonial, notando-se em sua Arquitetura Militar a assimilação de novas teorias vindas da Europa, em especial da Holanda e da França. Embora não se conheça as traças e amostras que deram origem à fortaleza e povoação de 1549, imagina-se seu desenho (do arquiteto e engenheiro militar Miguel de Arruda) como o de uma cidade fortificada tipicamente renascentista. Além da referência de poucos documentos escritos (cartas de Luiz Dias, Nóbrega e a crônica de Gabriel Soares, 35 anos depois), conjectura-se sua configuração e desenvolvimento inicial principalmente pelo registro cartográfico de 1605, a planta de Albernaz. Com esse desenho, feito para dar-se execução à fortificação daquela cidade, Salvador recebia o primeiro plano de defesa e ordenação urbana, ainda sob domínio espanhol. Depois das guerras holandesas e da Restauração de Portugal (1640), surgiram novos projetos que ampliaram o seu perímetro defensivo. Pela proximidade conceitual entre cidade e fortificação, passamos em revista as principais avaliações e propostas (relatórios de João Coutinho, 1685, Miguel Pereira da Costa, 1710 e o chamado \"Projeto Massé\", de 1715), notando-se uma urbe pensada sempre em sua integridade, em constante elaboração e de zelo projetual e administrativo ligado à expectativa de cumprimento do seu desígnio. Na permanente atenção às estruturas de defesa e coesão do tecido urbano também se nota, a cada plano, uma tensão entre o que se idealizava e o que era possível fazer, entre a cidade pensada e a que se realizava. Finalizamos com uma rápida exposição dos projetos de edifícios militares coloniais de Salvador (ainda existentes, na maioria) com base no registro de meados do século XVIII (c. 1760) do engenheiro militar José Antônio Caldas, que desenvolveu intensa atividade na Aula Militar da Baía. / The first urban experience done in Brazil applied knowledge from Italian Treaties. In Salvador, the concepts of \"city\" and \"fortress\" marched together throughout the colonial period, and in its Military Architecture it is possible to notice the assimilation of new theories coming from Europe, particularly Holland and France. Although the traces (traças e amostras) that gave rise to the fortress and settlement of 1549 are not known, its drawing (by architect and military engineer Miguel de Arruda) can be imagined as a typical Renaissance fortress city. Despite the reference of a few written documents (letters by Luiz Dias, Nóbrega and chronicle by Gabriel Soares, 35 years later), its initial configuration and development is conjectured mainly through the 1605 cartographic record, the Albernaz floor plan. With this drawing, made to execute the fortification of that city, Salvador received the first plan for urban defense and ordination, still under Spanish Domination. After the Dutch Wars and the Restoration of Portugal (1640), more projects emerged and expanded its defensive perimeter. Due to the conceptual proximity between city and fortification, we have reviewed the main proposals and evaluations (reports by João Coutinho, 1685, Miguel Pereira da Costa, 1710 and the so called \"Projeto Massé\", 1715), and have portrayed a city (urbe) always envisioned in its integrity, under constant elaboration and with project and administrative zeal linked to the expectation of fulfilling its designation. In the permanent attention to the defense and cohesion structures of the urban fabric it is also possible to notice, on each plane, a tension between what was idealized and what was possible to be done, between the envisioned city and the one accomplished. We have concluded with a brief presentation of projects for colonial military edifices in Salvador (still existing, most of them) based on the record of the mid eighteenth century (c. 1760) by military engineer José Antonio Caldas, who developed intense activity in the course Aula Militar da Baía.

In the beginning of the 19th century Malmö was a sleepy, small town with less than 5 000 inhabitants. The town was surrounded by strong fortifications and a moat. In the government´s opinion there was no need for a strong fortress in the south of Sweden anymore and the cost of maintenance was too high. Malmö was allowed to demolish the fortifications at its own expense. This opened up for the expansion of the town. A new town plan was produced with two new squares, promenades and a new canal around the former Old Town. As a part of the agreement between the government and Malmö the Rörsjö-marshes were drained allowing the town to expand beyond its former limits. The population rose rapidly especially during the latter part of the century. In 1850 there were around 13 000 inhabitants in the Malmö. Thirty years later more than 38 000 and in 1900 there were 60 587 people living in Malmö. There were two more factors which contributed two this growth: the building and expansion of the harbour and the building of the railways in the 1860s. Söderport, Österport, Norra Vallgatan and Bastion Älvsborg remind us today of times gone by.The essay is based on documents and maps in archives and on presentations by scholars of the 20th century. / <p>På grund av coronapandemin hölls presentationen över nätet.</p>

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Le vocable khetem étudié dans cette thèse est attesté en Égypte ancienne de la Première Période Intermédiaire à l’époque romaine. C’est cependant au Nouvel Empire que son utilisation est la plus fréquente. Dérivé de la racine khetem, « sceller », ce terme peut désigner à la fois « ce qui est scellé » et « ce qui scelle ». Il est appliqué à diverses réalités. Au Moyen Empire, khetem désigne ainsi un type de magasin. À partir du Nouvel Empire, plusieurs sens lui correspondent : il peut occasionnellement, dans des documents littéraires, désigner des portes de ville ou des enclos – un sens que l’on retrouve d’ailleurs aux périodes suivantes – ; mais le terme est surtout choisi pour désigner les postes-frontières du pays, ainsi que le centre administratif et poste de contrôle du village de Deir el-Médineh. Les postes-frontières khetemou, dont les plus connus sont ceux de Tjarou, Ouadjour, Tjékou et Senmout, marquent les frontières restreintes de l’Égypte, et contrôlent les entrées et sorties du territoire. Ils constituent également des villes-magasins, par lesquelles transitaient le tribut et assumaient peut-être même le rôle de postes de douane. L’analyse, fondée essentiellement sur les sources textuelles, prend également en considération les données archéologiques et géomorphologiques. Centrée autour des structures khetemou, cette étude nous a cependant amenée à aborder la thématique plus large de l’organisation de l’espace par le pouvoir égyptien. Les domaines de la politique étrangère, de l’économie, de l’administration sont donc largement mis à contribution. / The word khetem which is the main object of this dissertation is attested in ancient Egypt from theFirst Intermediary Period to Roman times. It was nevertheless most used during the New Kingdom.Derived from the khetem-root, which means « to seal », this word could be used to depict both whatwas sealed and the device which assured the actual sealing. It testifies to various realities. In theMiddle Kingdom, khetem was a certain type of storerooms. From the New Kingdom on, severalmeanings can be found: occasionally, in literary documents, it was used for the gates of a city or forenclosures – the latter meaning is still found in more recent periods. Nevertheless, the word wasmostly used for the border-posts of the Egyptian State as well as the administrative hall and checkpoint of the village of Deir el-Medineh. As for the border-posts khetemou, the best known ones areTjaru, Wadj-wr, Tjeku and Senmut as they stand for the inner borders of Egypt, where in- and outcomerswere checked. These settlements are also warehouse-cities, through which went the tributefrom foreign countries and operated as customs. The methods of analysis used here are grounded inthe textual sources, along with the archeological and geomorphological data. Focused on thestructures called khetemou, this thesis also consider the wider problem of the organisation of space bythe Egyptian state. Thus foreign policy, economics and administration have been widely taken intoconsideration.

nÃo hà / O processo polÃtico e social do Amapà à analisado neste trabalho atravÃs da literatura escrita sobre a mais importante edificaÃÃo da cidade de MacapÃ, localizada na margem do rio Amazonas, construÃda no perÃodo de 1764 a 1782. à a Fortaleza de SÃo Josà de Macapà -FSJM, que hoje à a grande referÃncia icÃnica da cidade e seu principal sÃmbolo imagÃtico, que à apropriado pelas instituiÃÃes e pelos seus habitantes. Entretanto, no bojo de suas representaÃÃes simbÃlicas, ela ancora significados diversos, assim como as identidades dos sujeitos sociais que se elastificam no tempo e no espaÃo. A tese à apresentada em quatro temporalidades distintas sobre a construÃÃo da FSJM, sendo que a primeira trata especificamente de sua edificaÃÃo no meio da floresta amazÃnica por militares portugueses, diante do olhar de sofrimento dos Ãndios, negros escravos e degredados. A segunda temporalidade trata da transformaÃÃo do lugar em TerritÃrio Federal (1943), onde a fortificaÃÃo foi referendada como uma realizaÃÃo heroica dos tempos coloniais no discurso fundador dos governantes. A terceira temporalidade se refere ao perÃodo em que ela foi usada como prisÃo de subversivos do golpe militar de 1964 e na dÃcada de 1970. A quarta temporalidade se dà no perÃodo da redemocratizaÃÃo do paÃs, quando o Amapà foi transformado em Estado da FederaÃÃo e, com isso, vem fazendo sucessivas reformas e restauraÃÃes no monumento. As reflexÃes sobre literatura a respeito da fortificaÃÃo dÃo margem para diversas percepÃÃes, inclusive o sentido de memÃria na prÃtica intelectual dos escritores, do discurso e da formaÃÃo de novas identidades em seus percursos. O primeiro capÃtulo traz um mosaico identitÃrio do AmapÃ, o seu zeitgeist, importante para a compreensÃo do Amapà na contemporaneidade. Os quatro capÃtulos seguintes sÃo as temporalidades.

Savo šalyje turime unikalų XIX-XX amžių sandūroje pastatytą militaristinės architektūros paveldą – Kauno žiedinę fortinę tvirtovę. Tačiau daugelis šios tvirtovės statinių yra apleisti, kelia grėsmę visuomenės saugumui. Pagrindinė problema – visuomenės požiūris į militaristinį paveldą. Būtina keisti visuomenės supratimą ir įrodyti, kad šį paveldą galima pritaikyti savoms reikmėms, o tai kur kas naudingiau nei okupaciją primenantys kraupūs griuvėsiai. Baigiamajame darbe analizuojami analogiški statiniai, kurie atsikratė šiurpios praeities pėdsakų ir šiuo metu tarnauja žmonėms. Įvertinami nagrinėjamo Kauno tvirtovės 5-ojo forto vertingi elementai, istoriniai architektūrinės struktūros pakitimai, konstrukcijų techninė būklė, paminklosauginiai reikalavimai. Pagal atliktą analizę ieškoma architektūrinių priemonių išsaugoti apleistus 5-ojo forto slėpinius, prikelti juos naujam gyvenimui ir pritaikyti naujai paskirčiai. Darbą sudaro 7 dalys: įvadas, analitinė dalis, duomenų apie pastatą apibendrinimas, pastato architektūrinis bei konstrukcijų techninės būklės įvertinimas, tyrimo medžiagos apdorojimas, architektūriniai bei konstrukciniai pastato renovacijos siūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 111 p. teksto be priedų, 215 iliustr., 1 lent., 44 informaciniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / In our country we have a sample of unique militaristic architectural heritage built at the turn of XIX-XX centuries - Kaunas circular fortress. However, many of the buildings of the fortress are abandoned and cause a threat to public safety. The main problem is the public attitude to the militaristic heritage. It is necessary to change the public's understanding and to demonstrate that this heritage can be adapted for their own purposes which is much more beneficial than the gloomy ruins that remind of occupation. Similar structures which were freed from traces of grisly past and currently serve the people are analyzed in the final work. The valuable elements of the historic architectural changes of the structure, structural condition, and memorial preservation requirements of the Kaunas Fortress 5th fort are also evaluated. According to the performed analysis, it is searched for architectural measures to preserve the abandoned 5th fortress mysteries, to raise them to new live and to adapt for new uses. Work consists of 7 parts: introduction, analytical part, the summary on the data of the building, technical evaluation of architectural and building construction, processing of the study materials, architectural design and building renovation proposals, references. Thesis consist of: 111 p. text without appendixes, 215 pictures, 1 table, 44 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

Bunker Kunst Bunker Kunst is an experimental and community platform, aiming at potential and contemporary role of post-war fortress. The point of interest is reinterpretation of bunker architectural phenomenon and its relationship with landscape. Bunker Pneumaticon Bunker Pneumaticon is co-working project, aiming on resuscitation of bunkers and post-war landscape. The point is community realisation of pneumatic architectures connected to the bunkers. The border is becoming a route.

Les sites de Tell Heboua I et II se trouvent à l’extrémité orientale du Delta égyptien, au nord-ouest de la péninsule du Sinaï. Cette étude est l’aboutissement de fouilles menées sur les deux sites. À Tell Heboua I, les vestiges d'un complexe religieux construit principalement en briques crues date de la période saïte (XXVIe dynastie : 672-525 av. J.-C.) ; le site de Tell Heboua II comprend une vaste forteresse et une zone d'habitation ce la même période. Les deux sites comportaient également plusieurs aires funéraires. Le présent travail inclut une étude analytique et comparative des différents matériaux employés, ainsi que du mobilier archéologique et céramique. La plupart de ces constructions trouvent des parallèles en Égypte à la même période, notamment dans le Delta, en raison du développement du pays sous les règnes des pharaons saïtes, qui se sont engagés dans un important programme architectural à travers presque toute la région deltaïque. Ces travaux constituent un apport majeur pour l’histoire de l’entrée orientale de l’Égypte à une période où celle-ci prend une importance particulière en raison des relations que le pays entretient avec ses voisins. / The sites of Tell Hebua I and II are located at the eastern end of the Egyptian Delta, north-west of the Sinai Peninsula. This study is the achievement of excavations conducted on the two sites. On Tell Hebua I, the remains of a religious complex, built mainly in mud-brick date from the Saite period (26th Dynasty : 672-525 B.C.) ; the site of Tell Hebua II includes a wide fortress and a residential area. The two sites have also revealed some scattered cemeteries. This thesis includes an analytical and comparative study of different building materials found during the excavations, as well as ceramics and various objects. Most of these structures have contemporaneous parallels especially in the Delta, because of the country development under the reigns of the Saite pharaohs, who made a commitment in a program of important construction through almost the entire deltaic region. The highlighting of new architectural elements on Tell Hebua I and II, dating from the Saite period, is a major contribution to the history of the eastern border of Egypt at a time when it had a particular importance due to the country's relations with its neighbours.