本研究主要目的在於探討在不同情緒經驗及反芻風格對男女性自傷行為的影響。回顧過去研究，情緒被認為是多數自傷者自傷的動機及原因之一。可惜的是，大多數研究聚焦在負向情緒經驗，而較少探討正向情緒及不同激發程度的影響力。Selby（2008）的情緒瀑布理論提出反芻風格能夠增加負面情緒強度的論點，也暗示了反芻風格也是另一個與自傷行為相關認知因子。因此本研究認為情緒經驗與反芻風格可能皆為自傷發生的關鍵。有鑑於許多文獻結果指出，男女性的自傷危險因子可能存在差異，本研究便把性別差異納入考量，欲了解男、女性是否在情緒經驗及反芻風格的自傷預測因子有所不同。 本研究對象為508位北部某私立高職部學生，請學生填寫包含基本資料、反芻風格、自傷狀況及情緒經驗的評估共四部份問卷。研究結果顯示，在預測過去一年自傷行為的因子上，的確有性別差異。對女性來說，預測過去一年是否自傷的有效因子分別為負向情緒及負向低激發情緒，男性則是負向情緒及正向低激發情緒。在自傷頻率方面，對男女性來說，沒有任何情緒經驗或反芻風格為有效預測因子。在自傷種類數方面，沒有任何情緒經驗或反芻風格為女性自傷頻率的有效預測因子；對男性來說，則是負向情緒及低激發情緒能夠有效預測過去一年自傷種類多寡。研究最後針對這樣的結果做進一步討論及提供實務上的意涵及應用。 / The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of emotion experiences and rumination styles on Non-suicidal self-injury behavior (NSSI) in males and females. According to past studies, emotion was considered a critical factor in motivating individuals to practice NSSI. However, most studies focused on negative emotion experiences, and ignored the role of positive emotions and the effect of emotion activation level. Moreover, Selby’s Emotional Cascade Model proposes that rumination style will increase the negative affect intensity, suggesting that rumination style may be another key factor to NSSI. In addition, due to several studies have shown gender differences in risk factors for NSSI, the gender difference will be also take into account in the present study. To sum up, the present study aimed to examine gender differences in predictors (i.e., emotion experiences and rumination styles) for NSSI. The participants were 508 high school students from one of the private vocational high school in Northern Taiwan. All participants were asked to fill out the questionnaire pack which included demographic questionnaire, short-form rumination style questionnaire, deliberate self- harm inventory, and affect valuation inventory. The results show that gender differences in predicting NSSI existed: First, in predicting the occurrence of NSSI in the past year, negative affect and low arousal negative emotion were the most effective factors for females; negative emotion and low arousal positive emotion were the most effective ones for males. Second, neither emotion experience nor rumination style can predict the frequency of NSSI in the past year for males and females. Third, in predicting the numbers of types of self-injury used in the past year, there was no effective predictor for females; negative emotion and low arousal emotion were the effective predictors for males. Finally, the results and the practical implication were discussed in the thesis.

Cette thèse, qui s'appuie sur une une recherche-action, s'est intéressée à la façon dont des professeur-e-s des écoles peuvent s'approprier, puis s'emparer de la demande qui leur est faite d'éduquer leurs élèves à l'égalité des sexes. Le point de départ du travail qui a débuté au début de l'année scolaire 2014-2015, a été l'analyse, collective et en collaboration entre praticien- ne- s et chercheuse, des albums pour la jeunesse exploités ou à exploiter dans les classes dans l'optique de la mise en œuvre de cette éducation. Dans une démarche d'investigation pratique, les expérimentations dans les écoles ont visé à développer l'esprit critique des enfants quant aux stéréotypes de sexes véhiculés par les albums jeunesse et à leur implication dans les inégalités entre les sexes. Les enfants, en adoptant des techniques de "petits chercheurs" (observations, tris, utilisations de grilles d'analyse, statistiques, ...), ont été amenés à effectuer des recherches quantitatives et qualitatives sur les albums de leur école afin de cerner les représentations sexuées, leurs expressions et conséquences. La Recherche-Action a montré comment les enseignant-e-s en analysant les avancées de leurs élèves ont transformé leur vision de l'éducation à l'égalité des sexes et leur pratique professionnelle à ce sujet. / Based on an action-research approach, this thesis focuses on how teachers consider and embrace the injunctions to educate their students to gender equality. The starting point of this work began in 2014 when teachers and researchers collectively analyzed youth albums exploited or to be exploited in classrooms. Schools experiments aimed to develop the children’s critical thinking on gender stereotypes conveyed by children's books were also carried out. By adopting a "little scientists" technique (commenting, sorting, use of analysis grids, use of statistics, ...), the children were asked to perform quantitative and qualitative research on their school albums in order to identify gendered representations, their expressions and consequences. The action-research process has revealed how teachers, by analyzing the progress of their students, transformed their own vision of education to gender equality and their professional practice in this regard.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka medarbetares sexistiska attityder samt hur de skattar arbetstillfredsställelse och sociala relationer på sin arbetsplats. Detta genomfördes på en organisation i en mansdominerad bransch. Urvalet bestod av 600 anställda inom depånätet på den aktuella organisationen. Medarbetare och chefer besvarade en webbenkät som innehöll frågor gällande sexism-, arbetstillfredsställelse-, sociala relationer och ett antal bakgrundsfrågor. Data analyserades i statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS Statistics 22 med hjälp av tre hierarkiska regressionsanalyser. Resultatet visade att det inte finns någon signifikant samvarians mellan antal kvinnor på en depå och sexistiska attityder. Däremot framkom att män och medarbetare i högre grad än kvinnor och chefer har sexistiska attityder samt att chefer skattar högre på både sociala relationer och arbetstillfredsställelse än medarbetarna. / The purpose of this study was to investigate sexist attitudes among employees and how they value job satisfaction and social relations at their workplace. This was carried out in a male-dominated organization. The sample consisted of 600 employees within the depots of the current organization. The employees answered a web survey which contained questions about sexism-, job satisfaction-, social relations and a number of background questions. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22 where three hierarchic regressions were performed. The result showed that there was no significant covariance between the number of women on a depot and sexist attitudes. However, it was found that men and workers to a greater degree than women and executives showed sexist attitudes and that executives got a higher score than workers on both social relations and job satisfaction.

Recent literature reveals that sex differences in performance actually might be reflections of sex differences in perceptions about the sex-appropriateness and the masculinity and femininity of certain activities. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effects of perceived sex-appropriateness of a task upon performance of selected sport skills.

Na atualidade, uma das causas importantes de lesão encefálica em neonatos é a anóxia neonatal. Este é um problema grave nos serviços de perinatologia dos hospitais em todo o mundo sendo ainda pior em países subdesenvolvidos, devido à carência de precauções e cuidados requeridos. Modelos animais de anóxia vêm sendo empregados para avaliar seus efeitos, tanto em nível neurológico, como em nível comportamental. A anóxia neonatal tem sido estudada pelo laboratório de Neurociências do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, com modelos de estudo já desenvolvidos, adaptados e validados. Para investigar se a anóxia neonatal afeta o desenvolvimento motor somático e sensorial, ratos foram submetidos a um modelo não invasivo de anóxia global (Takada et. al., 2011). Ratos Wistar com 30 h de idade (6-8 gramas), machos e fêmeas, foram expostos por 25 minutos a gás nitrogênio 100% num fluxo de 3L/min, pressão 101.7 kPa e temperatura de 37ºC em câmara semi-hermética de policarbonato. O grupo controle foi submetido às mesmas condições porem com o ar ambiente normal. Os animais foram avaliados durante o período de aleitamento (P2 a P21) quanto a parâmetros do desenvolvimento somático; desenvolvimento ontogenético e quanto a reflexos sensório motores. Os resultados indicaram que o grupo Anoxia macho(AM) apresentou aumento no peso corporal {AM(42.25±3.62);CM(38.76±5.60);AF(40.64±5.08);CF(41.33±5.45)}e diminuição do eixo longitudinal do corpo {AM(10.15±0.27);CM(10.39±0.50);AF(9.82±0.44);CF(10.82±0.46)} em relação ao grupo Controle macho(CM) e Anoxia fêmea(AF), AF foi menor em relacao ao Controle fêmea (CF). AM apresentou maior eixo látero-lateral do crânio em relação CM e AF {AM (3.18 ±0.10); CM (3.17 ±0.13); AF(3.06 ±0.16); CF(3.00 ±0.15)} No desenvolvimento ontogenético houve retardo na abertura do canal auditivo {AM (13.79± 0.58); CM (13.75±0.83); AF(14.21±1.01); CF(13.36±0.50)} e abertura dos olhos {AM (14.00± 0.88); CM (14.64±1.28); AF(15.14±0.86); CF(13.79±0.42)} no grupo AF em relação a CF e AM, mas no grupo AM não houve diferença significante. Na erupção dos incisivos superiores {AM (10.79± 0.43); CM(11.71±1.68); AF(11.43±0.65); CF(10.07±0.27)} o grupo AM adiantou enquanto o AF atrasou em relação ao grupo controle. A avaliação dos reflexos sensóriais mostrou que a anoxia adiantou a colocação pelas vibrissas {AM (8.80± 1.21); CM (9.50±1.56); AF (9.93±1.14); CF(10.14±1.28) no AF e AM. Apenas o AM adiantou {AM (10.93± 2.09); CM(13.43±0.94); AF(10.50±0.85); CF(9.57±0.76)} no reflexo de aversão ao precipício. Nos relfexos de geotaxia negativa {AM (14.87± 1.30); CM (13.57±2.34); AF(14.57±1.40);CF (12.00±2.11)} e sobressalto ao susto {AM (14.00±0.53); CM (13.21±1.31); AF (13.29±0.61); CF (11.93±0.27)} e preensão palmar {AM (6.60±0.83); CM (4.71±0.47); AF(10.14±0.83); CF(4.71±0.47)} a anóxia provocou atraso tanto em macho quanto em fêmeas motores. Houve atraso na ontogênese da maioria dos testes de reflexos dos filhotes do grupo Anóxia. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que a anóxia causa danos persistentes na maioria dos parâmetros avaliados em relação aos grupos controle, e diminuição no número de neurônios do córtex sensóriomotor {M2: AM (46.84±1.72); CM (52±1.66); AF (45.55±1.80); CF (52±1.55)M1: AM (23.70±1.33); CM (41.89±1.49); AF (25.69±0.83); CF (43.88±1.46) S1HL: AM (27.93±2.69); CM (30.19±1.31); AF(23.42±2.38); CF (38.88±1.48) S1FL: AM (31.85±1.09); CM (33.88±0.48); AF(27.66±1.36); CF(32.28±1.70)}, com diferença de gênero o que evidencia a importância de que estratégias e procedimentos para minimizar os efeitos desse estímulos sejam consideradas em relação ao gênero / At present, one of the important causes of brain injury is the neonatal anoxia. This is a serious problem in the perinatology services of hospitals around the world being even worse in underdeveloped countries because of the lack of precautions and care required. Animal models of anoxia have been employed to assess their effects, both at the neurological level and at the behavioral level. Neonatal anoxia has been studied by the Neuroscience Laboratory of the Biomedical Sciences Institute of the University of São Paulo, with animal models already developed, adapted and validated. To investigate whether neonatal anoxia affects somatic and sensory motor development, rats were subjected to a non-invasive model of global anoxia (Takada et al., 2011). Male and female 30-h old (6-8 grams) Wistar rats were exposed for 25 minutes to 100% nitrogen gas in a flow of 3 L/min, pressure 101.7 kPa and temperature of 37ºC in a semi-hermetic chamber of polycarbonate. The control group was subjected to the same conditions but with normal ambient air. The animals were evaluated during the lactation period (P2 to P21) for parameters of somatic development; Ontogenetic development and for sensorimotor reflexes. The results indicated that the male Anoxia (AM) group presented increase in body weight (AM (42.25 ± 3.62), CM (38.76 ± 5.60), FA (40.64 ± 5.08), CF (41.33 ± 5.45)) and decrease in the longitudinal (10.82 ± 0.46), in relation to the male control group (CM) and the female Anoxia (AF), AF was lower in relation to the control group (AM) (10.15 ± 0.27), CM (10.39 ± 0.50), AF (9.82 ± 0.44) Female control (CF). AM increase in the cranio-lateral axis in relation to CM and AF (AM (3.18 ± 0.10); CM (3.17 ± 0.13); AF (3.06 ± 0.16); CF (3.00 ± 0.15). Concerning the ontogenetic development there was delay in opening the (13.79 ± 0.58), and the eyes {AM (14.00 ± 0.88); CM (14.64 ± 1.28), AF (15.14 ± 0.86), CF (13.79 ± 0.42)} in the AF group in relation to CF and AM, but in the AM group there was no significant difference. In the eruption of maxillary incisors (AM (10.79 ± 0.43), CM (11.71 ± 1.68), AF (11.43 ± 0.65), CF (10.07 ± 0.27), the AM group advanced while the AF delayed in control ration. The evaluation of the sensory reflexes showed that anoxia improved the placement of vibrissae (AM (8.80 ± 1.21), CM (9.50 ± 1.56), AF (9.93 ± 1.14), CF (10.14 ± 1.28) in AF and AM. Only AM advanced (AM (10.93 ± 2.09), CM (13.43 ± 0.94), AF (10.50 ± 0.85), CF (9.57 ± 0.76) in the reflex of aversion to the precipice. In negative geotaxia relays (AM (14.87 ± 1.30); CM (13.57 ± 2.34), AF (14.57 ± 1.40), CF (12.00 ± 2.11)} and startle reflex {AM (14.00 ± 0.53); CM (13.21 ± 1.31); AF (13.29 ± 0.61); CF (11.93 ± 0.27) and palmar grip (AM (6.60 ± 0.83); CM (4.71 ± 0.47), AF (10.14 ± 0.83), CF (4.71 ± 0.47)), anoxia caused delay in both male and female groups. There was a delay in the ontogenesis of most of the reflex tests of the puppies of the anoxia group. The results of this study demonstrated that anoxia causes persistent damage in most of the parameters evaluated in relation to the control groups, and a decrease in the number of sensory motor cortex neurons (M2: AM (46.84 ± 1.72), CM (52 ± 1.66), AF 1.80), CF (52 ± 1.55) M1: AM (23.70 ± 1.33), CM (41.89 ± 1.49), AF (25.69 ± 0.83), CF (43.88 ± 1.46) S1HL: AM (27.93 ± 2.69), CM (30.19 (31.88 ± 1.48), FA (27.66 ± 1.36), CF (32.28 ± 1.70), , which shows that strategies and procedures to minimize the effects of such stimuli should be considered in relation to gender

Abstract Conduct disorder (CD) among girls is a common but seldom studied psychiatric disorder. The aim of this study was to examine risk factors for CD, the factor structure of CD symptoms, suicidal behaviour, comorbid disorders and nicotine dependence of adolescent girls with CD in an inpatient sample in Northern Finland. The study subjects were 508 12- to 17-year-old inpatients treated in an acute psychiatric ward, Unit 70, at Oulu University Hospital between April 2001 and March 2006. These adolescents were interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL) to obtain psychiatric diagnoses according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). In addition, the European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI) was used to obtain information on somatic health, family situation and delinquency. From the data collected, 63 girls and 92 boys fulfilled the criteria for current DSM-IV-diagnosed conduct disorder. It was observed that, although the number of symptoms and severity of CD was lower among girls compared to boys, the level of functioning was lowered to the same degree. Physical abuse increased the risk for violent CD, and living apart from at least one biological parent increased the risk for both violent and non-violent CD among girls. The results of this study also suggest a gender difference in the factor structure and developmental model of CD. Alcohol dependence increased the risk for suicide attempt and self-mutilation almost fourfold among girls with CD. Girls with CD had more comorbid affective and anxiety disorders than boys. Girls with CD also had more self-reported allergies. Finally, the number of CD symptoms was positively correlated with the level of nicotine dependence (ND) among both girls and boys, and a gender difference was found in the correlation between symptom subscales and the level of ND. The findings suggest that gender differences exist in conduct disorder. Special attention should be paid to the prevention, identification and treatment of CD among girls. It seems that, among girls with CD, the well-being of primary family is important in prevention. Alcohol dependence and depression in girls with CD should be treated with special care. DSM-IV might not always be sensitive enough to diagnose CD among girls, and this should be considered when behavioural symptoms are evaluated in girls. / Tiivistelmä Tyttöjen käytöshäiriö on vähän tutkittu mutta yleinen psykiatrinen häiriö. Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoitiin tyttöjen käytöshäiriön riskitekijöitä, oireiden faktorirakennetta, käytöshäiriöisten itsetuhoisuutta, samanaikaista psykiatrista ja somaattista sairastavuutta sekä nikotiiniriippuvuutta psykiatrisessa osastohoidossa olleiden alaikäisten nuorten keskuudessa. Tutkimusaineistoon kuului 508 12–17-vuotiasta nuorta, jotka olivat hoidossa psykiatrisella akuuttihoito-osastolla Oulun yliopistollisessa sairaalassa 1.4.2001–31.3.2006 välisenä aikana. Nuoret haasteteltiin käyttämällä puolistrukturoitua Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL) -haastattelua, jonka avulla määritettiin nuorten psykiatriset diagnoosit Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) -diagnoosiluokituksen mukaisesti. Lisäksi potilaat haastateltiin European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI) -haastattelulla, josta saatiin tietoa fyysisestä terveydentilasta, perhetilanteesta ja rikollisuudesta. Aineiston nuorista 63 tyttöä ja 92 poikaa täyttivät käytöshäiriön kriteerit. Tämä tutkimus osoitti, että vaikka nykyisten DSM-IV-kriteerien perusteella tytöillä käytöshäiriön vaikeusaste oli aiempien tutkimusten tapaan poikia alhaisempi ja oireiden määrä vähäisempi, oli tyttöjen toimintakyky silti yhtä huono kuin poikien. Fyysinen perheväkivalta lisäsi tyttöjen riskiä väkivaltaiseen käytöshäiriöön ja asuminen erossa vähintään yhdestä biologisesta vanhemmasta lisäsi riskiä sekä väkivaltaiseen että ei-väkivaltaiseen käytöshäiriöön. Käytöshäiriöoireiden faktorianalyysi osoitti, että tytöillä ja pojilla oli eroa oireiden faktorirakenteessa eikä tyttöjen oireiden jako selkeästi noudattanut Loeberin esittämää polkumallia. Alkoholiriippuvuus lisäsi käytöshäiriöisillä tytöillä riskiä itsemurhan yrittämiseen ja itsensä vahingoittamiseen lähes 4-kertaiseksi. Käytöshäiriöisillä tytöillä oli poikia enemmän mieliala- ja ahdistushäiriöitä samanaikaisina psykiatrisina häiriöinä. Somaattisista häiriöistä käytöshäiriöiset tytöt raportoivat poikia enemmän allergioita. Käytöshäiriön oireiden määrä oli yhteydessä sekä tytöillä että pojilla nikotiiniriippuvuuden voimakkuuteen. Tyttöjen ja poikien välillä oli eroa nikotiiniriippuvuuteen korreloivissa oireryhmissä. Tämän tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella tyttöjen ja poikien käytöshäiriöllä on eroavaisuuksia. Tyttöjen käytöshäiriön ennaltaehkäisyyn, tunnistamiseen ja hoitoon tulee kiinnittää erityistä huomiota. Primaariperheen hyvinvointi näyttäisi olevan tärkeää ennaltaehkäisyssä. Käytöshäiriöisen tytön hoidossa tulee kiinnittää erityinen huomio alkoholin käyttöön sekä depression hoitoon itsetuhoisuuden ehkäisemiseksi. DSM-IV ei ehkä nykyisellään ole riittävän herkkä työkalu tyttöjen käytöshäiriön diagnosoimiseksi, ja tähän tulisi kiinnittää huomiota kun käyttäytymisellään oireilevia tyttöjä hoidetaan.

La sexualité et les infractions sexuelles restent parmi les questions les plus sensibles dans les sociétés en général et dans la société musulmane en particulier, notamment parce qu'ils touchent à la l'intimité profonde de la personne. Chez les peuples du Moyen-Orient, dont l'Irak, la question de l'honneur sexuel (‘ird) est une question de vie ou de mort liée étroitement à la tradition dominante.Au sein de la société irakienne, l'inégalité entre hommes et femmes est une évidence reflétée par plusieurs aspects de la vie courante, notamment dans la gestion de la sexualité, la tolérance que la société y accorde, et la polygamie, qui, toutes, semblent avantager l'homme aux dépens de la femme. Le traitement discriminatoire des libertés sexuelles masculine et féminine est renforcé et affirmé dans le droit irakien lui-même. L'importance de la discrimination sexuelle a des répercussions néfastes sur le statut et l'émancipation des femmes irakiennes, ainsi que sur l'évolution globale de la société. / This Ph.D. dissertation examines how Iraqi criminal law with regard to sex and sex-related crimes severely discriminates women in Iraq. It looks at this issue in light of ancestral traditions of prejudice and violence against women that are deeply rooted in Iraqi society. Honor is an extremely important notion in the mentalities of Iraqi people. Women are supposed to maintain chastity and sexual purity in order to be considered "honorable". Anything that compromises their chastity, including crimes of which they are victims such as rape, destroys their honor and along with it, that of their entire family. Many women in this situation find themselves killed, injured, or forced to marry their attacker in order to allow their families to recover their honor. This study shows how Iraqi legislation, case law and legal doctrine all contribute to encourage and perpetuate this problem, and suggests some possible solutions.

The study aimed to analyze females and males in mixed-sex conversations and same-sex conversations using cooperative speech, competitive speech, interruptions, and similarities and differences in their communication styles in the Tv series modern family. Men and women are said to use different speech styles regarding cooperative, competitive, and interruptions. I used three conversations taken from Season 1 Episode 24, Family Portrait, for mixed-sex conversations in my analysis. I also used three same-sex discussions taken from Season 3, Episode 5, Hit and Run, and Season 1, Episode 11, Up all night. The result shows similarities in both same-sex and mixed-sex conversations regarding women’s use of cooperative speech styles and men’s use of competitive speech styles and interruptions. However, my study found differences regarding women in mixed-sex and Same-sex conversations when it comes to interruptions. Women interrupt in mixed-sex discussions and not in same-sex discussions. Therefore, my analysis of the series modern family is in line with previous research on gender and language.

Retirement is one part of life that everybody will sooner or later come too. It is very important to prepare and plan for it by looking for the best possible alternative(s) to save and invest money in order to get enough capital to live on when it is time to retire. In Sweden like in many other countries women tend to have lower wages than men and the maternity leave is a life event that can affect the income of women during their labour time. This can then result in women having less disposable income during the retirement period. In general, women are living longer than men therefore they should get more money to live on but this is not the case in most of the time. In finance taking high risk can be rewarded by high return. Several researches that have been conducted in different fields came to the same conclusion that women are more risk averse than men. This risk averse can be explained by physiological, psychological, social and intellectual aspects. In this thesis I study the investment behaviour of both genders in Premium Pension Funds managed by the Swedish Pension Authority (PPM). In contrary to what many researches in several fields have come to, I found that men tend to invest less than women when the risk level involved in investing in Premium Pension Funds increases. This observation can be seen as an attempt of the women to increase their pension capital in a shorter of time by investing in riskier pension funds. A further study on this subject will be suitable in order to confirm if the women’s attempt to increase their pension capital by engaging in riskier pension funds is rewarded by a higher return by including annually returns as an additional independent variable / Pensionering är en del av livet som alla förr eller senare kommer också. Det är mycket viktigt att förbereda och planera för det genom att leta efter bästa möjliga alternativ (s) för att spara och investera pengar i för att få tillräckligt med kapital för att leva på när det är dags att gå i pension. I Sverige liksom i många andra länder kvinnor tenderar att ha lägre löner än män och moderskapsledigheten är en händelse i livet som kan påverka inkomster kvinnor under sin arbetstid. Detta kan sedan leda till att kvinnor har mindre disponibel inkomst under pensionstiden. I allmänhet, kvinnor lever längre än män och därför bör de få mer pengar att leva på, men detta är inte fallet i större delen av tiden. I finans ta hög risk kan belönas med hög avkastning. Flera undersökningar som har genomförts inom olika områden kom till samma slutsats att kvinnor är mindre riskbenägna än män. Denna riskaversion kan förklaras av fysiologiska, psykologiska, sociala och intellektuella aspekter. I denna avhandling studerar jag investeringsbeteende båda könen i Premiepensionsfonder som förvaltas av Svenska Pensionsmyndigheten (PPM). I motsats till vad många forskare inom flera områden har kommit till, fann jag att män tenderar att investera mindre än kvinnor när risknivån med att investera i Premiepensionsfonderna ökar. Denna observation kan ses som ett försök av kvinnor att öka sitt pensionskapital i en kortare tid genom att investera i mer riskfyllda pensionsfonder. En påbyggande studie i detta ämne kommer att vara lämplig för att bekräfta om kvinnornas försök att öka sitt pensionskapital genom att delta i riskfyllda pensionsfonder belönas med en högre avkastning genom att inkludera avkastning som en ytterligare oberoende variabel.

Bakgrund: Trots framsteg inom jämställdhetsområdet finns det fortfarande en tydlig obalans när det gäller könsfördelningen i styrelserummet. Genom att adressera och belysa denna obalans samt presentera potentiella fördelar med detta kan en mer jämställd representation uppnås. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva de utmaningar och möjligheter som manliga styrelseledamöter upplever i fråga om jämställdhet i bolagsstyrelser, samt deras bidrag för att främja en jämnare könsfördelning. Metod: Studien antar en abduktiv ansatsmetod, genom att tolka och analysera de manliga styrelseledamöternas upplevelser utifrån befintlig teori och samtidigt vara öppen för nya insikter, bidrar studien till en fördjupad förståelse av fenomenet. Vid insamling av empiri har en kvalitativ fallstudie med åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts. För att beskriva informanternas upplevelser av den sociala kontexten genomfördes en tematisk analys varav tre huvudteman identifierades: Perspektiv och kompetens, Utmaningar och möjligheter i Jönköpings län, strategier för jämställdhet. De tre huvudtemana analyserades och kopplades sedan till relevant teori. Slutsats: Studiens resultat frambringar utmaningar och möjligheter i arbetet att främja en jämnare könsfördelning i styrelserna. Faktorer som påverkar och samspelar är befintliga ägande-och maktstrukturer, balans mellan karriär-och familjeliv, könsskillnader i risktagande och självförtroende samt brist på kvinnor i ledande positioner. Styrelseledamöterna kan påverka detta genom att ifrågasätta och utmana rådande normer samt belysa de fördelar som kommer av en jämställd styrelse. / Background: Despite progress in the field of gender equality, there is still a clear imbalance in the gender balance in boardrooms. By addressing and highlighting this imbalance and presenting potential benefits, more equal representation can be achieved. Purpose: The aim of the study is to describe the challenges and opportunities experienced by male directors in terms of gender equality in corporate boards, as well as their contribution to promoting gender balance. Method: The study adopts an abductive approach, by interpreting and analyzing the male board members' experiences based on existing theory and at the same time being open to new insights, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. For the collection of empirical data, a qualitative case study with eight semi-structured interviews has been conducted. To describe the informants' experiences of the social context, a thematic analysis was carried out and three main themes were identified: Perspectives and competence, challenges and opportunities in Jönköping County, strategies for gender equality. The three main themes were then analyzed and linked to relevant theory. Conclusion: The results of the study highlight challenges and opportunities in promoting gender balance on boards. Factors that influence and interact are existing ownership and power structures, work-life balance, gender differences in risk-taking and self-confidence, and lack of women in leadership positions. Board members can influence this by questioning and challenging prevailing norms and highlighting the benefits of a gender-equal board.